I-Las amanyuvesi aseMelika Sekuyiminyaka ecishe ibe amakhulu amahlanu, beyilokhu ithonya inkambo yamasiko, yezombusazwe, yezenhlalo neyesayensi yezwekazi. Kusukela ezikhungweni zokuqala zamanyuvesi amakoloni, ezixhunywe ezindinganisweni zenkolo kanye neSilo, kuya ezikhungweni zamanje ezinkulu ezigcwele imakethe yomhlaba wonke, imfundo ephakeme ibilokhu iyindaba yangempela. i-thermometer yomlando waseLatin AmericaUkuqonda ukuthi bazalwa kanjani, ukuthi bashintsha kanjani, nokuthi iyiphi indima abayidlalayo namuhla kubalulekile ekuqondeni intuthuko yaseLatin America naseCaribbean.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zikhungo ziye zashintsha ekubeni ama-cloister e-elitist lapho abaholi bamakoloni babeqeqeshwa khona, lezi zikhungo seziphenduke izindawo zokubusa ngentando yeningi, izingxabano zezepolitiki, ukukhiqizwa kwesayensi, kanye nokungezwani namaphrojekthi e-neoliberal kanye nokwenza kube ngasese. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanyuvesi amaningi aseMelika manje aphakathi kwabaholi abaphambili amazinga ngamazwekuyilapho behambisana nezinkinga ezinkulu zokungalingani, ukuhlukana kanye nokuthengiswa kwemfundo ephakeme.
Ukuzalwa kwamanyuvesi eMelika: kusukela esigodlweni kuya endlini yobukhosi
Ukuqala kwemfundo yaseyunivesithi eLatin America kwenzeka ngemuva nje kokufika kuka UChristopher Columbus ngo-1492Nakuba izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zazikhona emiphakathini yokuqala—njenge- I-Aztec Calmécaclapho abaholi baseMexico babefundiswa khona, imodeli yaseyunivesithi eyasetshenziswa yileyo eyalethwa abanqobi, ephefumulelwe kakhulu yi- Universidad de Salamanca kanye nesiko lamaHispanic.
Isikhungo sokuqala sezinga leyunivesithi kuleli zwekazi kwakuyi- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSaint Thomas Aquinas, eSanto Domingo, esiqhingini saseHispaniola (manje esiyiDominican Republic). Yakhiwe ngo- 28 Okthoba ka-1538 esigodlweni saseSanto Domingo, yadalwa ngenkunzi In apostolatus culminamineYanikezwa nguPapa Paul III. Le nyuvesi, engeyesonto futhi ilawulwa yi-Order of Preachers (Dominicans), yaphawula ukuqala kohlu olude lwezikhungo zezifundo ezijwayelekile kuleli zwekazi.
Ngo-1551, kwasungulwa amanyuvesi amabili abalulekile, asasebenza futhi asebenza njengezilinganiso zamanje. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-Royal and Pontifical University yeDolobha Lamakhosi aseLimaYasungulwa ngesinqumo sasebukhosini sangoMeyi 12, 1551, esakhishwa eValladolid. Amahholo ayo okufundisa avulwa ngokusemthethweni ngoJanuwari 2, 1553, ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiDominican. Ngo-1571, iPhini likaMongameli uFrancisco de Toledo lahlukanisa le ndawo ne-convent futhi layiqamba igama elithi San MarcosNamuhla yi- IMeya yase-Universidad Nacional de San Marcos, obhekwa “njengoDean of America”.
Ngawo lowo nyaka I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseMexicoYasungulwa ngesimemezelo sasebukhosini esakhishwa eToro futhi sasayinwa nguCharles I nendodana yakhe uPhilip II. Izifundo zayo zaqala ngoJuni 3, 1553, zavulwa ngenkulumo yesiLatini kaFrancisco Cervantes de Salazar. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leso sikhungo sashintsha saba yileso samanje. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), enye yamakhampasi anethonya elikhulu ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi.
Ngesikhathi sobukoloni, phakathi kuka-1538 no-1812, kwasungulwa izindawo zokuhlala ezizungeze i- Amanyuvesi angu-32 ezindaweni zaseSpain zaseMelikaISonto, izinhlangano zenkolo (amaDominican, amaJesuit, ama-Augustinian) kanye neSilo badlale indima ebalulekile ekudalweni kwabo, ezimalini nasekulawuleni, cishe njalo babafaka e- amakholiji, amakolishi aseyunivesithi noma amaseminari.
Amanyuvesi amakhulu akoloni: izinsuku, ama-oda kanye nokuguqulwa
Indawo yamanyuvesi asemakoloni yakhiwa kancane kancane, ihlanganisa izisekelo zemvelaphi yobukhosi, yobupapa, yobubhishobhi, kanye neyohlelo lwenkolo. Amanyuvesi amaningi ashintshe igama lawo, isimo, kanye nokuqondisa kwawo, kodwa asasebenza njengezikhungo zanamuhla.
