Ama-porpoise yilawo izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zasolwandle okuyinto abantu abaningi abayididanisa namahlengethwa, kodwa empeleni akha iqembu lawo elihlukile ngaphakathi kwama-cetacean. Nakuba ekuqaleni zingase zibonakale zifana kakhulu, i-biology yazo, indlela yazo yokuphila, ngisho namazinyo azo afihla umehluko othakazelisayo kakhulu. Uma ukhangwa yi- umhlaba wezilwane zasolwandle Futhi uma ufuna ukuya ngale kancane "kwehlengethwa elinobungane" elivamile, ama-porpoise azokumangaza.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile konke okwaziwayo ngabo: i-taxonomy, i-anatomy, izinzwa, ukuziphatha, ukuzala, izinsongo kanye nezinhlobo eziyingxenye yomndeni wakwaPhocoenidae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizobheka ngokuningiliziwe i-harbor porpoise, uhlobo oludumile kakhulu ogwini lwethu, ukuze siqonde kangcono ukuthi iphila kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga ebhekene nazo olwandle lwanamuhla.
I-taxonomy kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwama-porpoise
Ama-porpoise angowombuso IzilwaneIngeyama-phylum Chordata, ikilasi lama-Mammalia, kanye ne-oda i-Artiodactyla, yabelana ngeqembu nezilwane ezingononi ezinezinselo eziqhekekile njengezinyamazane nezinkomo. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo, ifakiwe ku-suborder i-Whippomorpha futhi, ikakhulukazi, ku-infraorder. I-Cetacea, iqembu elikhulu lemikhomo, amahlengethwa kanye nama-porpoise.
Ngaphakathi kwegatsha lemikhomo enamazinyo, noma ama-odontocetes, ama-porpoise akha umndeni I-Phocoenidae, echazwe ngokwesayensi nguGray ngo-1825. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izinhlobo ezaziwayo zama-porpoise, ngokwesiko ezibhekwa njengezilwane ezincane kakhulu zama-cetacean ngaphakathi kwama-odontocetes.
Okwamanje, okulandelayo kuyaqashelwa izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ngaphakathi kwe-Phocoenidae: I-Neophocaena, Phocoena y Ama-PhocoenoidesPhakathi kwazo kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziphilayo zama-porpoise, okuhlanganisa ne-"strangler porpoise" esanda kwaziwa, okuphoqelele ukubuyekezwa kohlu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezincwadini eziningi zebhayoloji yasolwandle.
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ama-porpoise ahlobene nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-Cetartiodactyla, uhlobo oluhlanganisa kokubili ama-cetacean kanye nama-artiodactyl asemhlabeni. Izihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu eziphila ngaphandle kwamanzi yizimvubu, lapho zabelana khona nokhokho ofanayo abahlukana naye cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-40 edlule.
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi, yize noma yiliphi ihlengethwa elincane livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-porpoise," lokhu akulungile ngokwe-taxonomically. Ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zehlengethwa, njengehlengethwa likaHector, zivela emindenini ehlukene, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwaleli gama Akuhambelani nokuhlukaniswa kwesayensi.
Izinhlobo kanye nezinhlobo zomndeni wakwaPhocoenidae
Umndeni wama-porpoise uhlelwe ngezizukulwane ezintathu ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ezaziwayo. Lesi sakhiwo sisiza ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi kweqembu kanye nokuguqulwa okukhethekile kohlobo ngalunye lwe-porpoise endaweni yalo.
Ubulili I-Neophocaena Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa ama-porpoise angenalo iphiko lomhlane noma anephiko lomhlane elincishisiwe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziqashelwa kulolu hlobo: I-Neophocaena phocaenoides, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-porpoise engenazinhlungu, kanye I-Neophocaena asiaeorientalis, ebizwa ngokuthi inja ebushelelezi. Zombili zihlala kakhulu emanzini asogwini lwase-Asia, ngokuvamile e- imifula kanye nezindawo ezingajulile.
Ubulili Phocoena Iyona ehlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezine. Eyaziwa kakhulu yile Phocoena phocoenaI-porpoise yasechwebeni, isakazeke kabanzi kulo lonke elasenyakatho yezwe. Siphinde sithole I-Phocoena sinus, i-vaquita marina noma i-cochito edumile ngokudabukisayo, etholakala eGulf of California futhi ebhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezidumile. izinyoni zaseCetacean ezisengozini kakhulu emhlabeniIqembu liqedwa yi-porpoise enemibala (I-Phocoena dioptrica) kanye ne-porpoise emnyama noma i-porpoise enameva (I-Phocoena spinipinnis).
