I-Las Amanyuvesi aseMelika azinikele ocwaningweni Sebebe ngabadlali ababalulekile kwisayensi yomhlaba wonke. ELatin America naseCaribbean, ikakhulukazi, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme cishe zodwa zisekela ukukhiqizwa kolwazi lwesayensi, naphezu kwesabelomali esincane, ukuxhaswa ngezimali okulinganiselwe kwangasese, kanye nezimo zezikhungo ezivame ukungazinzile. Kunokuba kube imininingwane encane, leli qiniso libeka kokubili ikhwalithi yocwaningo kanye nomthelela walo emisha, ekudlulisweni kobuchwepheshe, kanye nentuthuko yezomnotho.
Uma sibheka ngokucophelela eziyinhloko amazinga esifunda nawomhlaba wonkeKanye nokuhlaziywa okuvela ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe, kuvela isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanyuvesi aholayo njenge-University of São Paulo, i-UNAM, kanye ne-Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, abekwe phezulu ezindikimbeni zomhlaba wonke; ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo olubanzi lwezikhungo ezinemiphumela ebalulekile yesayensi kodwa ezilwela ukuthola ukubonakala nokuhumusha leyo sayensi ibe yi-patents, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, noma izinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezisebenzayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngokuthula le ndawo, sihlanganise idatha yokuqhathanisa, amaphrojekthi athile ocwaningo, kanye nendima edlalwa yilawa manyuvesi ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zocwaningo zikazwelonke.
Izinga lamanyuvesi amahle kakhulu eLatin America ngocwaningo
Uma ukhuluma ngakho ukugqwesa ocwaningweni eLatin AmericaIsilinganiso esiyinhloko ngokuvamile yi-QS Latin America University Rankings, ehlola ikhwalithi yezemfundo, ukuqasheka, umkhiqizo wesayensi, izingcaphuno, kanye nokufinyelela kwamanye amazwe. Kuhlelo lwakamuva lwalesi sigaba esiqondene nesifunda, iChile, iBrazil, iMexico, i-Argentina, kanye neColombia zithatha iningi lezikhundla eziphezulu, okubonisa lapho amakhono amakhulu esayensi agxile khona njengamanje.
Esiqongweni sesifunda kuvela I-Pontificia Universidad Católica yaseChile (UC)ESantiago, inemiphumela ephezulu kakhulu kanye nobuholi obuvelele ocwaningweni, ezinkombeni, kanye nedumela lezemfundo. I-UC ihambisana ne- IYunivesithi yaseChile, ephinde ifinyelele isikhundla esikhethekile ngokukleliswa phakathi kwezithathu eziphezulu eLatin America futhi izihlanganise njengenye yezikhungo zesayensi ezinethonya elikhulu eSouthern Cone.
IBrazil inikela ngezikhungo eziningana ezisetshenziswa kakhulu: i I-Universidade de São Paulo (USP), lo I-Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) futhi i Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Zibalwa phakathi kweziyishumi eziphezulu esifundeni. Lawa manyuvesi avelele ngobuningi bawo bezincwadi, imiphumela yawo emikhakheni ye-STEM, kanye nokuba khona kwe- izinhlelo zeziqu ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwamanethiwekhi ocwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ikakhulukazi kwezesayensi yemvelo, ubunjiniyela kanye nezokwelapha.
IMexico nayo inendima ebalulekile kule mephu: i Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) futhi i Isikhungo Sezobuchwepheshe Nemfundo Ephakeme saseMonterrey (iTecnológico de Monterrey) Ziphakathi kwezikhungo eziphezulu zesifunda. I-UNAM, ikakhulukazi, ihlanganisa isiko, iqembu elikhulu labacwaningi, uhlelo olubanzi lwezikhungo nezikhungo, kanye nendima ebalulekile ezinhlelweni zesayensi nobuchwepheshe zezwe.
IColombia ijoyina leli qembu elihamba phambili namanyuvesi afana ne- IYunivesithi yase-Andes (eBogotá) futhi i I-Universidad Nacional de Colombiaokuphakathi kweyishumi ezilinganiswe kakhulu eLatin America. Kanye nazo, I-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) Ivelele njengesikhungo sase-Argentina esibekwe kahle kakhulu ohlwini lweLatin America, njengoba sisodwa esivela kulelo lizwe esisezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu esifundeni.
Amanyuvesi aseLatin America asezingeni lomhlaba
Ngale kwezinga lesifunda, kufanelekile ukubheka ukuthi Amanyuvesi aseLatin America asezingeni lomhlaba wonkenjenge-QS World University Rankings. Lapha izinga lokuncintisana liyakhuphuka, njengoba iziqhwaga ezifana ne-United States, i-United Kingdom, iJalimane, iFrance, iSpain, kanye namanye amandla esayensi anezinhlelo ze-R&D ezixhaswe kakhulu futhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni wonke ziqala ukusebenza.