Phakathi kwezakuqala nezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSantiago de la Paz y Gorjón (Santo Domingo, 1558). Yasungulwa ngempahla eyanikelwa nguHernando de Gorjón kanye nesimemezelo sasebukhosini esivela kuPhilip II. Kamuva, amaJesuit ayivuselela ngesimemezelo esivela kuFerdinand VI (1747) kanye nenkunzi evela kuBenedict XIV (1748). Yanyamalala ngo-1767 ngokuxoshwa kweNhlangano kaJesu.
- I-University of Dominican Studies ye-Our Lady of the Rosary (Santa Fe de Bogotá, New Granada -manje eyiColombia-, 1580). Gregory XIII, ngenkunzi I-Romanus PontifexYasungulwa njengeNyuvesi Yezifundo Ezijwayelekile esigodlweni saseDominican i-El Rosario. UPhilip IV waqinisekisa ukuthi ikhona ngo-1630 ngesinqumo sobukhosi. Ingumanduleli weyunivesithi yaseThomistic eColombia.
- Ikolishi likaSaint Thomas Aquinas (Guadalajara, Nueva Galicia, 1586). Yaqala njengekolishi lamaJesuit ngenxa yeminikelo evela kuCanon Simón Ruiz Conejero. Yathola ubuprofesa kwezeFilosofi, iTheology, kanye neRhetoric kamuva. Kusukela ngo-1699 kuya ku-1767, yanikeza iziqu zaseyunivesithi, kwaze kwaba yilapho kuxoshwa amaJesuit.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Fulgencio (Quito, 1586), ehlotshaniswa ne-Order of Saint Augustine. Yakhiwa yinkunzi kaPaul V, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1603, ekolishi lama-Augustinian edolobheni.
- I-Pontifical University yaseSaint Thomas Aquinas (Santiago, eChile, 1619). Isimemezelo sikapapa esivela kuPaul V sagunyaza amaDominican ukuthi anikeze iziqu zaseyunivesithi emakolishi abo aseMelika, uma nje ayeqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-200 ukusuka eLima naseDolobheni laseMexico. Ikolishi laseDominican eSantiago laba iyunivesithi ngo-1622 futhi lanikeza iziqu kwaze kwaba ngu-1747.
- University of Córdoba (Córdoba, 1621, e-Argentina). Yasungulwa maqondana neNhlangano kaJesu futhi yayisekelwe esifinyezweni sikapapa esivela kuGregory XV. UPhilip IV waqinisekisa igunya lamaJesuit lokunikeza iziqu ngo-1622. Ngemva kokuxoshwa komyalelo ngo-1767, wawusuthathwa njengowenkolo futhi namuhla ungowenkolo. INyuvesi Kazwelonke yaseCórdoba, ingxenye ebalulekile yokuguqulwa kweyunivesithi ngo-1918.
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSt. Gregory the Great (Quito, 1622). Wathembela esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme saseSan Luis kanye nokugunyazwa nguPhilip IV. Waqala ukufundisa kwakhe ngokusemthethweni ngo-1651 kwathi ngo-1767 wajoyina iNyuvesi yaseSanto Tomás de Aquino yaseSan Francisco de Quito, eyandulela eyamanje. I-Central University yase-Ecuador (1826).
- I-Pontifical University yaseSaint Francis Xavier (Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1623). Yasungulwa yincwadi kaGregory XV ngo-1621, kwakuyiyunivesithi yamaJesuit eyanyamalala ngo-1767.
- Inyuvesi yePontifical yaseMérida (Mérida, Yucatán, 1624). Ithathwe ekolishi lamaJesuit eligunyazwe nguPhilip III (1611), yaba inyuvesi ngenxa yesivumelwano sika-1621. Yavalwa ngo-1767.
- INyuvesi Yasebukhosini NeyePontifical yaseSaint Francis Xavier yaseChuquisaca (Charcas, manje eseSucre, eBolivia, 1624). Yasungulwa yiNhlangano kaJesu ngemva kwesikhashana sika-1621, yahlukaniswa nenkolo ngemva kuka-1767 futhi isasebenza nanamuhla njengoba IYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco Xavier yaseChuquisaca.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Miguel (Santiago de Chile, cishe ngo-1624), kanye noJesuit, owavinjelwa ngo-1738.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco Javier (Guatemala, 1640), esinye isikhungo seNhlangano kaJesu, saqedwa ngokuxoshwa komyalelo.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Bernardo (Cuzco, 1648), nayo eyayingumJesuit futhi yavalwa ngo-1767.
Esigabeni sokugcina sesikhathi sobukoloni, kwasungulwa amanyuvesi ayehlobene ngqo namandla obukhosi kanye no-episcopal:
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSan Carlos Borromeo (Guatemala, 1676), eyadalwa ngesinqumo sikaCharles II. Ngo-1687, u-Innocent XI wayinika isihloko sobupapa. Yisona simiso samanje Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, endala kunazo zonke eMelika Ephakathi.
