Ngemva kuka amashumi amathathu eminyaka ngaphandle kwamacalaI-African swine fever (ASF) isiphinde yavela eSpain, futhi ikwenze lokhu endaweni ebucayi kakhulu: imvelo I-Autonomous University of BarcelonaKumasipala waseCerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), ukutholakala kwaleli gciwane ezingulubeni zasendle eziningana kuye kwabangela ukuba izwe lilahlekelwe isimo salo sokungabi nazifo neNhlangano Yomhlaba Wonke Yezempilo Yezilwane futhi sekucule izinsimbi emkhakheni wokulima izingulube.
Kuyinto a isifo segciwane esithathelwanayo kakhulu Ihlasela kuphela izingulube ezifuywayo kanye nezingulube zasendle, nezinga lokufa okungase lifinyelele ku-100%. Nakuba kungenangozi kubantu noma ekuphepheni kokudla, umthelela ongase ube khona ekufuyweni, ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe, nasezindaweni eziningi zasemaphandleni mkhulu kakhulu, ngakho iziphathimandla zenze izinhlelo eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kokulibala.
Ukuqubuka kokuqala kwe-African swine fever eSpain kusukela ngo-1994
I-Los Izinsizakalo zezilwane zeGeneralitat yaseCatalonia Bazise uMnyango wezoLimo, iFisheries and Food (MAPA) ngokuvela kwe izingulube zasendle ezimbili ezifile eduze kwekhampasi yaseBellarra ye-Autonomous University of Barcelona, ​​​​etholakala ngoNovemba 25 no-26, cishe ngekhilomitha elilodwa ukusuka. Amasampula athunyelwe ku I-Central Veterinary Laboratory yase-Algete (iMadrid) iqinisekise ubukhona begciwane le-ASF.
Le miphumela isho ukuthi ukutholwa kwalesi sifo okokuqala eSpain kusukela ngoNovemba 1994Izwe lathathwa ngokusemthethweni njengelingenayo i-African swine fever ngalolo suku, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yomzabalazo. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokutholwe kokuqala, izingulube zasendle eziningi zatholakala zine-HIV endaweni Izintaba zeColserolaukuhlanganisa ukugxila kule ndawo ematasa eseduze nedolobha.
UMnyango ukugcizelele ukuthi lokhu ku isifo esingeyona i-zoonoticAbantu abakwazi ukungenwa igciwane ngokuthintana nezilwane ezigulayo noma ngokudla imikhiqizo yengulube. Ngakho-ke, inkinga ilele impilo yezilwane kanye nomthelela wezomnothohhayi impilo yomphakathi.
Ngokuhambisanayo, okulandelayo kuye kwaqalwa: uphenyo lwe-epidemiological ukuzama ukuthola umsuka wegciwane kulezi zilwane zasendle. Phakathi kwemibono eshiwo yilena ebizwa ngokuthi “ngokusebenzisa isangweji": izinsalela zemikhiqizo yenyama engcolisiwe (isibonelo, isangweji lesoseji elilahlwe kudoti) eligcina selidliwe izingulube zasendle, okuyindlela kakade ebonwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.
Indawo ethelelekile, ukuvalelwa epulazini kanye nokulawula izingulube zasendle
Ngemuva kokuqinisekiswa kwamacala okuqala amahle, i Imanuwali esebenzayo yokulwa ne-ASFLe protocol ihlanganisa i ukunqunywa kwendawo ethelelekile endaweni lapho kwatholakala khona izilwane kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo ezimbalwa ezigxile kakhulu ezinamazinga ahlukene okuvinjelwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusabalala kwegciwane.
Eduze kwalapho okugxilwe khona, ku-a ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-6Ukuvalwa ngokuphelele kwendawo yemvelo kunqunyiwe: imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa, ukuzingela, umsebenzi wamahlathi, nanoma yikuphi ukuba khona ezindaweni zasemaphandleni okungabalulekile kangako akuvunyelwe. [Okulandelayo kubonakala kungahlobene futhi mhlawumbe isiqeshana sedokhumenti esihlukile:] Futhi siyafaka izithiyo zomzimba namakhemikhali, kanye nezicupho, ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwezingulube zasendle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uzame ukuzigcina ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliwe.