Ekugcineni, uhlobo Ama-Phocoenoides imelelwa uhlobo olulodwa, I-Phocoenoides dalliI-porpoise kaDall. Ingenye yama-porpoise amakhulu futhi abukeka eqinile kakhulu, ajwayelekile emanzini abandayo eNyakatho Pacific futhi ajwayele ukubhukuda ngesivinini esikhulu.
Izifundo zakamuva zithole ukuthi kukhona nzalo phakathi kwe-common porpoise kanye ne-Dall's porpoise, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezizukulwane kungase kungabi lukhuni kangako kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili nokuthi zombili zingase zibe eduze kakhulu ngokwe-phylogenetics kunalokho okwakucatshangwa amashumi eminyaka.
Umehluko phakathi kwama-porpoise nama-dolphin
Empilweni yangempela kanye nasezinsukwini zokubuka imikhomo, kuvamile kakhulu ukudida ama-porpoise nama-dolphin, kodwa kunezici eziningana ezibonakala kalula ezisiza ukuhlukanisa. Esokuqala usayizi nesimo somzimba: ama-porpoise ngokuvamile encane futhi eqinile kakhuluenomzimba omncane, kuyilapho amahlengethwa amaningi enomzimba omude futhi oqondile.
Ukufakwa kwamazinyo kungenye iphuzu elibalulekile. Nakuba amahlengethwa enamazinyo aqondile, aklanyelwe ukubamba nokuklebhula inyamazane, ama-porpoise anawo amazinyo asicaba, amise okwefosholoabayisebenzisa ukubamba nokugwinya inyamazane yabo yonke. Le mininingwane, nakuba ingabonakali kalula olwandle, iyisisekelo ngokombono wokwakheka komzimba kanye nowe-taxonomic.
Uma sibheka iphiko lomgogodla, sibona nomehluko ocacile. Kuma-porpoise, iphiko livame ukuba encane futhi inesimo esingunxantathu, futhi kungase kungabikho nhlobo, njengasohlotsheni I-NeophocaenaNokho, kumahlengethwa amaningi, iphiko lomgogodla libonakala likhulu, linezingqimba ezigobile noma ezigobile.
Ikhanda nempumulo kunikeza inkomba elula yokubona kwabaningi ababukele. Ama-Porpoise anempumulo ebukhali, engenawo umlomo omude, futhi imilomo yawo ibonakala igobile kancane phezulu, njengohlobo "lokumamatheka" okuhlala njalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-dolphin avame ukudlala i- i-rostrum ende, efana nomlomo, ehluke kakhulu kugebhezi, ngaphandle kweminye imikhakha embalwa.
Okokugcina, nakuba zinezici zokuziphatha ezifanayo, ama-porpoise avame ukuba okucashile kakhulu futhi okungathandi kakhulu ukugigitheka kunamahlengethwa amaningi. Akuvamile ukubabona beziphonsa phansi emphethweni wezikebhe noma begxuma kakhulu, okubangela ukuba bangabonwa umphakathi.
I-morphology nezici zomzimba
Ukubukeka okuphelele kwe-porpoise kufana nomklamo we-hydrodynamic wakudala wama-cetaceans: ikhanda eliyindilinga, intamo engaguquki, umzimba omise okwe-torpedoZinemilenze yangaphambili eguquliwe yaba amaphiko kanye nephiko lomsila eliqinile elivundlile. Azinazo izindlebe ezibonakalayo; kunalokho, izimbobo ezincane ze-acoustic zifihliwe ezinhlangothini zamakhanda azo.
Ubukhulu buyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo, kodwa ngokuvamile yibo ama-odontocetes amancaneIsibonelo, i-vaquita marina, ayifinyeleli amamitha angu-1,4 ubude futhi inesisindo esingaba ngu-54 kg, kuyilapho i-Dall's porpoise ingafinyelela amamitha angu-2,3 kanye nama-220 kg. Noma kunjalo, isencane kuneminye imikhomo eminingi enamazinyo.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, okuthile i-dimorphism yezocansi Ezisikazi zinkulu kancane kunezinduna. Nokho, lo mehluko uvame ukuba mfushane, ngaphandle kwezinye izimo ezithile njenge-Dall's porpoise. Umbala ojwayelekile uhlanganisa imibala emnyama empunga ngemuva, empunga ekhanyayo emaceleni, kanye nezisu ezimhlophe.