Kulesi silinganiso somhlaba wonke, indawo engcono kakhulu esifundeni yi- I-Universidade de São Paulo (USP)okuyindawo cishe yama-85 emhlabeni. Ilandelwa eduze yi UNAM cishe ngo-93 kanye I-Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA) cishe endaweni yama-95. Wonke aphakathi kwamanyuvesi ayikhulu aphezulu emhlabeni, impumelelo emangalisayo uma ubheka umehluko ekutshalweni kwezimali kwe-R&D uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe afana ne-United States noma i-United Kingdom.
Ezinye izikhungo ezivelele ohlwini lomhlaba yi- I-Pontificia Universidad Católica yaseChile, lo IYunivesithi yaseChile, the Tecnológico de Monterrey, lo IYunivesithi yase-Andes (eColombia), lo Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), lo I-Universidad Nacional de Colombia, lo I-Pontifical Catholic University yasePeru, lo I-Pontificia Universidad Javeriana futhi i Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroZonke zibekwe ezigabeni zokuncintisana ohlwini, okubonisa ukukhula kokuba khona kwamanye amazwe.
Lokhu kubikezela kwamazwe ngamazwe akugcini eMelika kuphela. Uma sibheka ukuthi yimaphi amazwe anayo amanyuvesi amaningi aqashelwa ezikhundleniI-United States ihamba phambili kakhulu ngezikhungo ezibalwe cishe ezingu-144, kulandele i-United Kingdom, iSpain, iJalimane neFrance. Kulesi simo, amanyuvesi aseLatin America asengozini enkulu ngokwezibalo, yize enezikhungo ezinhle kakhulu ezincintisana ngokulinganayo ezindaweni ezithile zolwazi.
Ngaleyo ndlela, ukubonakala kwamazwe ngamazwe kuhlobene kakhulu ikhono lokushicilela kumajenali anethonya elikhuluUkuheha ithalente lamazwe ngamazwe, ukusungula ubudlelwano bamasu, kanye nokubamba iqhaza kumaphrojekthi okuncintisana emhlabeni jikelele (njengezinhlelo ze-European Horizon noma ukubambisana okukhulu kwefiziksi, izinkanyezi, noma isayensi yezempilo) kuyizinhloso ezibalulekile. Kukulezi zimo lapho amanyuvesi aseLatin America ebelokhu enza khona izinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Uhlelo oluhlukahlukene lwamanyuvesi: kusukela ebuholini baseBrazil kuya endimeni yamanye amazwe
Uhlu olubanzi lwezikhungo esifundeni, oluhlelwe ngokwesikhundla sazo ekulinganisweni kocwaningo lomhlaba wonke, lubonisa ubukhulu obukhulu ukuhlukahluka kohlelo lwezemfundo yaseyunivesithi yaseLatin America. I-Brazil, ikakhulukazi, ibusa ngenani: inqwaba yamanyuvesi kahulumeni nawesifunda nezikhungo ezikhethekile ziyavela, kusukela eNyuvesi yaseSão Paulo kuya e-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, noma i-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, noma i-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Lokhu kubusa kweBrazil kuchazwa ngobukhulu bezwe, intuthuko yomlando yemfundo yalo ephakeme, kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze izifundo ze-postgraduate kanye nocwaningo oluxhaswe ngemali yomphakathiAmanyuvesi kahulumeni afana nalawo aseParaná, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Brasília, Bahia, Pernambuco noma iMinas Gerais anengqalasizinda yesayensi efanele, izinhlelo zobudokotela ezigunyaziwe kanye nezixhumanisi nama-ejensi kazwelonke afana ne-CNPq noma i-CAPES.
Kodwa imephu ayipheli eBrazil. I-México Ngaphezu kwe-UNAM kanye ne-Tec de Monterrey, sithola izikhungo ezibalulekile njenge-National Polytechnic Institute, i-Metropolitan Autonomous University, i-Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, i-University of Guadalajara, i-Autonomous University of Nuevo León, amanyuvesi amaningi azimele kahulumeni, kanye nezikhungo zobuchwepheshe zesifunda. Konke lokhu kunegalelo elibalulekile ezindaweni ezifana nobunjiniyela, isayensi yezempilo, kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo esebenzayo.
En ChileNgaphezu kwe-UC kanye neYunivesithi yaseChile, kunemanyuvesi afana neNyuvesi yaseConcepción, i-Austral University yaseChile, iNyuvesi yaseSantiago de Chile, iFederico Santa María Technical University, iNyuvesi yaseTalca, iNyuvesi yaseValparaíso, iNyuvesi yamaKatolika yaseValparaíso, iNyuvesi yamaKatolika yaseNyakatho, iNyuvesi yaseLa Serena, iNyuvesi yeNtuthuko, kanye nezikhungo eziningana ezizimele ezinomsebenzi wocwaningo okhulayo.