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSan Cristóbal de Huamanga (Huamanga, manje ose-Ayacucho, ePeru, 1677), eyasungulwa nguMbhishobhi uCristóbal de Zamora y Castilla futhi yaqinisekiswa nguCharles II ngo-1680. National University of San Cristóbal de Huamanga.
- I-Royal University of Saint Anthony Abbot yaseCuzco (Cuzco, 1692), ekuqaleni eyayiyipapa futhi kamuva yaba yasebukhosini, eyadalwa ngencwadi evela ku-Innocent XII kanye nesimemezelo esivela kuCharles II. Indlalifa yayo yi- IYunivesithi Kazwelonke yaseSan Antonio Abad yaseCusco.
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSaint Rose yaseLima (Caracas, 1721). Yaqala eKolishi-Seminary eyasungulwa ngo-1673 nguMbhishobhi u-Antonio González de Acuña. UPhilip V wayinika igunya lokunikeza iziqu ngo-1721, kwathi ngo-1722 u-Innocent XIII wayenza iyunivesithi yobupapa. Kusukela ngo-1827 kuqhubeke, yathuthuka yaba yi- Universidad Central de Venezuela.
- I-Royal and Pontifical University yaseSan Jerónimo yaseHavana (Cuba, 1728). Yasungulwa esigodlweni saseDominican saseSan Juan de Letrán, ingumanduleli oqondile waleso samanje. I-Universidad de La Habana.
- I-Royal University yaseSan Felipe (Santiago de Chile, 1728), yasungulwa ngesinqumo sikaPhilip V. Yaqala izinkulumo zayo ngo-1758 futhi yaba yi-current IYunivesithi yaseChile, eyasungulwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1842 njengeyunivesithi ye-republican.
- I-Royal University yaseGuadalajara (Guadalajara, Nueva Galicia, 1791), exhaswe kakhulu nguFriar Antonio Alcalde kanye nesimemezelo sobukhosi esivela kuCharles IV. Yavulwa ngo-1792 futhi namuhla iyona Universidad de Guadalajara.
- I-Royal University yaseSan Buenaventura yaseMérida de los Caballeros (Mérida, Venezuela, 1810), esekelwe eRoyal College of San Buenaventura (1789). Yathola imvume yokunikeza iziqu ngo-1806 futhi yaphakanyiswa yaba yisikhundla saseyunivesithi yiBhodi Ephakeme yaseMérida. Yimsuka wamanje I-Universidad de Los Andes.
- Inyuvesi yaseSan Ramón Nonato de León (León, Nicaragua, 1812), iyunivesithi yokugcina ngaphansi kokubusa kweSpain eMelika, eyasungulwa ngesinqumo sikaCortes of Cádiz esivela eSan Ramón Nonato Seminary College. Isikhundla sayo esilandelayo yi I-National Autonomous University yaseNicaragua.
Le nethiwekhi yezikhungo ikhombisa ukuthi inyuvesi yamakoloni, ngezinga elikhulu, yayiyi- ukwandiswa kwemishini yombuso neyesonto, kanye nothisha bodokotela ababenezinga elithile lokuzibusa, kodwa ababelawulwa kakhulu yiziphathimandla zomphakathi nezenkolo.
Imodeli yaseSpain kanye nokungabikho kwamanyuvesi eBrazil yamakoloni
Ezindaweni zamaHispanic, umqondo wokuthi inyuvesi njengenkonzo yomphakathiIxhaswe noma ivikelwe yiSilo, yize yayilawulwa kakhulu yiSonto. Imodeli eyayivelele kwakuyiSalamanca, enethonya elinamandla Imfundiso Yenkolo, Umthetho, Ubuciko kanye Nezokwelapha, bafundiswa ngohlelo lobuprofesa, olwanikeza uprofesa ukuhluka esikhundleni sesifundo, ngaleyo ndlela kwaqinisa ukungaguquguquki kokuziphatha futhi kwavimbela ukufakwa kwesayensi yanamuhla.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubukhosi basePortugal bakhetha inqubomgomo ehlanganisiwe: imfundo ephakeme yahlala Inyuvesi yaseCoimbra futhi ukwakhiwa kwamanyuvesi eBrazil kwavinjelwa. Kwaba nemizamo ehlulekile ngesikhathi sobukoloni, futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kwaze kwashiwo nokuthi ukusungulwa kweyunivesithi “akuzange kuphendule noma yisiphi isidingo sangempela” sezwe. Kuphela ngo-1930 lapho inyuvesi yokuqala enkulu yaseBrazil ngomqondo wanamuhla yahlanganiswa khona, i- I-Universidade de São Paulo (USP)ukuhlanganisa amakolishi akhona kanye nezikole.
