Ukhonkolo uyiguqule unomphela indlela esicabanga ngayo izindawo zokukhonzela, okuvumela izikhala ezihlanganisa isikhumbuzo, ukukhanya, kanye nenkondlo enamandla. Ngaphansi kokuqina kwayo okusobala, le nto ivule izixazululo eziningiliziwe ezisemthethweni: kusukela emabhokisini okukhanya amancane kuya emifanekisweni ekwazi ukuhlala kuyo esebenzisana nezwe.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani sikhuluma namuhla “amathempeli anokhonkolo”, kufanelekile ukubheka ngokushesha ukuvela kwezakhiwo zenkolo kusukela ku-Antiquity kuya kwesimanjemanje kanye ne-avant-garde, okuhlanganisa i-Romanesque, Gothic, inguquko ye-Baroque, izinguquko zenkolo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwekhulu lama-20 nelama-21. Kulolu hambo, sizobona nezibonelo ezibalulekile ku Japan, France, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Brazil, El Salvador and United States, kanye nezimo zesifunda eziwujuqu njenge-Ethiopia noma i-Norway.
Sisho ukuthini ngamathempeli kakhonkolo nokuthi kungani ebalulekile
Uma sikhuluma ngamathempeli kakhonkolo asisho isitayela esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho kusethi yezakhiwo ezasebenzisa amathuba esakhiwo kanye nokuphatheka kahle okuvezayo ukuze bakhe izindawo zokubuthana, zokuthandaza, nokuzindla ngolimi lwabo. Kusukela ezindaweni eziveziwe ezinokwakheka kwe-formwork kuya kumagobolondo amancane namakhothamo agqamile, ukhonkolo bekuyinqola yengokomoya lanamuhla.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zivumele ukuhlolwa ngobumo obumaphakathi, amapulani amise okweqanda, izikhala ezinkulu ezingenazo izisekelo kanye nama-facade acishe abengabonakali aphefumula ukukhanya., ukuchaza kabusha isiko le-basilica kanye nohlelo lwesitezi esiphambanweni. Ukukhanya kwemvelo, okuhlungwe ngemifantu, ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka, noma ingilazi, sekuyinto yokwakha ebaluleke njengokhonkolo uqobo.
Kusuka Kwasendulo Kuya Kokhonkolo: Amagugu Ahlala Njalo
Izakhiwo zasendulo zabeka izisekelo ezingokomfanekiso nezobuchwepheshe zethempeliEGreece, ukuvumelana nezilinganiso ze-Doric, Ionic, kanye ne-Corinthian orders kwaveza umbono ophusile; eRoma, ubuhlakani bobunjiniyela bavezwa emakhothameni, ezindaweni ezingaphansi, ezindlini, nasekusetshenzisweni kokuqala kwe-opus caementicium (ukhonkolo waseRoma), ukhiye wePantheon nengqalasizinda enkulukazi.
Ngalé komsebenzi wazo ongokoqobo, izakhiwo ezingcwele zaziwukubonakaliswa kwamandla nobuwena.Kusukela eParthenon kuya eSigcawini SaseRoma, izakhiwo zazikhuluma ngesimo, isayensi yendawo yonke, kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo. Amadolobha asendulo ayelinganisela ukukhulekela, ukuphila komphakathi, nokumelwa kwezombusazwe emathempelini, ezindaweni zokugeza, ezindlini zesonto nasezinkundleni zemidlalo yeshashalazi.
Izindlela ezintsha zamaRoma - ukhonkolo, ama-vaults, ama-domes - avunyelwe ama-spans angakaze abonwe kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezakhiwo.Imisebenzi efana ne-Colosseum, i-Pantheon, i-Pont du Gard, kanye nekholomu ka-Trajan ibonise ukuthi ukusebenza nobuhle kungahambisana kanjani nezindlela zokwakha ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kweGrisi neRoma kwembula izindlela ezimbili: isilinganiso kanye nemabula ngokumelene nobukhulu obakhayo kanye nokhonkolo.Lokhu kubili kuzoqhubeka kuzwakala, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, emasontweni ahlukana phakathi kokucaca kwejometri kanye nesibindi sesakhiwo.
Kusukela ebuKristwini bokuqala kuya eByzantium: ama-atriums, i-basilicas nezinhlelo ezimaphakathi
Amakhulu eminyaka okuqala obuKristu adlula phakathi kwamasinagoge, izindlu zangasese kanye "ne-domus ecclesiae" ehlakaniphile.Izibonelo ezifana nesonto lasendlini laseDura Europos zibonisa ukuthi izindawo zasekhaya zazilungiswa kanjani, zivule izindonga ukuze kwakhiwe amagumbi amancane nezindawo zokubhapathiza.