Icala Argentina Ihlukile futhi: yize iNyuvesi yaseBuenos Aires (UBA) ifinyelela isikhundla esiphezulu kakhulu ekulinganisweni komhlaba wonke, izwe liziqhenya ngenethiwekhi ebanzi yamanyuvesi kazwelonke anomphumela wesayensi osunguliwe: iNational University of Córdoba, iLa Plata, iRosario, iCuyo, iTucumán, iMar del Plata, iComahue, iLitoral, iSalta, iSan Juan, phakathi kwezinye, kanye nezikhungo zobuchwepheshe ezifana neNational Technological University. Ubudlelwano bayo obuqinile nezinhlangano ezifana neCONICET buchaza ukugcwala okukhulu kwamaqembu ocwaningo emikhakheni eminingi.
En ColombiaNgaphezu kweNyuvesi Kazwelonke kanye neNyuvesi yase-Andes, kukhona iNyuvesi yaseValle, iNyuvesi yase-Antioquia, iNyuvesi yasePontifical Javeriana, iNyuvesi yaseRosario, iNyuvesi yaseNyakatho (iBarranquilla), iYunivesithi Yezimboni yaseSantander, iNyuvesi yaseCaldas, iNyuvesi Yasogwini, iNyuvesi yaseCartagena noma iNyuvesi yaseLa Sabana, konke okuneminikelo efanele kwezesayensi yemvelo, ubunjiniyela, ezempilo, imfundo noma isayensi yezenhlalo.
I-mosaic iqediwe ngamanyuvesi ase- IPeru (njengeCayetano Heredia Peruvian University, iPontifical Catholic University of Peru, iNational University of San Marcos, iNyuvesi yasePacific, iNational University of San Agustín, noma iNational University of Engineering), of I-Uruguay (Inyuvesi YeRiphabhulikhi), of ICosta Rica (Inyuvesi yaseCosta Rica, i-Technological Institute yaseCosta Rica, iNational University yaseCosta Rica), of ICuba (iYunivesithi yaseHavana, iYunivesithi Yezesayensi Yezokwelapha yaseHavana, iNyuvesi Ephakathi uMarta Abreu waseLas Villas), of I-Venezuela (Central University of Venezuela, Simón Bolívar University, University of Los Andes, University of Zulia)kanye nezikhungo e-Ecuador, eBolivia, eParaguay, ePanama, eDominican Republic kanye nase-Anglophone kanye nase-Francophone Caribbean (isibonelo, amakhampasi ahlukahlukene eNyuvesi yaseWest Indies noma amanyuvesi ase-Antilles).
Inyuvesi njengensika yezinhlelo zocwaningo zikazwelonke e-LAC
Ngale kwesikhundla, iphuzu elibalulekile ukuqonda Indima yangempela yamanyuvesi ezinhlelweni zocwaningo zikazwelonke (i-NRS) yaseLatin America kanye neCaribbean. Izifundo zesifunda ziyavuma ukuthi izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme zikhiqiza izincwadi zesayensi ezingaphezu kuka-80% zesifunda, zembula isimo sazo njengomgogodla womsebenzi we-R&D.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kugqama kuhambisana nezinkinga ezinkulu zesakhiwo: kukhona uxhaso olunganele futhi oluvame ukungazinzileNjengoba utshalomali lwe-R&D (njengephesenti le-GDP) lungaphansi kakhulu kolwamandla amakhulu esayensi, ukubamba iqhaza komkhakha ozimele kulinganiselwe, futhi ingxenye enkulu yezimali isalokhu incike eminyangweni yesayensi noma yezemfundo, noma ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezinezabelomali ezilinganiselwe ezihambisana nokuguquguquka kwezepolitiki.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyabonakala umehluko phakathi kokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwezihloko zesayensi kanye umthelela ophansi ekusungulweni kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokudluliselwa kobuchwephesheNaphezu kwezincwadi eziningi, kusenezimvume ezimbalwa zobunikazi, intuthuko enenani eliphezulu, amabhizinisi asekelwe kubuchwepheshe, noma izixazululo ezingandiswa ezihloselwe izinkinga ezikhiqizayo, zenhlalo, noma zemvelo esifundeni.
Ukuhlaziywa kukhombisa ukuthi umnikelo wamanyuvesi kwi-SNI uhlelwe ngamamodeli amabili ayinhloko: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwesekwa kokubusa, okubandakanya ukubamba iqhaza kwezemfundo kanye namanyuvesi encazelweni yesayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinqubomgomo zokusungula izinto ezintsha, emikhandlwini yokweluleka, kumakhomishini kazwelonke, ekuhlolweni kohlelo, njll.; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwesekwa kwamasulapho izikhungo zithatha indima ekhuthele kakhulu ekuqalisweni kwamaphrojekthi abalulekile, ekudalweni kwamakhono obuchwepheshe, ekuthuthukisweni kwamaqoqo kanye nasekuxhumaneni nohulumeni nezinkampani.