Lo mehluko uchaza ukuthi kungani, ngokomlando, amanyuvesi aseLatin America ayelandela iphethini [engacacile] kakhulu ISpanishi kanye nomphakathiPhakathi naleso sikhathi, eNyakatho Melika, ngaphansi kokubusa kweNgilandi, amanyuvesi azimele aqala ukuvela kusukela ngekhulu le-17 kuqhubeke.
Amanyuvesi Ombuso Wakudala: ukulawula, ukubandlulula kanye nezinguquko zakuqala
Phakathi nekhulu le-16 kuya kwele-18, amanyuvesi ezindaweni zaseSpain nasePortugal ayevaleleke e- Umbuso Wase-Iberian AncienUkukhishwa okukhulu kwezinsimbi nezinsizakusebenza ezivela eMelika kwakhulula abantu abaphezulu emthwalweni wokukhuthaza izinguquko zesimanje kwezomnotho nezemfundo. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomlando ikhomba, iqembu lomlando laseSpain nelasePortugal lanciphisa ukushintshela kwesimanje iminyaka engamakhulu amathathu, futhi inyuvesi yayingenye yezikhungo ezahlupheka kakhulu.
Amanyuvesi asendulo, ngokwesakhiwo, ayenjalo izikhungo ezihlukile zinomona ngokuzimela kwazoAbabhali beyunivesithi bavikela ukubusa kwabo ngokwengqondo kanye nendima yabo ebalulekile njengesinyathelo sokufinyelela ezikhundleni ekubuseni kwamakoloni. Lokhu kwaba negalelo ekuvimbeleni ukudalwa kwezinye izikhungo ezifanayo kanye nokuhlukanisa amanyuvesi ezidingweni zomphakathi ezivelayo.
Noma kunjalo, imizamo yokwethula izinto ezintsha yayisivele iqoshwe ngekhulu le-17. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Futhi eMexico kwakukhona imizamo yokuxoxisana ngemibono kaRené Descartes, u-Isaac Newton, i-French Enlightenment, kanye nemikhakha efana ne-anatomy, i-hydraulics, kanye nezibalo. Lokhu kwakuyimizamo yokwenza isayensi yesimanje endaweni egxile kakhulu kwezemfundo, eqashwe ngamandla esonto.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izithiyo ezicacile zokungabandakanywa zazihlanganiswa. Ngo-1696, isibonelo, iNyuvesi yaseMexico yenqabela ukubhaliswa kwabangewona amaSpain, okuqinisa isimo salezi zikhungo sobuzwe kanye nobuhlanga. Iningi labantu bomdabu, abantu abavamile, kanye nenzalo yama-Afrika lavalwa ngokuphelele ekufinyeleleni imfundo ephakeme.
Ngekhulu le-18, amasimu anjenge- i-botany, izimayini, ukuhlinzwa, kanye nezibaloFuthi imibono yezinhlangano zokuKhanyiselwa kanye nezokuzibusa yangena ngokungalingani. E-Central University yaseVenezuela, isibonelo, iCrown yaqaphela kakhulu ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwemibono "evukelayo", kodwa umphakathi waseyunivesithi wagcina uqopha amaminithi okusekela inqubo yokukhululwa. Kodwa, ngokujwayelekile, amanyuvesi amakoloni awazange ahlanganyele kakhulu emizabalazweni yokuzibusa, futhi abonisa ngisho nokungakhathali okuthile ngawo.
I-Republican University yekhulu le-19: Ukuqhubeka, Iziqu Eziphezulu, kanye Nobungcweti
Njengoba inkululeko yayikhona, abalweli abaningi babona Imfundo njengenjini yoshintsho emphakathiniKodwa empeleni, izinguquko ezinkulu zeyunivesithi zahamba kancane. Ifa lamakoloni lalinzima kakhulu: amanyuvesi obupapa, ukulawulwa kobubhishobhi, ithonya elinamandla labefundisi ekuqokweni koprofesa, kanye nezinhlelo ezisekelwe ekufundeni.
Izazi ezifana noTomás Lander eVenezuela zigxeke iqiniso lokuthi amanyuvesi ahlala "engopapa" kunokuba "abezwe lonke," zikhomba ukuthi ababhishobhi baphoqelela okuqukethwe kwe-hagiographic ngisho nakoprofesa bezomthetho. Emazweni afana neColombia, iPeru, neVenezuela uqobo, kwenziwa imizamo yokuqhubekela phambili emfundweni ehlanganisa wonke umuntu. okungokwezwe, okukhululekile nokugxile kuzwelonkeKodwa-ke, lezi ziphakamiso azizange zigxile ezinhlakeni zamanyuvesi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaRiphabhulikhi amasha akhethe amamodeli ezomnotho agxile ku- ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto zokusetshenziswa (imikhiqizo yezolimo, amaminerali, i-saltpeter, i-guano). Exhumene nale minotho ezungezile, izifundazwe azizange zibone inyuvesi njengethuluzi lokukhuthaza ezolimo zezimboni noma zesayensi, kodwa njengethuluzi lokuqeqesha abambalwa minyaka yonke inqwaba yabameli, abaphathi kanye nonjiniyela okudingekayo emishinini kahulumeni kanye nasemabhizinisini abantu abaphezulu.