Ama-Porpoise anamaphiko amabili asesifubeni kanye nephiko lomsila elinamandla. Nakuba engenazo izitho zangemuva ezisebenzayo, ayagcina izinsalela zethambo elingasebenzi ngesimo sezitho ezincane zangaphakathi, lapho izakhiwo ezilingana nezinyawo nezinzwane zisengabonakala khona. Amaphiko angaphambili anezinombolo ezine, isikhumbuzo semvelaphi yawo njengemilenze yasemhlabeni.
Isikhumba simboza ungqimba olujiyile lwe- amafutha angaphansi Ama-bulber asebenza njengokuvikela ukushisa emazingeni okushisa aphansi, njengomthombo wamandla ngezikhathi zokuntuleka, kanye nohlobo "lwesivikelo" ekulumeni kwezilwane ezidla ezinye. Amaphuphu azalwa enengqimba encane kakhulu yamafutha, kodwa ngenxa yobisi lukanina, olucebile kakhulu ngamafutha, ashesha ukujiya lesi sikhumba.
Ukuguqulwa kwangaphakathi: uhlaka lwamathambo, amazinyo, nezitho zomzimba
Uhlaka lwamathambo e-porpoise lwenzelwe ukuphila emanzini. Amathambo entamo atholakala kakhulu kuhlanganisiweLokhu kunikeza ukuqina nokuzinza lapho ubhukuda ngesivinini esikhulu, yize kunciphisa ukuhamba kwekhanda eceleni. Lokhu kuzivimbela ekuphenduleni amakhanda azo njengoba isilwane esincelisayo sasemhlabeni singenza, kodwa kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komzimba nge-hydrodynamic.
Ngokuphathelene namazinyo azo, ama-porpoise, njengeminye imikhomo enamazinyo, anamazinyo ambozwe yi-cementum phezu kwe-dentin. Ngokungafani namazinyo ethu, lapho i-enamel ibusa khona, kulezi zilwane ingxenye eveziwe yakhiwa ngokuyinhloko yi- usimende wamazinyoAmazinyo ayo ayisicaba, amise okwesipuni amelela ukuzivumelanisa okucacile nendlela yayo yokubamba nokugwinya inyamazane encane.
Isisu se-porpoise sihlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: i-foregut kanye namakamelo amabili amakhulu, i-fundic kanye ne-pyloric. Lesi sakhiwo, esivamile kuma-cetacean amaningi, sivumela sebenza kahle inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi kanye ne-squid, okukhuthaza ukugaywa kwenyamazane edliwe cishe yonke.
Njengamanye ama-cetacean, ama-porpoise ane-eyodwa kuphela i-spiracle phezulu kwamakhanda abo, lapho bephefumula khona. Isikhathi ngasinye lapho bevela, bakhipha ngamandla umoya osuphelile emaphashini abo, bakhe i-jet encane, ebonakalayo noma i-spute, bese bephefumula umoya omusha bese bephinda bacwila.
Ngaphakathi, izinhlelo zokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nezokuphefumula zijwayeleke kakhulu ekucwileni. Zingasabalalisa kabusha ukugeleza kwegazi ezithweni ezibalulekile futhi ziqoqe umoya-mpilo egazini nasemisipheni, okuzivumela ukuthi zenze ukucwila imizuzu embalwa, yize esimweni sama-porpoise amaningi avamile, ukuntywila ngokuvamile kufushane futhi waphinda.
Ukunyakaza kokuhamba kanye nokuziphatha kokubhukuda
Ama-Porpoise abhukuda ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinobukhulu obufanayo, njengezinye izilwane zasolwandle. Nakuba izilwane zasolwandle zivame ukuhamba ngesivinini esiphakathi kuka-9 no-28 km/h, eziningi zazo zingafinyelela ngesivinini kufika ku-25 km/hkuye ngohlobo kanye nesimo.