Le ndima ekabili iqinisa umbono wokuthi amanyuvesi ayiqiniso izinsika zemvelo ezintshahhayi nje kuphela njengabakhiqizi bezihloko zesayensi, kodwa futhi njengabakhiqizi bezimali zabantu ezithuthukisiwe (ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa Iziqu zeMasters kanye neziqu zobudokotela), njengezindawo zokuzindla ngokujulile kanye nezinkundla zokubambisana nabanye abalingisi, kokubili umphakathi kanye nowangasese.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kumanethiwekhi e-R&D, e-internationalization kanye nokubambisana
Izifundo zesifunda zigcizelela ukuthi utshalomali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweniNakuba kubalulekile, akwanele ngokwako ukufeza amazinga aphezulu okusebenza kahle kwesayensi. Kumelwe kuhambisane nezinqubomgomo zokwenza izinto zibe sezingeni lomhlaba wonke, izinhlelo zokuhamba kwabacwaningi, izinhlelo eziqinile zokudlulisa ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokubambisana okujulile kakhulu nomkhakha okhiqizayo.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwabonakala intuthuko enkulu kwezinye izinkomba. Isibonelo esibalulekile yilesi ukwanda kwenani labafundi bezokwelapha ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwama-50 eLatin America naseCaribbean phakathi kuka-2012 no-2021. Lokhu kukhula kukhomba ekuhlanganisweni okuqhubekayo kokwakhiwa kwezimali zabantu okuthuthukisiwe, yize kusenomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kwezikhungo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- ukuhlanganyela kumanethiwekhi namaphrojekthi aphesheya kwezilwandleUkubandakanyeka kwamanyuvesi aseLatin America ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-Horizon 2020 noma i-Horizon Europe, izenzo ze-Marie Skłodowska-Curie noma amanethiwekhi okubambisana kwezifunda ezimbili kukhuphukile, okuvumela amaqembu ocwaningo ukuthi axhumane nabalingani baseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika noma base-Asia futhi athole uxhaso lokuncintisana, imishini, ukuhlala kanye nokuqondisa ngokubambisana kwezifundo zobudokotela.
Kodwa-ke, izinga lokubambisana kumanethiwekhi lisabhekwa njengelilinganiselwe: yize kunethuba elikhulu, ukubamba iqhaza okuphansi nokuzinzile kwamanyuvesi amaningi Lokhu kunciphisa umthelela walokhu kubambisana. Amanethiwekhi avame ukugxila eqenjini elincane lezikhungo ezizinzile, ngaphandle kwamanyuvesi aphakathi nendawo noma asafufusa angazuza kakhulu kulokhu kuthuthukiswa.
Ngakho-ke, izincomo ezivela ocwaningweni zikhomba isidingo sokuthi ukwandisa utshalomali ku-R&DLo mbiko uphinde ugcizelele isidingo sokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuqeqesha zobudokotela, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana kwesifunda phakathi kwamanyuvesi (hhayi eNyakatho-Ningizimu kuphela, kodwa naseNingizimu-Ningizimu), kanye nokuqinisa indima yezikhungo ekuphathweni kwezinhlelo zocwaningo zikazwelonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwenza ucwaningo olujulile ngokuzimela kwamanyuvesi, ukuphathwa kwangaphakathi, kanye nomthelela wangempela wezinqubomgomo zokuxhasa ngezimali ekhwalithini yocwaningo kanye nomthelela.
Amaphrojekthi ocwaningo olusezingeni eliphezulu anokuxhumana phakathi kweYurophu neMelika
Indlela enhle yokuqonda ukuthi ucwaningo lwamayunivesithi luhlelwe kanjani eMelika kanye nokuxhumana kwalo namanye amazwekazi ukuhlaziya amaphrojekthi athile obubanzi bamazwe ngamazweIningi labo liholwa noma liholwa ngokubambisana ngamanyuvesi aseYurophu ngokubambisana nezikhungo zaseLatin America, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlelo ezifana ne-H2020 noma i-Horizon Europe, noma ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamanethiwekhi ezemfundo ezwekazi.
Esinye sezibonelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu yiphrojekthi I-COREC-II (I-Oral Corpus of Reference yeSpanishi Esixhumanayo. Isigaba II: Izilimi Ezincane)Le phrojekthi, eqondiswa ngokubambisana nguSolwazi Azucena Palacios, ihlose ukwenza kube yidijithali, ukwandisa, nokuhlaziya i-corpus yomlomo egxile kuSpanishi ethinta izilimi ezincane, eziningi zazo ezingamaNdiya ase-Amerindian. Ixhaswe yi-Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, le phrojekthi iwela ngaphansi kwamaqembu ocwaningo lwe-PSYCOTRIP kanye ne-Linguistic Change in Contact Situations.
I-COREC-II ayinayo nje kuphela ingxenye yezobuchwepheshe neyezemfundo, kodwa futhi inesici esicacile isimo senhlaloIfuna ukugqamisa ukuceba kobulimi obubili, ukulwa nokucwaswa okuhlobene nezinhlobo zeSpanishi ezithintana, kanye nokukhuthaza inhlonipho ngokuhlukahluka kolimi namasiko eLatin America. Kulo mkhakha ofanayo, u-Azucena Palacios uqondisa iphrojekthi ethi “Izilimi Ezithintana: ISpanishi / IsiPutukezi / Izilimi Zase-Amerindian” ngaphakathi kwe-Association of Linguistics and Philology of Latin America (ALFAL), ehlela ingqungquthela ekhethekile ezinikele kulezi zihloko njalo eminyakeni emithathu.