Izizwe ezixubile, ezomdabu, kanye nezizukulwane zase-Afrika zaqhubeka nokuhlushwa ubudlelwano bezenhlalo bokuzithoba okukhuluNgaphandle kwephrojekthi eqinile yemfundo yonke kanye nengcindezi enkulu yokufinyelela eyunivesithi, yahlala iyinqaba yezigaba eziphakeme. Maphakathi nekhulu le-19 iMexico, kubantu ababalelwa ezigidini eziyisishiyagalombili, izigidi ezimbili kuphela ezazingamaSpanish noma amaMestizo, kanti bambalwa kuphela abafunda eyunivesithi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngekhulu le-19 imodeli yaseJalimane iHumboldtian—egxile ocwaningweni—ayizange yamukelwe, kodwa kunalokho yamukelwa esondele kakhulu ku- IYunivesithi Yombuso KaNapoleonyakhiwe yizikole zobungcweti ezihlukene kakhulu. Inyuvesi yahlukana yaba ama-faculties nama-academy ane-logics yawo yezinkampani, yalahlekelwa umqondo wokuthi inyuvesi njengomphakathi ophelele wolwazi. Isayensi yaphephela ezikhungweni ezikhethekile yahlala eceleni kokuqeqeshwa kobungcweti.
Emazweni amaningana, inyuvesi ngokwayo yabhekwa njengebalulekile. EMexico, uMbusi uMaximilian wayicindezela inyuvesi ngo-1865, futhi isikhungo seyunivesithi sikazwelonke sasingeke sitholakale kuze kube ngu-1910, ngokusungulwa kweNyuvesi entsha yaseMexico (eyandulela i-UNAM yanamuhla).
Inguquko enkulu yekhulu lama-20: ukuguqulwa kwamanyuvesi, ukuminyana kwabantu, kanye nezingxabano
Ikhulu lama-20 liphawula isikhathi sokuguquka emlandweni we- Amanyuvesi aseLatin AmericaKusukela emashumini eminyaka okuqala, ikakhulukazi eSouthern Cone kanye nesifunda sase-Andean, futhi kamuva eMexico nakwamanye amazwe, izinhlelo zezepolitiki nezomnotho zashintsha, ngokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukuthuthuka kwamadolobha, kanye nokuvela kwe abadlali abasha bezenhlalo: izigaba eziphakathi, izisebenzi zasemadolobheni, abalimi abaqoqiwe kanye nezinhlangano zabomdabu.
Kulesi simo, inyuvesi iba yindawo yokuphikisana. Ngo-1918, e- Inyuvesi yaseCórdoba (Argentina)Ukuvukela kwabafundi kuyinselele ngokuyisisekelo uhlelo lweyunivesithi endala, olusasekelwe ezimisweni zobukoloni. Inhlangano Yokuguqulwa KweNyuvesi Wamemezela isidingo seyunivesithi ezimele, yentando yeningi, neyomhlaba ezibophezele eqinisweni lesizwe nelaseLatin America.
Phakathi kwezidingo ezivela eCórdoba—kamuva ezasakazeka kulo lonke isifunda—kwakukhona okulandelayo: ukuzimela kweyunivesithi kwezepolitiki, kwezemfundo, kwezokuphatha, kanye nakwezomnotho; ukukhethwa kweziphathimandla ngumphakathi ngokwawo (oprofesa, abafundi, abaphothule); imincintiswano yomphakathi yothisha kanye nokuphindaphinda kobuprofesa; ukufundisa kwamahhala kanye nokuba khona okungaphoqelekile; imali yokufunda yamahhala; ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezemfundo kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezindlela nokuqukethwe; ukufinyelela umphakathi eyunivesithi; kanye nokucaca ubizo lokulwa nobukoloniyali kanye nolweLatin America.