Ukushukuma kwayo kusekelwe ekunyakazeni okuqondile kwangemuva komzimba kanye nephiko lomsila. Ukushaywa okunamandla okuphezulu nokuphansi kusunduza umzimba phambili, kuyilapho amaphiko esifuba esebenza ngokuyinhloko ekuqondiseni nasekusebenzeni ezinye izenzo. ukujika okuqondileIphiko lomgogodla, uma likhona, lisiza ekuqiniseni isilwane emanzini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubhukuda ngokushesha.
Ezinye izinhlobo zivame ukuvela ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi zenze ngisho nokugxuma okuncane, okungahunyushwa njengengxenye yamasu azo okunyakaza nokuxhumana. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuziphatha okuthile hhayi okumangalisayo futhi ukuzibamba kakhulu ukuthi amahlengethwa amaningi, okusho ukuthi avame ukungabonwa ngisho nalapho eseduze nogu.
Ama-porpoise amaningi ajwayeleke kangcono izindawo ezisogwiniZithanda amanzi angajulile njengezindawo zokubhukuda, imifula, kanye namashalofu ase-continental kunolwandle oluvulekile. Lokhu kuthanda izindawo ezisogwini kuthonya kokubili indlela yazo yokubhukuda kanye nemikhuba yazo yokudla nokuphumula yansuku zonke.
Izinzwa kanye ne-echolocation
Ukuzwa kwama-porpoise kunezindlela ezithile ezihlukile zemvelo yasemanzini. Esikhundleni sokuthola umsindo ikakhulukazi ngendlebe yangaphandle, njengoba kwenza abantu, lezi zinhlobo zibamba amaza omsindo ngokusebenzisa indawo yomphimbo nomhlathiUmsindo ube usudluliselwa endlebeni engaphakathi ngesikhala esigcwele amafutha esingenawo umoya.
I-auditory complex ihlukaniswe nge-auditory kusuka ku-skull yi- amabele agcwele umoyaLokhu kuhlelwa kokwakheka komzimba kuthuthukisa ikhono lokuthola imvelaphi yemisindo ngaphansi kwamanzi, indawo lapho izimpawu zisakazeka khona ngokushesha kakhulu nakuzo zonke izinhlangothi.
Ama-porpoise, njengeminye imikhomo enamazinyo, asebenzisa i-echolocation njengohlelo lwazo oluyinhloko lokuzwa. Zikhipha ukuchofoza kwe-ultrasound ngesitho esikhethekile esisebunzini, esaziwa ngokuthi i-melon, esenziwe ngezicubu ezinamafutha. Ugebhezi lunesici esihlukile kuleyo ndawo, futhi ukubonakala okubonakalayo kwebunzi kubangelwa kakhulu ukuba khona kwalesi sitho.
Ngokukhipha umsindo ozwakala kakhulu kanye nokwamukela umsindo ophuma ezintweni nasezinyamazaneni, ama-porpoise ayakwazi "ukubona" indawo ewazungezile ngomsindo, ngisho nasemanzini amnyama noma angabonakali kahle. Leli khono liwavumela ukuthi athole amaqembu ezinhlanzi, agweme izithiyo, futhi axhumane nezinye izilwane eduze.
Ngokuphathelene nokubona, amehlo azo mancane uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomzimba wazo, kodwa zigcina ukubona kahle. Njengoba zitholakala ezinhlangothini zamakhanda azo, zinikeza amasimu amabili ahlukene okubona esikhundleni sokubona ngeso lengqondo njengabantu, yize ama-porpoise esakwazi ukubona ukunyakaza kanye nokungafani ngempumelelo kokubili phezulu nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Ukubona, ukuhogela, nokunambitha
Amehlo ezinyoni ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-porpoise ajwayele ukufiphazwa kokukhanya emanzini. amalensi athile kanye nama-cornea okulungisa i-myopia ebangelwa ukudlula kokukhanya kusuka emanzini kuya ku-retina. Ama-retina abo anama-rod nama-cone, okubavumela ukuthi babone kokubili ezimweni zokukhanya okuphansi kanye nokukhanya okuphezulu.
Nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane eziningi ezincelisayo zasemhlabeni, ikhono lazo lokubona imibala lilinganiselwe. Azinazo izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ezithinta ubude obufushane bamaza kumakhoni azo, ngakho-ke umbala wazo mncane. Noma kunjalo, amehlo azo afaka phakathi i-tapetum lucidum, ungqimba olubonakalisayo oluthuthukisa ukubona ezindaweni ezikhanya kancane, isici esivamile sezilwane ezinemikhuba yokuqhaqhazela noma yasebusuku.