Emkhakheni wezincwadi nomlando wamasiko, iphrojekthi eqondiswa ngumcwaningi iyagqama. USelena Millares, igxile emlandweni wezincwadi zamaHispanic. Ngokungafani nezindlela zendabuko eziye zazifunda ngendlela ehlukene (iSpain, iLatin America, iYurophu) kanye nemingcele yezwe eqinile, lesi sinyathelo siphakamisa umbono womhlaba wonke nohlanganisayo "wendawo yaseLa Mancha", umqondo owaqanjwa nguCarlos Fuentes.
Le phrojekthi, eyathuthukiswa ngezigaba eziningana (i-avant-garde prose, ingxoxo phakathi kobuciko kanye nomfanekiso we-avant-garde ngekhulu lama-21), iqinisekisa indima ebalulekile ye- Ama-Hispanic avant-garde ngaphakathi komlando wezincwadi nobuciko bamazwe ngamazwe, kuqokonyiswa ithonya layo elihlala njalo ekukhiqizweni kwanamuhla. Ngokubeka ababhali kanye nezinhlangano ezivela ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlantic engxoxweni, inikeza ukufundwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kobudlelwano phakathi kweYurophu neMelika.
Ukulondoloza ifa lamasiko: i-surrealism, amanethiwekhi obuciko kanye ne-Global South
Intshisekelo yamanyuvesi aseMelika naseYurophu ku- ifa lamasiko elihlanganyelwe Lokhu kubonakala kumaphrojekthi afana nalawo ahlelwe nguSolwazi U-Eduardo BecerraUProfesa wezincwadi zaseLatin America, ozinikele ekwenzeni kube yidijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamajenali abalulekile e-Hispanic surrealism afana ne-Qué, Ciclo, Mandrágora, kanye ne-Gaceta de Arte. Ixhaswe yi-Ministry of Science and Innovation, le phrojekthi ihlose ukulondoloza nokufunda ifa lamasiko elihlakazekile, okwenza kube lula ukufinyelela kwalo kubacwaningi kulo lonke elaseMelika naseYurophu.
Ezingeni lesimanje, uprofesa UFernando Camacho Padilla Uhole uhlelo oluthi “Amanethiwekhi AseNingizimu-Ningizimu: Imikhuba Yobuciko, Izimo Zendawo, kanye Nokuhlola Okubalulekile.” Lo msebenzi uhlaziya amanethiwekhi okubambisana kobuciko namasiko asungulwe phakathi kwamazwe aseNingizimu Yomhlaba, ngokugxila kakhulu eLatin America, e-Afrika nase-Asia. Ukugxila kwawo kuwukuthi imikhuba yobuciko yesimanje Zivela endaweni kanye nakwamanye amazwe, zikhiqiza izikhala zokushintshana okubalulekile kanye nokumelana okungokomfanekiso.
Iphrojekthi ye-South-South Networks igcizelele ukubaluleka kokubuza imibuzo mayelana amazinga okubusa endabuko ekusakazweni kolwazi nobuciko, kugqamisa izibopho zamasiko phakathi kwezifunda ezivame ukunganakwa yizikhungo ezinkulu zokubusa. Ngale ndlela, kunegalelo ekuqondeni okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuguquguqukayo komkhiqizo wamasiko womhlaba wonke, lapho iLatin America ingeyona nje isifunda esitholayo, kodwa futhi ingumkhiqizi weziphakamiso zobuhle nezemfundiso.
Ingqikithi yale misebenzi ikhombisa ukuthi ucwaningo lwamanyuvesi eMelika alugcini nje kwisayensi eqinile noma ekusungulweni kwezobuchwepheshe: luhlanganisa nokulondolozwa kwefa, ukuhlaziywa kokunyakaza kobuhle, ukuzindla ngenkumbulo yomlando, kanye nokwakhiwa kobunikazi obuhlangene. Lezi yizinkambu lapho Amanyuvesi aseLatin America nawaseYurophu ayasebenzisana kakhuluukuthunga amanethiwekhi esikhathi eside.
Umnotho, ukungahleleki kanye nokuphathwa kwendawo phakathi kweYurophu neLatin America
Emikhakheni yesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, amanyuvesi aseMelika ahlanganyela kumaphrojekthi axhumanisa izinkinga zendawo nezinhlelo zomhlaba wonke. Isibonelo esibalulekile yisinyathelo esiholwa yi- UProfesa Santos Ruesga, evela kuMnyango Wezomnotho Wesakhiwo Sezomnotho Nentuthuko, onhloso yawo ukudala inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yokuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwe ukungahleleki kanye nezinqubomgomo zokukwenziwa kube semthethweni e-European Union kanye naseLatin America.