Eziningi zalezi zidingo zasetshenziswa kancane. Ngo-1919, abafundi base-University of San Marcos eLima bamukela uhlelo lweCordoba. EMexico, izimpi zabafundi zaholela ekuzibuseni okuyingxenye ngo-1929 kanye nokuzimela okugcwele kweNational University ngo-1933. EBrazil, iNational Union of Students yanxenxa ngawo-60 ukuba bamele ekubuseni kwamanyuvesi, futhi kwaphasiswa umthetho wokuzimela ngo-1968.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izifundazwe zaqala ukutshala imali kumamodeli e- ukuthuthukiswa kobungxowankulu besizweLesi sikhathi saphawulwa ukwakhiwa kwezimboni esikhundleni sokungenisa impahla kwamanye amazwe, ukungenelela okunamandla kukahulumeni, kanye nokwanda kwezikhungo zomphakathi. Lokhu kwadala isidingo esikhulayo sabaphothule eyunivesithi. Izibalo zokubhalisa zibonisa lokhu kwanda: kusukela kubafundi ababalelwa ku-279.000 ngo-1950 (cishe u-2% wentsha esezingeni laseyunivesithi) kuya cishe ku-860.000 ngo-1965, kanye namanani aphezulu aphawuleka kakhulu e-Argentina, eMexico, eBrazil naseChile.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukufinyelela kwase kukhule kakhulu, kwafinyelela izigidi zabafundi kanye namazinga okumbozwa ajwayelekile cishe kuwo wonke amazinga. 30% eLatin AmericaNakuba isesemuva kakhulu kweYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika, iphambili kakhulu kune-Asia ne-Afrika. Inyuvesi ayisaseyindawo yokugcina evaliwe futhi isiphenduke isikhungo esikhulu, esicindezelwe ukwanda kanye nemikhawulo yezimali zomphakathi.
Ukwenziwa kwezemfundo ephakeme ibe ngeyangasese kanye nokuthengiswa kwempahla
Kusukela ngawo-80 kuqhubeke, i- inkinga yezikweletu zangaphandle Lokhu kwashaqisa kakhulu izinhlelo zamanyuvesi aseLatin America. Ukuncipha kwezimali zomphakathi, ukubhaliswa okungazinzile ezikhungweni eziphethwe nguhulumeni, kanye nokucindezelwa yizinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kwavula ithuba lokuphazamiseka okukhulu. ukwanda komkhakha ozimele.
Emazweni afana neBrazil, i-Ecuador, neMexico, imfundo yomphakathi yayibhekene nemingcele yesabelomali, kuyilapho amanyuvesi nezikhungo ezizimele zazichuma, zivame ukusebenza ngenzuzo. Ngawo-70, umkhakha ozimele wawunengxenye engaba ngu-30% yokubhalisa kwesifunda; ngo-2000, wawusudlule isabelo samanyuvesi omphakathi. EBolivia, isibonelo, amanyuvesi angu-33 kwangu-47 ayezimele.
IChile ibhekane nenqubo enamandla kakhulu ukwenziwa kwe-neoliberalization kwezemfundo Ngesikhathi sobushiqela bezempi bawo-80, ukwanda kwezikhungo ezizimele kwadala ukunikezwa okunobandlululo olukhulu ngeziqu ezazinikeza imisebenzi esheshayo - Ukuphatha, Ukuxhumana, Ingqondo - ngezimali zokufunda ezihluke kakhulu kanye ne- ukuhlukaniswa okunonya kokufinyelela kokubili emfundweni kanye nasemakethe yezabasebenzi. Ukuphambuka okufanayo kwabonwa eBrazil, eMexico nakwamanye amazwe.
Umphumela waba ukukhula ngobuningi emfundweni ephakeme ngaphandle kokuthuthuka okuhambisanayo kwekhwalithi noma ukulingana. Isithembiso seyunivesithi njengendlela yokuhamba komphakathi sancishiswa ezimweni eziningi ngesimo se- izikweletu zabafundi, iziqu ezisezingeni eliphansi, kanye nezimakethe zemisebenzi ezigcwele.
Ohlangothini lwesayensi, amanye amazwe afana ne-Argentina, iMexico, iVenezuela noma iBrazil Batshale imali eningi engqalasizinda yocwaningoAmalabhorethri nezinhlelo ze-postgraduate, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngawo-60 kuqhubeke, abone ukwanda kocwaningo nentuthuko. IBrazil, isibonelo, yabela isayensi nobuchwepheshe izinsiza eziningi eziphelele ngo-1984 kunanoma yiliphi elinye izwe esifundeni. Kodwa-ke, jikelele, iLatin America yasala ngemuva kakhulu eNyakatho Melika ngenani labacwaningi ngesigidi sabantu kanye nengxenye ye-GDP enikezelwe ku-R&D.
Ukuhlola, amazinga kanye nokuqonda kwebhizinisi eyunivesithi
Ngawo-90, uhlelo lwe-neoliberal lwethula ngenkani inkulumo ka- ikhwalithi, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuncintisana emfundweni ephakeme. Izindlela zokuhlola zangaphandle zasakazeka kabanzi, okuhlanganisa izivivinyo zokungena nezokuphuma ezijwayelekile, amazinga ezikhungo nezinhlelo, kanye nezinhlangano—zomphakathi noma ezizimele—ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokulinganisa nokuhlukanisa abafundi, amanyuvesi, kanye neziqu.