Isimo esiyisicaba kancane sezinhlamvu zamehlo, izinhlamvu ezinde ezivala ngokuqinile lapho ziphakama phezulu, kanye ne-cornea eyisicaba kancane yizici ezenza kube lula ukungena kokukhanya nokwakheka kwezithombe ezibukhali. Konke lokhu kwenza ukubona kube lula umqondo owusizo obalulekile okuhambisana nokwakheka kwe-echo, yize kungasithathi indawo.
Ngokuphathelene nomuzwa wazo wokuhogela, ama-porpoise awanayo ama-lobes okunuka zakhiwe ebuchosheni, okubonisa ukuthi azinawo nhlobo umuzwa wokuhogela. Lokhu kuhambisana nezilwane eziningi ezihlala emanzini, ezindlela yazo yokuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi yayikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinzwa, ikakhulukazi ukuzwa.
Imizwa yabo yokunambitha nayo ayibonakali icwengekile kakhulu. Ama-nambitha abo ancishisiwe kakhulu noma awekho kwezinye izindawo zolimi, okuholela ekukholelweni ukuthi amandla abo okunambitha alinganiselwe. Noma kunjalo, ama-porpoise athile abonwe ekhombisa ukukhetha kwawo izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanziLokhu kusikisela ukuthi, nakuba kunciphile, ukunambitheka kusengaba nomthelela kwezinye zezindlela zabo zokudla.
Umjikelezo wokuphila, ukuzala kanye nokulala
Ama-porpoise afinyelela ku- ukuvuthwa ngokocansi esemncane kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Endabeni ye-harbor porpoise, izinsikazi zivame ukuzala kusukela eminyakeni emi-3 noma emi-4 ubudala, futhi zingazala cishe njalo ngonyaka izikhathi eziningana zokuphila kwazo uma izimo zivuma.
Amasu abo okuzala ahambisana kakhulu nalokho okuchazwa yi-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuthi "ukukhetha okungu-r": bavame ukubeka phambili inani lenzalo kunokutshala imali isikhathi eside futhi okukhethekile kwabambalwa. Ngamanye amazwi, bazama ukuba abantwana abaningi empilweni yabo yonkeyize inzalo ngayinye ithola ukunakekelwa okujulile isikhathi esithile kuphela.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-11, kuye ngohlobo kanye nenani lazo. Isibonelo, e-harbour porpoise, ukuzala eNorth Sea kugxila ngoJulayi nango-Agasti, kanti ukuzala kwenzeka ngoMeyi-Juni wonyaka olandelayo. Amaphuphu azalwa enobude obuphakathi kuka-65 no-85 cm futhi enesisindo esingaba ngu-6,5 kuya ku-10 kg.
Omama bancelisa abantwana babo ngesikhathi Izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyi-8Kuye ngendawo ezungezile kanye nokutholakala kokudla, ubisi lunamafutha amaningi kakhulu, okuvumela amaphuphu ukuba akhule ngokushesha ungqimba lwama-buds, athole ukuntanta nokumelana nokubanda. Ogwini lwase-Iberia, amarekhodi okunamathela asikisela ukuthi kungaba okungenani neziqongo ezimbili zokuzala, esisodwa entwasahlobo nesinye ehlobo.
Njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, ama-porpoise adinga ukulala, kodwa isimo sawo sihlukile ngoba ahlukile. iziphefumuli eziqondayoKumelwe banqume ukuthi bazophuma nini ukuze bathole umoya. Abakwazi “ukuvala” ngokuphelele amahora amaningi, njengoba bengafaka engozini yokuminza. Izifundo zabantu abathunjiwe zibonisa ukuthi balala nobuchopho obubodwa ngesikhathi, into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukulala okune-hemispheric, ebavumela ukuthi baqhubeke nokubhukuda kancane, balawule ukuphefumula kwabo, futhi bahlale beqaphile ezitheni noma ekuxhumaneni nabantu okungafuneki.
