Isithombe esidala seNeanderthal njengesidalwa esingenamsebenzi, esigxile cishe ekuzingeleni komhlaba kuphela, siyaphikiswa futhi. Iqoqo le- uphenyo lwezinto zakudala kanye ne-geochemical Umhume waseLos Aviones, eCartagena (eMurcia), ubonisa ukuthi la maqembu abantu ayazi futhi asebenzisa kabi ulwandle ngenhlangano eyayibizwa ngokuthi amaHomo sapiens kuphela kuze kube muva nje.
Le ndawo eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, yayihlala cishe iminyaka 115.000Kuye kwabonakala ukuthi imiphakathi yamaNeanderthal yayiqoqa izinhlanzi zasemanzini unyaka wonke, futhi ikhetha ngokucacile izinyanga ezibandayo. Kunokuba ibe umthombo wezinto ngezikhathi ezithile, izinhlanzi zasemanzini zakha ingxenye ye- isu eliyinkimbinkimbi nelihleliwe lokuziphilisaokusiphoqa ukuthi sibukeze izihloko eziningi mayelana nokuhlakanipha kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezihlobo zethu eziseduze.
I-Los Aviones, umhume osogwini waphenduka indawo yokulala
Umhume Wezindiza, osogwini lwaseCartagena, ususungulwe njenge enye yezindawo ezibalulekile ukuqonda izimpilo zamaNeanderthal eningizimu yeYurophu. Kwakungeyona nje indawo yokukhosela ngezikhathi ezithile: ubufakazi bukhomba ekuhlaselweni okuphindaphindiwe, mhlawumbe ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa okuphindaphindiwe unyaka wonke.
Kutholakale amakhulu ezinsalela enhlabathini yayo. izimbaza zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zaseMedithera: i-snail encane i-Phorcus turbinatus kanye ne-limpet Patella ferruginea. Amagobolondo agcinwe kahle kakhulu, into engavamile ezikhathini zasendulo ezinjalo, okuye kwavumela ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhlaziya anembe kakhulu.
Kuze kube muva nje, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ulwandle ludlala indima encane ekudleni kwala maqembu, cishe njengesengezo ngezikhathi ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwala ma-shellfish lwembula iphethini yokudla evumelana kakhulu ne- ukuxhashazwa okuvamile nokuhlelekile kwemvelo yasogwini kunokuba kube nokuvakasha ogwini lolwandle ngezikhathi ezithile.
Le sayithi efanayo yayivele inikeze izinkomba mayelana nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi okungokomfanekiso, okungenzeka imihlobiso eyenziwe ngamagobolondo kanye nemibala yamamineraliManje sekunezelwa isiqephu esisha kule nkinga: ukuhlela ukuthola ukudla kwasolwandle ngezinga lonyaka.
Ikhalenda le-shellfish elifihliwe emagobolondweni
Isihluthulelo sokwakha kabusha indlela kanye nesikhathi izinhlanzi ezazivunwa ngaso sisekuqoqweni kwezinhlanzi. i-geochemistry yamagobolondoIthimba lamazwe ngamazwe, eliholwa abacwaningi abavela e-Autonomous University of Barcelona, e-University of Burgos, kanye nase-University of Cantabria, lisebenzise ukuhlaziywa kwe-oxygen isotope okuzinzile ku-calcium carbonate emagobolondweni.
Isilinganiso sama-isotope e-oxygen alula nasindayo afakwe egobolondweni sincike kakhulu ku- izinga lokushisa lamanzi olwandle ngesikhathi i-mollusk ikhula. Ngokutadisha lokhu kuhlukahluka egobolondweni, ososayensi bathola uhlobo "lomlando" wokushisa, osebenza njenge- "I-thermometer yangaphambi komlando" ikwazi ukukhombisa ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka isilwane esibanjwe ngaso.
Endabeni yeLos Aviones, kwahlaziywa izinhlobo eziningana zeminenke emincane nama-limpet. Imiphumela iyaphetha: AmaNeanderthal aqoqa ama-mollusk kuzo zonke izinkathi ezine, kodwa iningi leminenke emincane—cishe Amacala angu-80%— zaqoqwa phakathi kokuphela kwekwindla kanye nokuqala kwentwasahlobo, okungukuthi, phakathi kukaNovemba no-Ephreli.
Le ndlela yesizini, ehlonzwe ngezinga elingakaze libonwe lemininingwane yezikhathi ezinjalo zasendulo, ihambisana ngokuphawulekayo nokuziphatha okubhaliwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane kamuva ngamaqembu amaHomo sapiens yezindawo zaseMedithera nakwezinye izindawo ezisogwini. Kunokuba kube ukuxhashazwa okungahleliwe, konke kukhomba ezinqumweni eziphindaphindwayo nezihlelekile ezisekelwe ekhalendeni lemvelo lolwandle.
Kungani babekhetha ukudla kwasolwandle ezinyangeni ezibandayo?
Abacwaningi baphakamisa izizathu eziningana zokuchaza lokhu kuthanda okukhulu ekwindla nasebusika. Okokuqala, kwaziwa ukuthi ama-mollusk amaningi abonisa isivuno esikhulu senyamaZiqoqa inyama eningi, amafutha, kanye namandla ngaphambi kwesigaba sokuzala.