Lawa mathuluzi, ngokwemfundiso yawo ahlose ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi, nawo asebenze njenge amathuluzi okulawula kanye nokuhlanganisaAmanyuvesi aphoqeleka ukuthi avumelanise izifundo zawo, izinhlelo zocwaningo, kanye nezakhiwo zokufundisa ukuze zivumelane nezindinganiso zangaphandle, ngokuvamile ezikude kakhulu nezidingo zendawo noma zezwe. Umncintiswano wezikhundla ezikhundleni zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe uthinta ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza, udumo, kanye namathuba emisebenzi kwabaphothule.
Ukuhlolwa kwesisindo ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo zokukhetha okuningi Ukuze kufinyelelwe emfundweni ephakeme, sekubuye kwaba yisihlungi esivame ukujezisa labo abavela ezizindeni ezingenawo amasiko amaningi, abangenayo imali eningi, noma abangamalungu ezinhlanga ezincane. Izibonelo ezifana "nesivivinyo esisodwa" sendawo yedolobha laseMexico City, esinquma ikusasa lamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abasha minyaka yonke, zibonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kungasebenza kanjani njenge- isithiyo sokukhipha esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Kulesi simo, inyuvesi iqala ukuphathwa obala njenge- inkampani yesevisiIzindima zezazi zichazwa kabusha maqondana nokukhiqiza, ukuncintisana komuntu ngamunye, kanye nokuthola uxhaso lwangaphandle. Abafundi manje babhekwa "njengamakhasimende" noma "abasebenzisi" abathenga insizakalo yezemfundo, ngokuvamile ngokukhuphula izimali nezindleko.
Kanye nalokhu, uguquko lwe- Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana Kuye kwasiza ekuveleni kwamanyuvesi asebenza nge-inthanethi, izinhlelo eziku-inthanethi, kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezinikeza iziqu zamazwe ngamazwe, ezivame ukuqondiswa kakhulu ebhizinisini kunokuqina kwezemfundo.
Amanyuvesi amadala kakhulu eLatin America asasebenza
Phakathi kwalokhu kuthuthuka komlando okuyinkimbinkimbi, amanye amanyuvesi aseLatin America avelele kokubili ngenxa impilo ende kanye nokuvumelana nezimo kwazo. Ukuhlaziywa kwepulatifomu ye-Erudera yamanyuvesi amadala kakhulu asavuliwe ezweni ngalinye kukhombisa ukuthi, eLatin America, izikhungo eziningana zekhulu le-16 nele-17 zisasebenza futhi, kwezinye izimo, ziphakathi kwezingcono kakhulu emhlabeni.
Lezi ezinye zezinto ezindala kakhulu nezifanekisela kakhulu:
- I-Autonomous University yaseSanto Domingo (1538)IDominican Republic, indlalifa yeRoyal and Pontifical University yaseSaint Thomas Aquinas, ibhekwa njengeyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke eMelika. Ibilokhu iyisibonelo ekuqeqeshweni kochwepheshe eCaribbean futhi igcina ukuzibophezela okuqinile emfundweni yomphakathi.
- INyuvesi Kazwelonke yaseSan Marcos (1551)IPeru. Yaziwa ngokuthi "iyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke eMelika," yasungulwa ngesinqumo sikaCharles V. Ibilokhu iyisizinda sezihlakaniphi ezinkulu zasePeru, ososayensi, nabaholi bezepolitiki; ivelele ngocwaningo lwayo kanye nendima yayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho. impilo yamasiko yasePeru.
- I-National Autonomous University yaseMexico (1551)IMexico. Yasungulwa njengeRoyal and Pontifical University of Mexico, i-UNAM namuhla ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu nezidumile zamanyuvesi emhlabeni okhuluma iSpanishi. Ikhampasi yayo ye-University City yamenyezelwa njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba yi-UNESCO, futhi lesi sikhungo sihamba phambili ocwaningweni, ubuciko kanye namasiko.
- Inyuvesi yaseSanto Tomás (1580)IColombia. Iyunivesithi yokuqala eyasungulwa endaweni yaseColombia, eyadalwa amaDominican eBogotá. Igcine indlela enamandla yobuntu nesekelwe ezindinganisweni, kanye nokuba khona emadolobheni amaningana kulo lonke izwe.
- INyuvesi Kazwelonke yaseCórdoba (1613)I-University of Buenos Aires, e-Argentina. Yasungulwa amaJesuit, iyiyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke ezweni futhi yadlala indima ehamba phambili ku-1918 University Reform, eyashintsha umlando wamanyuvesi esifundeni. Isalokhu ingenye yezikhungo zemfundo nezepolitiki ezihamba phambili eNingizimu Melika.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Francisco Xavier yaseChuquisaca (1624)IBolivia. Itholakala eSucre, ibilokhu ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezikhulu zaseBolivia futhi yahlanganyela ngokwengqondo ezinhlanganweni zokuzimela.