Ukusatshalaliswa, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi
Ama-porpoise atholakala ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo zasolwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Sekukonke, ayizilwane ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. kuningi futhi kuyasebenziseka ngezindlela eziningiZiyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezahlukene zokushisa, usawoti kanye nokujula. Ezinye izinhlobo zize zihambe ngemifula futhi zichithe ingxenye yomjikelezo wazo wokuphila emanzini amasha noma angenasawoti.
Kukhona ama-porpoise ajwayelekile emifuleni, njenge-porpoise engenazinhlungu, ehlala ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zemifula kanye nasezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi; amanye athanda amanzi asogwini kanye namanzi asogwini, njenge-port porpoise noma i-vaquita; kanti amanye akhethe izindawo ezivulekile kakhulu zolwandle, isibonelo, i-porpoise kaDall kanye ne-porpoise enezibani. Ngokuphathelene nokushisa, angatholakala ku- izindawo ezishisayo kuya ezindaweni ezibandayo, edlula olwandle olufudumele.
ENyakatho Yenkabazwe, i-port porpoise ihlala emanzini asogwini lweNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye neNyakatho yePacific, kanye nasezindaweni eziseduze zaseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, nase-Asia. Iphinde yabhalwa ogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika kanye nasezilwandle ezivalekile kancane njengoLwandle Olumnyama noLwandle lwase-Azov, lapho yakha khona imiphakathi ehlukene.
Ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha komphakathi, ama-porpoise amaningi ayizilwane ezithanda ukuhlala nabantu ngobuhlakani. Avame ukubonwa ezinhlotsheni ezincane amaqembu abantu abangafika kwabayi-5Zitholakala ngamaqembu, abizwa ngokuthi izikole, yize zingabonwa zodwa. Ezindaweni ezinobuningi obukhulu noma ukudla okuningi, kungatholakala amazinga amakhulu, ngisho namakhulu abantu ngabanye, kodwa azivamisile ukwakha ama-pod amakhulu ajwayelekile kwamanye amahlengethwa asezilwandle.
Umsebenzi wazo wansuku zonke ugxile ekufuneni ukudla nasekuhambeni phakathi kokudla nezindawo zokuphumula. Izinhlobo eziningi zithanda ukuhlala eduze kakhulu phansi emanzini angajulile, kanti olwandle oluvulekile zivame ukuhlala ezingqimbeni eziphakathi nendawo zekholomu yamanzi, zishintshana ngokuntywila okufushane nokuya endaweni emfushane.
Ukudla kanye namasu okuzingela
Ukudla kwama-porpoise kusekelwe kakhulu ku- inhlanzi kanye nesquidNjengakweminye imikhomo enamazinyo aphakathi nendawo, ezinye izinhlobo nazo zifaka ama-crustacean ekudleni kwazo, kuye ngokuthi zitholakala kuphi endaweni. Izinhlanzi ezincane ze-pelagic kanye nezinhlanzi zasemanzini ezakha amaqembu zibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba zinikeza amandla amaningi ngomzamo omncane wokuzingela.
Emanzini angajulile asogwini, ama-porpoise amaningi avame ukuhlala eduze nolwandle, lapho elandela khona amaqembu ezinhlanzi ezihlangana emifuleni, emilonyeni yemifula, nasezindaweni ezinemisinga enamandla. Emanzini ajulile, avame ukuhamba phakathi kwamanzi, ecwila ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuze athole izisulu ezihlakazekile imini nobusuku, esebenzisa uhlelo lwawo lokuthola indawo.
Ngokuvamile bayazingela ngamunye noma ngamaqembu amancaneKwezinye izimo, bahlela ukunyakaza kwabo ukuze baqondise amaqembu ezinhlanzi ezindaweni ezinhle. Ukucwila kwabo ngokuvamile kufushane, cishe umzuzu, yize ezinye izinhlobo zaziwa ngokucwila imizuzu emihlanu futhi zifinyelele ekujuleni okurekhodiwe okungamamitha angaba ngu-220.
Amazinyo afana nefosholo ama-porpoise aklanyelwe ukubamba izinhlanzi ezishelelayo kanye nama-cephalopod amancane. Ngokuvamile agwinya inyamazane yawo yonke, ngaphandle kokuyidabula, okuwavumela ukuthi asebenzise ngokushesha ukubamba ngakunye futhi anciphise ukuchayeka kwawo ezitheni ezingaba khona ngenkathi ephatha ukudla kwawo.