NgoConstantine, leli hlelo liyavela futhi lamukela i-basilica yaseRoma ngenxa ye-nave yayo enkulu kanye namandla ayo okuba namabandla amakhulu.Izibonelo zakuqala zezakhiwo eRoma zifaka i-Santa Maria Maggiore, i-San Giovanni e-Laterano, kanye ne-mausoleum yase-Santa Constanza, eyethula ngokuqinile uhlelo olumaphakathi.
Izinto ezifana ne-atrium, i-bema kanye ne-apse ziguqula umuzwa wendawoI-atrium iveza umnyango, i-bema iphakamisa indawo ye-altare, futhi i-apse igxile ekubukeni; kusuka kulokhu ithola umumo wesiphambano sesiLatini kanye nencazelo yakamuva ye-transept.
I-Byzantium ihlanganisa uhlelo lwesiphambano samaGreki kanye ne-dome enkulu engokomfanekiso yezuluI-Hagia Sophia ihlanganisa ihholo lobude nendawo emaphakathi, ekhuthaza amasonto obuKristu kanye nezakhiwo zamaSulumane kamuva. I-Eastern Christianity yethula i-iconostasis futhi yadlala ngama-semidome kanye nezimbazo zodwendwe.
Ama-Patronages, izinsalela nesitayela kuyagqagqana
Ubunkimbinkimbi bamasonto amaningi buchazwa ngokusekelwa, indawo, izinsalela kanye nesimo somphakathi ngamunyeAma-Abbey kanye namasonto ahlanganisiwe, anabadwebi bezakhiwo abanekhono, abonisa ukucwengwa okukhulu; amathempeli anezinsalela noma imizila yokuhamba akhula ngesilinganiso kanye nesifiso sokuvelela.
Ukulungiswa kabusha, ukwakhiwa kwamakhulu eminyaka, nezinguquko ekukhulekeleni kwaholela ekuhlanganiseni okuyingqayizivele.I-Cathedral yaseSantiago de Compostela yengeza i-Baroque Obradoiro façade ebukekayo esakhiweni samaRomanesque; I-Santa Maria del Fiore ihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-Gothic ne-Renaissance; i-Pantheon kanye nezindawo zokugeza ezishisayo zangaphambili, ezaguqulwa zaba i-Santa Maria degli Angeli, kwaqondiswa kabusha ekukhulekeleni kobuKristu; kanye neMosque yaseCórdoba yahlanganisa ukungenelela kobuKristu ngemva kweReconquista.
I-Romanesque ne-Gothic: ukusuka ezindongeni ezithwala imithwalo ukuya kuhlaka lwamatshe nokukhanya
Isitayela se-Romanesque, esathuthukiswa u-Cluny futhi kamuva sacwengisiswa ama-Cistercians, samukela uhlelo lwesiphambano lwesiLatini olunezindonga ze-ashlar, amakhothamo angama-semicircular kanye namavawuli emiphongolo.I-thrust ehlangothini iphikisana ne-buttresses, futhi uhlelo lwe-iconographic lulandisa ngeBhayibheli kanye ne-martyrology; eSpain, kuvela okuhlukile kwezitini ne-adobe, njengeSan Tirso de Sahagún.
I-Cistercian austerity ihlanza umhlobiso ongokomfanekiso futhi, ngokuxakayo, ilungiselela ukugxuma kwe-Gothic, lapho amakhothamo acijile, amagumbi angaphansi anezimbambo nezinqe ezindizayo kusekela isakhiwo, okuvula indawo yokuvuleka okukhulu kwamafasitela ezingilazi ezinemibala ekhanyayo kanye ne-tracery eyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Gothic ikhuphula ubunjiniyela ebucikweni bezenkolo: uma bukhulu ububanzi, buba bukhulu ukuphakamaUkukhanya okumibalabala, imifanekiso eqoshiwe yemvelo, kanye nejiyomethri ecolisisiwe kuguqula ama-cathedrals abe "amaBhayibheli amatshe" angempela. Isitayela sasakazekela ezimakethe, emahholo edolobha, nezakhiwo zezinhlangano.