Le phrojekthi isebenzisa indlela ehlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene kanye neyahlukene, ehilela izinhlangano zezemfundo kanye nezingezona ezezemfundo (ukuphathwa komphakathi, abadlali bezenhlalo, njll.). Ifuna ukuqonda ukuthi izimakethe zezisebenzi ezingakahleleki zihlelwe kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene, ukuthi yiziphi izinqubomgomo eziye zazanywa, nokuthi yiziphi ezingasebenza kahle kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo abasebenzi kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi ngaphandle kokuvimbela isinyathelo somnotho.
Enye indawo ebalulekile yokubambisana yile yamaphrojekthi aseYurophu ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-H2020 abhekana nezinkinga ze- ukuphathwa kwezindawo kanye nobudlelwano basemadolobheni nasemaphandleniIsibonelo, iphrojekthi ye-LoGo ihlola indlela ohulumeni basekhaya eYurophu ababhekana ngayo nobudlelwano obushintshayo phakathi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni nezasemakhaya, behlaziya izindlela ezintsha zezindawo futhi bephakamisa amasu okubusa okuphumelelayo nokubandakanya wonke umuntu. Nakuba ukugxila okuyinhloko kuseYurophu, izindlela nemiphumela kuhambisana namaqiniso aseLatin America, lapho ukungalingani kwezindawo kucindezeleka khona ngokulinganayo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, iphrojekthi INDLELA EPHIKISANAYOIphinde ixhaswe yi-Horizon 2020 futhi iholwa ngu-Héctor Grad, le phrojekthi ihlaziya ukungezwani kwendawo okuvela kumamodeli okuthuthukiswa eLatin America. Ihlanganisa ndawonye abacwaningi baseYurophu nabaseLatin America ukuze batadishe ukumelana nomphakathi kanye neziphakamiso ezihlukile ezivezwe yimiphakathi yendawo ngenxa yamaphrojekthi amakhulu okumba, ingqalasizinda, kanye nezinqubomgomo ezithinta indawo.
I-CONTESTED TERRITORY ihlose ukucabanga kabusha ngemibono ye intuthuko nenqubekelaphambili Kusukela embonweni obucayi noqhubekayo ogxile emalungelweni abantu kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo, ngokubeka phambili amazwi emiphakathi ehlelekile yabantu bomdabu, abalimi, kanye neyasemadolobheni, kunegalelo ekuqondeni okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezingxabano zendawo, okungezona nje izingxabano zezomnotho kodwa futhi ezihilela ubunikazi, izinkumbulo, kanye nemibono yomhlaba.
Isayensi ye-Frontier: ama-neutrino, izinto ezimnyama kanye ne-computational cosmology
Ithonya lamanyuvesi aseMelika enkundleni yesayensi yomhlaba wonke liyabonakala nasezindaweni isayensi yomngcele njenge-particle physics kanye ne-cosmology. Amaphrojekthi amabili avelele avela ohlelweni lwe-H2020 yi-Elusives (i-Innovative Training Network, i-ITN) kanye ne-InvisiblesPlus (inethiwekhi ye-Marie Skłodowska-Curie RISE), umphenyi wayo oyinhloko yi-physics uBelen Gavela. Womabili agxile ku-phenomenology ye ama-neutrino kanye ne-dark matter, kanye nasekuxhumekeni kwazo, ngokunaka okukhethekile indima yokungalingani kwezinto eziphathelene nezinto eziphikisana nezinto.
La maphrojekthi ahlanganisa inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yezikhungo zocwaningo ezihamba phambili, enikeza ukuqeqeshwa okuthuthukisiwe kubacwaningi abasebasha futhi ekhuthaza ukushintshana phakathi kweYurophu neLatin America. Ngakho-ke amanyuvesi aseLatin America ahlanganyelayo aba yingxenye yomphakathi wesayensi womhlaba wonke osebenza ezimfihlakalo eziyisisekelo zendawo yonke, kusukela emvelweni wezinto ezimnyama kuya emvelaphi yesisindo se-neutrino.
Emngceleni phakathi kwesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi yokubala sithola omunye umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu: I-LACEGAL (Inethiwekhi Yokwakheka Kwe-Galaxy YaseLatin America-Yurophu), inethiwekhi yokuqeqesha nokucwaninga yamazwe ngamazwe, exhaswe yi-H2020 njenge-ITN. Inhloso yayo ukuqeqesha isizukulwane esisha sezazi zezinkanyezi ezingochwepheshe kule phrojekthi. ukuvela kwemithala kanye nezakhiwo ze-cosmic ngokusebenzisa ukulingisa kwezinombolo okusezingeni eliphezulu.