Ezindaweni ezinamanzi angcolile kakhulu, Indawo ezungezile iba yinto ebaluleke kakhuluIzimpawu ze-Ultrasonic zivumela ukuthi zithole amaqembu ezinhlanzi ngisho nasekukhanyeni okuphansi, futhi zihlukanise isakhiwo solwandle noma ukuba khona kwezinto zangaphandle njengamanetha, yize empeleni zingaphumeleli njalo ukuzigwema, okuchaza ingxenye yokufa okubangelwa ukubhajwa.
I-port porpoise (i-Phocoena phocoena) ngokuningiliziwe
I-port porpoise cishe uhlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu emphakathini waseYurophu. Iwumkhomo omncane onamazinyo, onobude obuphakathi kuka- 1,5 namamitha ayi-1,9 kanye nesisindo esivamile esingu-60 kuya ku-75 kg, kanti abesilisa ngokuvamile bancane kancane kunezinsikazi. Umhlane wabo umpunga omnyama, izinhlangothi zabo zimpunga okhanyayo, kanti ingaphansi labo licishe libe mhlophe.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kuhlanganisa ugu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga nolusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, ingxenye enkulu yogu olusenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic yeYurophu, kanye nogu olusentshonalanga yeYurophu kuze kufike eningizimu njengasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika, kanye namanzi asogwini olusempumalanga ye-Asia. Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziqashelwayo. izinhlobo ezincane kanye nezinhlobo ezincane, njenge I-Phocoena phocoena phocoena (eNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye neNtshonalanga Afrika), I-P. p. relicta (ULwandle Olumnyama noLwandle lwase-Azov), ifomu elingenalo igama elisemthethweni eNyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific kanye i-P. p. vomerine enyakatho-mpumalanga yePacific.
Ngaphakathi kweNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, kuye kwabhalwa phansi oLwandle i-Alboran kanye nogu lwase-Andalusia, ikakhulukazi emanzini aseduze nesifundazwe saseMálaga. Ezinye izinhlobo zingase zivele emiphakathini yase-Atlantic engena ngeStrait of Gibraltar, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi zizama ukufuduka. ukuphinda uhlele izindawo ezithile zaseMedithera lapho ukuba khona kwabo kwakuvame kakhulu esikhathini esidlule.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphila isikhathi eside, ama-porpoise avamile avame ukuhlala eduze Iminyaka engama-15 yenkululekoKodwa-ke, abanye abantu bangase badlule kule minyaka uma izimo zinhle futhi amazinga ezinsongo zabantu engadluli endaweni yabo yokusatshalaliswa.
Ngokombono wokulondolozwa komhlaba wonke, i-IUCN ihlukanisa i-port porpoise njengohlobo "Lwezinto Ezingabalulekile Kakhulu," njengoba inani layo emhlabeni wonke lilinganiselwa cishe kubantu abangu-700.000. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ziyancipha noma zisesimweni esiyingozi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi olwandle oluvalekile noma ezindaweni ezithinteke kakhulu ukungcola kanye nokudoba kakhulu.
Ukuziphatha kanye nezinto ezimangalisayo ze-porpoise evamile
I-port porpoise iyinto engavamile nginamahloni futhi ngithule Ngokuphathelene nezikebhe, ngokungafani namahlengethwa amaningi abhukuda ekhanda lemikhumbi futhi asondele kubantu ngendlela exakile, lolu hlobo luvame ukugcina ibanga eliphephile, luvele ngasese phezu kwamanzi bese lucwila futhi ngaphandle kokubukisa okukhulu.
Ngokuvamile zibonakala ngamaqembu amancane, yize izilwane ezizodwa nazo zibonakala ezindaweni ezithile. Naphezu kobukhulu bazo obuncane, ziyabonakala ababhukudi abasheshayo Zingafinyelela isivinini esingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-25 ngehora uma zixosha noma zibaleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ziphakathi kwezilwane ezimbalwa ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezihamba amabanga amade zikhuphukela emifuleni, zifinyelela amakhulu amakhilomitha ngaphakathi kwezwe ukusuka olwandle.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ama-porpoise esilisa ase-harbor abonisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuphawulekayo: amasende awo angafinyelela cishe ku- 5% wesisindo somzimba wakhoLokhu kuwuphawu lokuncintisana okukhulu kwesidoda. Lesi sici sihambisana nesimiso sokuzala lapho izinsikazi zizala khona nabalingani abaningi, okwandisa ingcindezi ekhethiwe enanini kanye nekhwalithi yesidoda.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezizingelayo zemvelo kukhona oshaka abakhulu, ama-orca, kanye nezimvu zamanzi ezimpunga ngezinye izikhathi ezikhipha izingxenye zamafutha emzimbeni wazo ukuze zisebenzise amandla azo aphezulu. Ukuhlaselwa kwamahlengethwa ase-bottlenose nakho kuye kwabhalwa phansi; lawa mahlengethwa angawabulala ama-porpoise, yize kulezi zimo ngokuvamile engazidli, ngakho-ke kuchazwa kakhulu njenge- ulaka lwezinhlobo ezahlukene kunokuba kube yizilwane ezidla inyama.