I-Renaissance, Baroque kanye neNguquko: imibono emisha endaweni engcwele
I-Renaissance ibuyela emandulo futhi izama ama-domes namapulani aphakathi.UBrunelleschi waklama idome laseFlorence; UBramante waklama iSt. Peter's eRoma; eSpain, iSacred Chapel of the Savior e-Úbeda kanye nesigodlo sezindela sase-El Escorial, uphawu lwe-Herrerian lwe-monumental sobriety, luyakhazimula.
I-Baroque yamaKatolika, ne-Church of the Gesù njenge-paradigm yayo, icabanga kabusha nge-nave eyodwa kanye nama-chapel aseceleni axhumene., isusa i-narthex futhi igxilise ibandla nxazonke ze-altare. Amadome e-Elliptical, ama-facade agobile, ama-fresco akhohlisayo, nokukhanya okungaphezulu kufuna ukuhambisa abathembekile. I-St. Peter's ifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngoBernini kanye nompheme wakhe; i-echo yayo ifinyelela eSt. Paul's eLondon nasemathempelini amakhulu aseLatin America.
INguquko yamaProthestani isusa ukugxila epulpiti nokulalela iZwi. Amabhentshi aqondiswa kabusha, izithombe ziyasuswa, futhi izinhlobo ezikhulisa ukubonakala nama-acoustics ziyavela; eNetherlands, kuvela isonto le-octagonal laseWillemstad; eSilesia, isikhumbuzo Amasonto Okuthula, enziwe ngokhuni futhi angenayo imibhoshongo, avele ngaphansi kwemikhawulo eqinile, elandelwa yiGnadenkirchen.
I-neoclassicism iphendula ukweqisa kweBaroque ngamathempeli esikhumbuzo esiphuphileI-Madeleine eParis ikhiqiza kabusha isitayela sethempeli lasendulo; i-Parisian Pantheon futhi, e-Italy, i-San Francesco di Paola noma i-Gran Madre di Dio ithatha imodeli ye-Roman Pantheon; amasonto amabhishobhi asePamplona naseBuenos Aires nawo ayaphawuleka.
Kusukela ku-historicism kuya kukhonkolo yesimanje: i-neo-Gothic, i-modernism ne-avant-garde
Ikhulu le-19 lavuselela isitayela sesiGothic (kusuka kumakhophi angokoqobo kuya kwezincazelo zamahhala), amasonto esonto aqedwa njenge-Cologne neMilan, futhi yakha imifanekiso efana neLiverpool noSuku lukaSt. Patrick eNew York.Ngisho neThempeli laseSalt Lake City lihlanganisa amazwi anamandla asuka phezulu abheke phansi.
I-Modernism iphula izilimi zezemfundo, kodwa ingena ekwakhiweni kwezenkolo ngemisebenzi yobuciko embalwa.U-Antoni Gaudí uklama i-Crypt of the Colonia Güell futhi uklama i-Sagrada Familia nge-canopy phezu kwe-altare, echaza kabusha isiko nemvelo ngezinto zesimanje.
Ngesikhathi sezimpi, u-Auguste Perret eLe Raincy futhi, kamuva, uLe Corbusier eRonchamp, bavula umnyango wobungcwele obusha bokhonkolo.Izikhala ezingenalutho, ukukhanya okujulile, nesakhiwo esithembekile sihola indlela; U-Rudolf Schwartz kanye nomthelela we-Bauhaus ku-Corpus Christi (Aachen) bahlongoza "i-theocentricity" encane, enezindonga ezimhlophe nempahla ebalulekile.
UMkhandlu Wesibili WeVatican ukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo kanye ne-altare elizimele elibheke abantu.. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezakhiwo eziyindilinga noma ezine-polygonal (Liverpool Metropolitana, Brasilia), ukulungiselelwa kwe-proscenium yesitayela se-amphitheatre, nemizila enqamula ezindaweni ezihlukene (ubhapathizo, igama, i-Eucharist), ngokulandela iziphakamiso zenkonzo yaleso sikhathi.
Izibonelo ze-Brutalism neSpanishi: Ukukhanya kweMedithera kukhonkolo
E-Spain, unya lwesonto lwathatha izintambo kukhonkolo oqotho nokhanyayo wama-50s kanye nawo-60.. I-La Porciúncula, e-Palma, iwumsebenzi obheka esikhathini esidlule usuka entweni yesimanjemanje, weqa isiqephu esidabukisayo: ukubulawa komdwebi wamapulani uJosé Ferragut ngo-1968, akukaze kucaciswe futhi kuzungezwe imibono ecatshangelwayo ekhomba ku-homophobia yangaleso sikhathi kanye nokuma kwakhe okubucayi ekuthuthukisweni kogu lwaseBalearic.