- IYunivesithi yaseSan Carlos yaseGuatemala (1676)Iyunivesithi endala kunazo zonke eMelika Ephakathi, idlale indima ebalulekile empilweni yezemfundo, yamasiko kanye neyezepolitiki yaseGuatemala, inesiko eliqinile lenkonzo yomphakathi kanye nokwandiswa kweyunivesithi.
- I-Central University yaseVenezuela (1721)IVenezuela. Isekelwe eCaracas futhi inekhampasi enkulu emenyezelwe njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba, ibilokhu igxile engxoxweni yezepolitiki, ukudalwa kobuciko kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesayensi ezweni.
- IYunivesithi yaseHavana (1728)I-Cuba. I-Cuba endala kunazo zonke ezweni, ehlobene ngokomlando nezinqubo zokuguqulwa, uguquko, kanye nokuguqulwa komphakathi okuye kwaphawula lesi siqhingi. Isiko layo lokucabanga ngokujulile liyibeka phakathi kwezikhungo ezinethonya elikhulu eCaribbean.
- IYunivesithi yaseChile (1842)IChile. Nakuba yafika ngemva kwamayunivesithi ayesekoloni, yaziqinisa njengeyunivesithi eyinhloko yamaRiphabhulikhi aseChile futhi ibilokhu ibalulekile ekuqeqeshweni kwezihlakaniphi, abaculi nabaholi, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi kazwelonke.
Lezi zikhungo azigcini nje ngokufanekisela ukuqhubeka komlando kwemfundo ephakeme eLatin America, kodwa futhi zibonisa ikhono lamanyuvesi lokuziguqula, ukusinda ezinguqukweni zombuso, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezidingo ezintsha zomphakathi nezomnotho.
Ukuya esigabeni esisha: ukumelana, ezinye izindlela kanye nezinselele
Ngenxa yokuhlasela kwe-neoliberal kanye nokuhweba ngempahla, emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule kubonakale ukuvela kwe- ukumelana okuphawulekayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamanyuvesi aseLatin America. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo kwakuyisiteleka sabafundi e-UNAM ngo-1999, ngokumelene nokwenyuka kwemali yokufunda kanye nokuvikela imfundo yamahhala kanye nokuzimela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwathuthukiswa imfundo ephakeme ehlukile, ehlobene nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nabantu bomdabu. Izikole ze-Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) eBrazil, izikole ezizimele zaseZapatista eChiapas (eMexico), amanye amanyuvesi abomdabu eBolivia naseMexico, noma izinhlelo zomphakathi wasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni, zihlola amamodeli lapho okuqukethwe kanye nenhlangano kusabela khona kuqala ku- izidingo zendawo nezesifunda futhi hhayi kakhulu ezidingweni zemakethe yomhlaba wonke.
Lezi ziphakamiso zihlanganisa izindlela zokufundisa ezihlanganisa abantu, ukusetshenziswa okubucayi kobuchwepheshe besimanje, kanye nokuxhumana okujulile nemiphakathi. Ngokwenza kanjalo, zivula indlela yeyunivesithi ehlanganisa ubuhle bezemfundo ngokubandakanywa komphakathi, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nokuzibophezela kumaphrojekthi okuthuthukiswa kombuso.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano kanye namanethiwekhi abaqondisi bamanyuvesi aseLatin America bafuna ukuhlanganisa izimpendulo ezindabeni ezifana nokulawulwa kwemakethe yezinsizakalo zemfundo enqamula imingcele, imikhawulo yemfundo eku-inthanethi yezentengiselwano kuphela, kanye nokuvikela isimo somphakathi seyunivesithi. Izingxoxo zigxile ekutheni ungaqinisekisa kanjani izinsiza ezanele, uqinisekise amazinga aqinile ezemfundo, futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ugcine inyuvesi njengesikhungo esibalulekile. isikhala sokukhiqizwa kolwazi olubucayi futhi hhayi nje njengomhlinzeki weziqinisekiso zemakethe yezabasebenzi.
Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe amakhulu amahlanu yomlando, amanyuvesi aseMelika azithola eseqophelweni lapho ifa lomlando lamakoloni kanye nele-republicImpumelelo yekhulu lama-20 (ukuzimela, ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu abaningi, ubizo lomphakathi) kanye nezingcindezi zekhulu lama-21 (i-neoliberalism, ukwenziwa kwezinkampani zangasese, ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, kanye nomphakathi wolwazi) kuzonquma ukuthi zihlala ziyinsika yangempela yentuthuko enobulungiswa neyentando yeningi yaseLatin America naseCaribbean. Ikhono labo lokuchaza lezi zindlela—ukubuyisa okuhle kakhulu kwesiko labo elibucayi nokuyihlanganisa nezinhlobo ezintsha zokubandakanya, ubuningi, kanye nokuzibandakanya nemiphakathi—kuzoba yinto ebalulekile.