Ekuthunjweni, nakuba kungavamile njengezinye izilwane ezihlala emanzini, ezinye izinhlobo zigcinwe ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo, imfundo yezemvelo, kanye nokuboniswa emphakathini. Kodwa-ke, zivame ukuba bucayi kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezifana ne-bottlenose dolphin, ebekezelela kangcono izimo ze-aquarium kanye ne-dolphinarium.
Izinsongo zamanje nokongiwa
Ngokomlando, ama-porpoise ayezingelwa ezindaweni ezithile kusetshenziswa amasu ahilela ukuwazungeza ngezikebhe namanetha ukuze awaqhubele ogwini lapho kwakulula ukuwabamba khona. Namuhla, nakuba ukuzingela okuqondile kuqhubeka kwezinye izindawo, Izinsongo ezinkulu zivela ngokungaqondile, ehlobene nemisebenzi yabantu olwandle.
Enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ukubanjwa ngengozi ngama-gillnet noma amanethi e-trammel. Ama-porpoise, asondela ogwini nasemanzini angajulile, avame ukubhajwa lapho ezama ukudlula kulezi zimpahla zokudoba, okuwavimbela ekukhuphukeni komoya futhi kubangele ukuthi aminze. Lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi ukubanjwa kwe-bycatch noma ukuthwebula okungeziwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, bancintisana ngokudla nezindawo zokudoba zezentengiselwano, ezixhaphaza kakhulu izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi abathembele kuzo. Okungeziwe kulokhu ukungcola kolwandle, ikakhulukazi okuvela ezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye namakhemikhali e-organochlorine (njengemithi ethile yokubulala izinambuzane kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni), eqoqana emafutheni omzimba wayo futhi ingathinta amasosha omzimba ayo kanye nezinhlelo zokuzala.
Indaba ye-vaquita marina ibonisa ukuthi lezi zinsongo zingaba zimbi kangakanani. Le porpoise encane, etholakala eGulf of California, ibilokhu isengozini yokuqothulwa. ukuqothulwa kokusebenza ngenxa yokubanjwa ngamanetha angekho emthethweni ahloselwe olunye uhlobo, i-totoaba. Izilinganiso zamanje zisikisela ukuthi kusele izilwane ezingaphansi kwekhulu, okwenza kube yi-cetacean esengozini enkulu ngemuva kokunyamalala kwe-baiji, noma i-dolphin yoMfula iYangtze.
Ezifundeni ezifana ne-Andalusia, ukulondolozwa kwezingwenya zasechwebeni kuncike ekuthuthukiseni ukuqapha kwabantu, ukulawula ukungcola kogu, ukunciphisa ukufa okuvela ezintweni zokudoba, kanye nokuphatha kahle imisebenzi yezokuvakasha yokubuka imikhomo. Imvelo yazo yogu izenza zibe sengozini enkulu kunoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwendawo yazo yokuhlala. izindawo zokuhlala ezingasogwini kanye nezingajulilekusukela ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda kuya ekuthuthweni okukhulu kwemikhumbi.
Ama-porpoise, esewonke, amelela iqembu elithakazelisayo kakhulu lama-cetaceans ngenxa yebhayoloji yawo, ukuhlukahluka, kanye nobudlelwano nemvelo yasolwandle yasogwini. Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwawo, imikhuba yawo, kanye nezingozi abhekene nazo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kokulondoloza hhayi nje kuphela lezi zinhlobo ezithile kodwa futhi nolwandle nemifula lapho ehlala khona, esithembele kakhulu kukho kunalokho esivame ukukucabanga.