Isonto lasePorziuncola lihlala liwukuhlonipha indlela yokuthwebula ukukhanya kwaseMedithera ngokhonkolo., okubonisa ukuthi ama-rough of the material angafudumala kanjani lapho ehlangana nama-clerestories agxile kahle kanye nama-skylights.
E-Jávea, i-Our Lady of Loreto (1968) nguFernando García Ordoñez yaguqula leli dolobha laba yireferensi yobudlova baseYurophu.Zimise okwesikebhe sokudoba, izinsika eziyishumi nambili ezigobile zivusa umunyu kubaphostoli; ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka kuklelisa izindonga ukuze kuvumele ukukhanya "kutshengise" phakathi, futhi uma ubheka phezulu, usilingi lufana nesisu somkhumbi osulungele ukudoba: amandla angokomfanekiso abonisa ukuvuselelwa koMkhandlu Wesibili WeVatican.
Amathempeli kakhonkolo abalulekile ayishumi emhlabeni
Church of Light, Osaka (Tadao Ando, 1989)Izindonga zikakhonkolo eziveziwe kanye nesiphambano esiyigodi esivumela ukukhanya kwasempumalanga: i-radical minimalism enkonzweni yokucabanga.
"Saint Basil's Cathedral", eFrance (Auguste Perret, 1923)Yethulwa njengophawu lwendawo oluqinile oluqinile olunamakhothamo angama-parabolic kanye ne-campanile eyingqayizivele, ibonisa ukuhlola okuhamba phambili kwezinto ekukhulekeleni kwaseYurophu; kukhulunywa ngalo kulo mongo njengesibonelo sokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo nokuveza ukhonkolo ekwakhiweni okungcwele kwesikhathi sayo.
I-Chapel of Silence, e-HelsinkiIsiphephelo sasemadolobheni esenziwe ngokhonkolo nangokhuni, esinengaphakathi elingenalutho kanye nosilingi ovalekile ogcina ama-acoustics endaweni yangaphakathi enkabeni yedolobha.
Isonto laseSan Giovanni Battista, Mogno (Mario Botta)Amatshe endawo nezingcezu zikakhonkolo esakhiweni esiyi-elliptical, isakhiwo esihlala ngokusemthethweni endaweni ye-Alpine.
Bruder Klaus Chapel, Germany (Peter Zumthor)Izindonga ze-Cast-in-place, ingaphakathi elishunqa intuthu, elikhonkolo eliholela iso esibhakabhakeni esincane: ukuqina okunyakazayo.
Isonto laseSaint-Pierre, eFirminy (Le Corbusier). Ifomu le-sculptural kanye nombhoshongo we-cylindrical; izimbobo ezincane zivumela ukukhanya kudlule, kufanekisela indawo yesimanje kanye nesihluku.
Mary Queen of Peace, San Diego (Philip Johnson kanye no-Richard Foster)Isakhiwo sikakhonkolo esinephrofayili efana nesitolo, amaphaneli ezingilazi ezinkulu, nomoya ovulekile, wokwamukela.
I-Cardedeu Chapel, El Salvador (EMC Arquitectura)Amakholomu nemishayo engathi sína isekela udonga oluntantayo olufaka uhlaka lwechibi futhi luxube ingaphakathi nokwakheka kwezwe.
I-Metropolitan Cathedral yaseBrasilia (Oscar Niemeyer). I-Hyperboloid yamakholomu agobile angu-16: ukukhanya, isakhiwo kanye nophawu lukazwelonke kusenzo esisodwa esiyisikhumbuzo.
Isonto likaSaint Francis wase-Assisi, ePampulha (Oscar Niemeyer)Amagagasi angathi sína alandela indawo, ingaphakathi elipholile, namafasitela engilazi enziwe abstract anepulasitiki elikhumbulekayo.
Ngalé Kokhonkolo: Amasiko Esifunda Achaza Ithempeli
Isakhiwo se-Orthodox Tewahedo e-Ethiopia sihlanganisa ama-basilicas asendulo, amasonto aqoshwe ngamadwala, kanye nezinhlobo eziyindilinga ezinophahla oluyindilinga.Ingaphakathi lihlelwe laba izindandatho ezintathu: i-maqdas (indawo ye-tabot), i-qiddist (yokuxhumana), kanye ne-qene mehlet (ifinyeleleka kubo bonke), egqamisa isigaba somkhosi.