Iqondiswa yi-Institute for Theoretical Physics (IFT-UAM/CSIC), i-LACEGAL ikhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zaseYurophu nezaseLatin America, ikhuthaza ukuhambahamba kwabafundi bezobudokotela kanye nabafundi abaphothule izifundo zobudokotela, ukushintshana kolwazi, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi kwi-cosmology yokubala. Ngalezi nethiwekhi, abacwaningi abavela eLatin America bathola ukufinyelela kwingqalasizinda ye-supercomputing futhi bahlanganiswe ekubambisaneni okukhulu.
Lokhu kuba khona kwesayensi yanamuhla kubonisa ukuthi Amanyuvesi aseLatin America awagcini nje ngokukhiqiza ulwazikodwa bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekudalweni kwayo ezingeni eliphezulu, yize besenezinselele ezinkulu maqondana nobuningi obubalulekile, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kanye nokuzinza kwezikhungo.
Izibalo ezisetshenzisiwe, ukuhlaziywa kwe-harmonic, kanye namaphrojekthi ahlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene
Esinye isici lapho ukuxhumana phakathi kweYurophu neMelika kubonakala khona yi- izibalo ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-harmonic kanye ne-geometricIphrojekthi ye-GHAIA (Ukuhlaziywa kweJomethrikhi kanye neHarmonic ngezicelo zezifundo ezahlukene), exhaswe yi-H2020 njengesenzo se-Marie Skłodowska-Curie RISE futhi eqondiswa nguDavide Barbieri, inenhloso ngqo yokukhuthaza ucwaningo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kulezi zindawo.
I-GHAIA ihlanganisa abacwaningi abavela ezikhungweni ezahlukene ukuze basebenzise amathuluzi okuhlaziya ahambisanayo kanye ne-geometric ayinkimbinkimbi ezinkingeni zezifundo ezahlukene ezifana ukucutshungulwa kwesignali, umbono wekhompyutha, noma ukwenziwa kwemodeli yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomzimbaUkuhamba kwesayensi kanye nokudluliselwa kolwazi phakathi kweYurophu neLatin America kuyizinto ezibalulekile zalo msebenzi, okuvumela izazi zezibalo kanye nososayensi bedatha abavela kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-Atlantic ukuthi basebenzele izinselelo ezifanayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene ahlobene nomlando, imfundo, kanye nezifundo zobuntu zedijithali abonisa olunye uhlangothi lokwenziwa kwamanye amazwe. I-PortADA, isibonelo, iphrojekthi yaseYurophu esebenza izindlela zedijithali ocwaningweni lomlando lokuzulazula olwandle lwekhulu le-19Umgomo wayo ukuthuthukisa amathuluzi azenzakalelayo okuqoqa nokuhlaziya idatha yokufika echwebeni ngezinga elikhulu, okwenza kube lula izifundo zokuqhathanisa ngokuhweba olwandle kanye nokuhamba.
I-PortaADA ihlanganisa umlando, isayensi yedatha, kanye nobuntu bedijithali, futhi ifaka ukubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwamanyuvesi asebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kweYurophu neMelika, njengoba iningi lethrafikhi yasolwandle yangaleso sikhathi yayixhumanisa womabili amazwekazi. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa okukhulu kwemithombo yomlando kuvumela ukuhlolwa kabusha komlando womhlaba wonke wokuqala ngemibuzo nezindlela ezintsha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphrojekthi IMILANDO YOKUKWENZAIholwa nguMario Carretero futhi ixhaswe yiHorizon Europe, ihlose ukuhlanganisa imibono nemikhuba emisha ekufundiseni nasemasikweni omlandoNgokubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zemfundo, iminyuziyamu, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo, ithuthukisa izinsiza kanye nezindlela zokucabanga kabusha ukuthi umlando wakhiwa futhi udluliselwa kanjani emiphakathini yanamuhla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzindla ngezinkumbulo eziphikisanayo, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, kanye nezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe lapho iLatin America idlala indima evelele khona.
Ubulungiswa bemvelo, amalungelo emvelo kanye nokusimama
Amanyuvesi aseMelika nawo ahlanganyela kumaphrojekthi asebenza endaweni yokuhlangana phakathi imvelo, umthetho kanye nefilosofi yezepolitikiIsibonelo esibalulekile yi-Speak for Nature, iphrojekthi yaseYurophu ekhuthaza indlela entsha neyinkimbinkimbi yokubhekana nobulungiswa bemvelo.
I-Speak for Nature ihlanganisa ndawonye abacwaningi abavela emikhakheni efana nesayensi yezenhlalo, umthetho, kanye nesayensi yezemvelo ukuze bahlole izindlela ezintsha zokumelela amalungelo emveloUkuhlanganisa imibono yabantu kanye nengeyona eyomuntu, umgomo uwukuqhubekela phambili ezimisweni ezijwayelekile nezinokuziphatha ezihlanganisayo nezisimeme lapho kubhekene nenkinga yezemvelo yomhlaba wonke, lapho imifula, amahlathi, izimiso zemvelo, kanye nezinhlobo kungabhekwa njengezihloko zamalungelo.