Lokhu kwanda kwama-lipid nama-fatty acid akugcini nje ngokuguqula inani lokudla okunempilo libe ngcono, kodwa futhi izimfanelo ezingcono zokuzwa...njengokunambitheka kanye nokuthungwa. Ngamanye amazwi, ukudla kwasolwandle kwasebusika kuvame ukuba kukhulu, kunempilo, futhi mhlawumbe kukhanga kakhulu emlonyeni.
Ukukhathazeka ngempilo nakho kuyabandakanyeka. Ehlobo, ukwanda kwamanzi kanye nokushisa komoya kukhuthaza ukwanda kwe- ulwelwe olunobuthi kanye namagciwaneLezi zenzakalo, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-red tide, zingangcolisa i-shellfish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kokuyibeka esiqandisini, ukushisa kwandisa ingozi yokuthi i-shellfish yonakale ngokushesha.
Ngakho-ke ukugwema ukuvuna phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele ngabe kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokwenza ukunciphisa ubuthi obungaba khona nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukusetshenziswa okungcono kwenyama. Nakuba kunzima ukukhomba imbangela eyodwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici kusikisela izinqumo ezinolwazi ezisekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqoqiwe mayelana nemvelo yasolwandle.
Ukudla okucebile nokwesimanje: amaprotheni, i-Omega-3 nokuningi
Izifundo ziqokomisa ukuthi ukuvunwa okuhleliwe kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini eLos Aviones akugcini nje kuphela engeza amakhalori engeziweAma-mollusk ahlinzeka amaprotheni olwandle asezingeni eliphezulukanye nezakhamzimba ezibalulekile njenge-Omega-3 ne-zinc, ezihlobene nokukhula kobuchopho, ukusebenza kwesimiso sezinzwa kanye nempilo yokuzala.
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi imiphakathi yamaNeanderthal eningizimu yeYurophu ayizange ithembele kuphela ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, kodwa futhi yaphatha ukudla okuhlukahlukeneolukwazi ukuhlanganisa izinsiza zomhlaba nezasolwandle ngendlela eguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke ulwandle luba enye insika yokuphila kwalo, hhayi izinsiza ezingaphelele.
Kubabhali, okubonwa eLos Aviones kuyinto "isu lokuziphilisa lesimanje ngokuphelele", okufana nokwamaqembu akamuva abantu besimanje ngokwesimo somzimba abavela e-Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic noma Neolithic ogwini lwaseMedithera yaseYurophu.
Leli khono lokulungisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza ngokwemijikelezo yemvelo yendawo egudle ugu likhomba ukuqonda okujulile ngendawo ezungezile kanye nenqubo yokwenza izinqumo engafanelani neze nomfanekiso weNeanderthal engenamakhono. Kunalokho, liveza iqembu elikwaziyo cabanga ngesikhathi esimaphakathi bese uphatha izingoziizici esivame ukuzihlanganisa nezinhlobo zethu.
AmaNeanderthal namaHomo sapiens: ibanga elincane kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ingxenye ye-paleoanthropology igcizelela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okujulile nokuhlelekile kwezinsiza zasolwandle kwakuyisici esiyingqayizivele salokhu. Ama-Homo sapiens anamuhlaAmabhishi, ukudla kwasolwandle, kanye nokuhlela ugu kwavezwa njengezimpawu zezinhlobo zethu, kanti amaNeanderthal abekwa esikhundleni sesibili.
Okutholakele emhumeni waseLos Aviones nakwezinye izindawo zase-Iberia, njengomhume waseBajondillo eMálaga, kuyinselele kakhulu le ndaba yokulandelana kwezikhundla. Imininingwane isikisela ukuthi amaNeanderthal ayesevele exhaphaza ugu lolwandle. amashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaphambili ukuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kuqoshwe phakathi kwamaqembu e-sapiens esifundeni.
Kwabochwepheshe, isithombe esivelayo singabantu abahlukene, kodwa hhayi abaphansi: amaqembu akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo izindawo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, okuhlanganisa nemvelo yasogwinienezinga eliyinkimbinkimbi lokuhleleka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ibhishi, kuleso simo, lalingeyona indawo yokunethezeka ngokwengqondo, kodwa laliyingxenye ebalulekile yendawo yabo.
Ngakho-ke iNhlonhlo yase-Iberia iqinisekiswa njengendawo eyisisekelo yokuqonda ubunzima bemiphakathi yamaNeanderthal aseYurophuAmaPlane anikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi la maqembu ayenamakhono okuqonda kanye nokuxhumana nabantu afana nawethu, ephikisa umqondo wokuthi ayeyinguqulo ehlulekile yabantu banamuhla.
Konke okwembulwe ngamagobolondo aseLos Aviones kusimema ukuba sibheke amaNeanderthal ngamehlo ahlukene: kunokuba abe amaqembu alula futhi angakalungiselelwa, ayenolwazi lwekhalenda lolwandle, azi ukuthi i-shellfish inenzuzo enkulu nini futhi iphephile nini, futhi ayihlanganisa ekudleni okucebile nokuhlukahlukene; kulelo khoneni elisogwini lwaseCartagena, eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu edlule, uhlobo lokuphathwa kogu lwase luvele lusetshenziswa olufana kakhulu nolwethu, olusikhumbuza ukuthi imingcele esiyidwebile phakathi kwabo nathi ingase ibe mncane kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