E-Norway, izinkuni beziyinkosi: kusukela emasontweni e-medieval stave kuya ezinhlelweni ze-octagonal kanye ne-cruciform zokumelana nomoya.Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwavela ukhonkolo oqinisiwe (iBodø Cathedral) kanye nezixazululo zephaneli yensimbi njenge-Arctic Cathedral, okugqamisa indlela izinto ezibonakalayo nesimo sezulu okuthonya ngayo isimo nophawu.
I-Iberia phakathi kwemihlaba emibili: amaVisigoth, amaMozarabs namaMudejars
Ngaphambi nangemva kwe-Al-Andalus, inhlonhlo yase-Iberia ixube amaguguAmaVisigoth amukela isicathulo samahhashi (iSan Juan de Baños, San Pedro de la Nave); ubuciko be-Asturian (San Julián de los Prados, San Miguél de Lillo, Valdediós) obuxhunywe nobuciko beCarolingian; kanye nomdwebo oxubile wobuciko be-Mozarabic onezimpande zasempumalanga ezinama-hermitage amancane njenge-San Baudelio de Berlanga, onedome phezu kwensika emaphakathi.
I-Mudejar, enezitini, uthayela nokhonkolo, yagcwalisa amafacade nangaphakathi ngamajiyometriI-Aragon igcina amagugu Amagugu Omhlaba; kanye nokuhunyushwa kabusha kwe-Neo-Mudejar kwase kuyisisekelo samasonto anjengeSan Fermín de los Navarros eMadrid ngekhulu le-19.
Isimanjemanje se-Liturgical, i-postmodernity kanye nokuhlukahluka komhlaba wonke
Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20 ihlanganisa ukuhlakazeka kwesitayela: ukusuka ku-rationalism kuya kuzinkulumo zesimanje ezibuyisa inkumbulo engokomfanekiso.Ababhali abanjengoSteven Schloeder, Duncan Stroik, kanye noThomas Gordon Smith baphikisene ngokuqhubeka okufundekayo kolimi lobuKristu bendabuko ngokwemibono yesimanje.
Kukhona futhi amazwi agxekayo: eNigeria, phakathi nekhulu lama-20, amanye amasonto asuka ekubukeni njengezikhumbuzo zakwamanye amazwe athatha izici zezimboni., okusikhumbuza ukuthi ifomu nophawu kufanele kuxoxisane namasiko endawo kanye nolwazi lwabathembekile.
Ukongiwa kwemvelo, ezokuvakasha kanye ne-bibliography: ukugcina itshe nokhonkolo kuphila
Inselele yamanje iwukugcina ngaphandle kokuhlanekezelaAmatshe esikhumbuzo afana ne-Parthenon ne-Colosseum adinga amasu ahlasela kancane (i-laser yemabula, ubuciko bokubuyisela esimweni), futhi ukucindezela kwezivakashi kudinga ukuphatha ukugeleza nokuthembela kokungokoqobo ukuze kuvikelwe futhi kusabalaliswe.
Isiko lasendulo laphefumulela izikhathi ze-Renaissance kanye ne-Neoclassical, futhi ama-echoes awo aqhubeka ezwakala emcabangweni wezokwakha.Kusukela ku-Vitruvius kuya ezincwadini zesimanje, nababhali abanjengo-DS Robertson, FDK Ching, Carolyn Y. Yerkes, Leland M. Roth, Aldo Rossi, kanye no-Ricardo Aroca, i-bibliography ekhethekile isisize ukuba siqonde ukuthi umlando, amasu, nokukhulekela kuhlangana kanjani. Igalari ye-Romanesque nezifundo zezemfundo (kuhlanganise nemibhalo yasenyuvesi) zandisa umongo nemininingwane.
Ukube besingakwazi ukuvakashela isakhiwo esisodwa eRoma, abaningi bebengakhetha iPantheon ngenxa yedome layo likakhonkolo elingaphelelwa isikhathi., ngoba ihlanganisa ukuqhubeka phakathi kwefa lasendulo namandla ezinto, emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, ezazizophinda zisetshenziselwe ukwakha amathempeli amangalisayo.
Uma sibheka emuva, ukhonkolo usivumele ukuthi siphinde sithole ukukhanya, ukuthula kanye nezikali ethempelini.Kusukela ku-minimalism ka-Ando kuya ezinkondlweni zika-Zumthor, ngokusebenzisa isibindi sika-Niemeyer noma ubuqotho bonya be-Porciúncula noma i-Loreto e-Jávea, sibona ukuthi asikho "isitayela sokhonkolo" esisodwa, kodwa ulimi oluvamile lokuzwakalisa ukholo ngempahla nokwethembeka kwendawo.