Amanyuvesi ahlanganyela kulezi zinhlobo zamaphrojekthi awagcini nje ngokunikela ngolwazi lochwepheshe, kodwa futhi axhumanisa izinhlangano zomphakathi, imiphakathi yasendaweni kanye nabadlali bezikhungo ELatin America, isifunda esibalulekile engxoxweni ngezimpahla ezivamile, ukumbiwa kwempahla, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kocwaningo lwezemfundo kanye nokulwela imvelo kungenye yezici ezihlukile zomongo waseLatin America.
Kulo mkhakha, ulwazi oluqongelelwe ezinkantolo zemvelo, ukubonisana kwangaphambilini nabantu bomdabu, izinguquko zomthethosisekelo eziqaphela amalungelo emvelo (njengakwamanye amazwe ase-Andean) kanye nezingxabano eziyinkimbinkimbi zendawo kunikeza indawo yokufunda ephilayo yabameli, ososayensi bezombusazwe, ososayensi bezenhlalo kanye nososayensi bezemvelo abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Umlando weyunivesithi e-Ibero-America: uhambo olude oluhlanganyelwe
Ukuqonda isikhundla se- amanyuvesi aseMelika ocwaningweniKuhle ukubheka emuva. Inyuvesi, eyazalelwa eYurophu yesikhathi esiphakathi, yayinobhapathizo lwayo oluhlanganisa amazwekazi kanye eMelika yamakoloni, ngenxa yemodeli yaseSpain yokwanda kombuso. Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuqhubeke, izikhungo ezifana neYunivesithi yaseSanto Tomás de Aquino eSanto Domingo, iNyuvesi yaseSan Marcos eLima, kanye neNyuvesi yaseMexico zaphawula ukuqala kwemfundo ephakeme kuleli zwekazi.
Isethi yezifundo mayelana Umlando weyunivesithi eLatin America Ilandelela lo mzila kusukela enkathini yamakoloni kuze kube namuhla. Ibonisa indlela inyuvesi eyayiyithuluzi lokuhlanganisa ukunqoba, inkolo, ulimi, kanye nemodeli ethile yenhlangano yezepolitiki neyezenhlalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yaba yindawo lapho ulwazi lwaseYurophu lwaluguqulwa khona ukuze luvumelane namaqiniso aseMelika, lwakha izinhlobo ezihlukile zemicabango namasiko.
Ngaphezu kweminikelo enkathini yanamuhla, le misebenzi ikhuluma ngezici ezithile zeyunivesithi yaseSpain yanamuhla, ukungavamile kwecala laseBrazil (elinomzila ohlukile, ophawulwa ukuba khona kwamaPutukezi kanye nokwakhiwa kwamanyuvesi kamuva), ukwakheka kwemfundo ephakeme, kanye nesikhundla esiyingqayizivele sezikhungo ezifana ne- Universidad de Salamanca kulo lonke lolu hlelo lomlando lobudlelwano neLatin America.
Ukusayinwa kochwepheshe ababambe iqhaza kulezi zifundo kuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ukuqina okukhulu komlandoLo msebenzi unikeza umbono oyingqayizivele ngomlando wamanyuvesi, unikeza ukuqonda okungcono kokubili ukuqhubeka kanye nokuqhekeka okuchaza izinhlelo zamanyuvesi aseLatin America namuhla, kanye namandla azo kanye nezinselele ezivelele ocwaningweni.
Uma sibheka konke lokhu, lolu hambo olude lomlando lusiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amanyuvesi ebe futhi eqhubeka nokuba ngabadlali ababalulekile ekukhiqizweni kolwazi, ekuqeqeshweni kwezikhulu zezombusazwe nezobuchwepheshe, kanye nasekuchazweni kwamaphrojekthi kazwelonke eLatin America naseCaribbean, ngisho nasezimweni zokungalingani okukhulu kanye nezinguquko zezepolitiki ezisheshayo.
Lonke lolu hlelo lwezigaba, amaphrojekthi, amanethiwekhi, kanye nezindlela zomlando ludweba isithombe lapho Amanyuvesi aseMelika azinikele ocwaningweni Babekwe njengabagqugquzeli abakhulu bentuthuko yesayensi esifundeni, yize besekude kakhulu namathuba abangawafinyelela ngokuxhaswa ngezimali okuqinile, ukuhlanganiswa okubanzi kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu nezinhlelo zabo ezikhiqizayo nezenhlalo. Kusukela ePontifical Catholic University of Chile kuya ku-USP, kusukela e-UNAM kuya e-UBA, kusukela emanyuvesi aseColombia nasePeru kuya emakhampasi aseCaribbean, kukhona umzamo oqhubekayo wokukhiqiza isayensi esezingeni eliphezulu, ukulondoloza nokucabanga kabusha ngamagugu amasiko, ukubhekana nokungalingani, ukucabangela ubulungiswa bemvelo, kanye nokuqeqesha izizukulwane ezintsha zabacwaningi abakwazi ukuzibandakanya ngokulinganayo nomphakathi wesayensi womhlaba wonke.