Ngaphandle kwalowo mgogodla, a 20-kilometre zone yokugada okuhlanganisa omasipala abangaba ngu-64, okuhlanganisa iSabadell, iSant Cugat del Vallès, iCerdanyola, iTerrassa, iRubÃ, kanye neBarberà del Vallès. Ngaphakathi kwale ndawo, ukulawulwa kokufuywa kwezingulube kuqinisiwe, ukunyakaza kwezilwane kubekelwe imingcele, futhi ukugadwa kwezilwane zasendle kuqinisiwe.
Kulo bubanzi obungamakhilomitha angama-20, okulandelayo kukhonjiwe Izingulube ezingama-39 zokukhiqiza nokuzalanisa Ngokuya ngemikhawulo yokusebenza neyokuhweba: amapulazi amahlanu atholakala phakathi kwe-10 km yokuqala kanye nama-34 phakathi kwe-10 ne-20 km. Kuzo zonke, imikhawulo ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwezilwane, ukuhlolwa kwemitholampilo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-epidemiological kanye nokubuyekezwa okuphelele kwezinyathelo ze-biosecurity sekwenziwe.
Iziphathimandla zilinganisela ukuthi endaweni ethintekile ngokushesha kukhona a inani lezingulube zasendle elilinganiselweizungezwe izindawo ezinamahlathi, ingqalasizinda yemigwaqo, nezindawo zokuhlala. Umgomo manje uwukuvimbela lezi zilwane ukuthi zingathutheleki ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, njenge I-Colserola Natural Park eduze nedolobha lase-Barcelona, ​​​​lapho ukuqubuka okungenzeka kwaleli gciwane kuzokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulawula.
Umthelela wezomnotho nezentengiso kungulube yaseSpain
Ukuvela kabusha kwe-ASF kuza ngesikhathi lapho ISpain ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wengulube e-European Union futhi omunye wabadlali abaphambili bomhlaba. Ngo-2024 kuphela, cishe [inombolo elahlekile] yabulawa ezweni. 54 million izingulubeemele cishe u-24% wokukhiqizwa komphakathi, futhi ingulube ibamba cishe u-40% wayo yonke imisebenzi yemfuyo kazwelonke.
Umkhakha unophawu thekelisa umumoISpain ithumela imikhiqizo yengulube emazweni angaphezu kwekhulu futhi ikhiqize cishe 9.000 million euros ngonyaka ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu evela eCatalonia. Ingulube nemikhiqizo yengulube ibala indawo yonke I-19% yokudla neziphuzo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle walo mphakathi, onesisindo esikhethekile ezindaweni ezimaphakathi (Osona, Bages, Berguedà ), lapho kugxilwe khona amakhulu amapulazi nezimboni.
Isaziso sokuqubuka kwesifo sibangele i ukuvinjwa kwezitifiketi zezempilo zokuthekelisa ezingaphezu kwekhulu Le mikhawulo isebenza emikhiqizweni ehlukene yengulube nezindawo oya kuzo. Amazwe afana neJapan neMexico akhethe ukumisa ukuthengwa kwengulube evela kulo lonke elaseSpain, kuyilapho abanye abalingani bokuhweba bevumile ukubeka imingcele endaweni ethintekile.
I-China, umthengi omkhulu wengulube yaseSpain ngo-2024, yayisayine isivumelwano neSpain ngoNovemba 12. i-regionalization protocol ye-African swine fever. Ngenxa yalesi sivumelwano, i-Beijing inqume ukuvimbela ukungenisa kuphela okuvela esifundazweni sase-Barcelona, ​​​​kunokuba ibeke ukuvinjelwa okuphelele. Kodwa-ke, lesi sinyathelo siseyigalelo elikhulu embonini yasekhaya, futhi imibiko ikhombisile lokho ukumiswa kokuthengwa kwezinto ezithile ezithile, njengama-calibration guts.
I-United States, i-United Kingdom, iSouth Korea, nezinye izimakethe nazo zibonise ukuzimisela ukusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezifunda, nakuba esimweni saseBrithani ikhefu lesikhashana elide Isimo siyahlolwa. UMnyango Wezolimo uyavuma ukuthi, emazweni abambisene afuna kakhulu, imingcele ingaqhubeka izinyanga ezimbalwa, naphezu kwemizamo yezikhulu zokubuyisela kancane kancane ukufinyelela.
Ukuphepha kwemvelo okuthuthukisiwe kanye neqhaza lomkhakha nokuzingela
I-African swine fever (ASF) ibhalwe ku-European Union njenge isigaba A isifookusho isibopho sokuthatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokushesha kwayo ukuvimbela kanye nokuqedwa ezindaweni ezithintekile. UMnyango Wezolimo wenze isicelo esicacile kulo mkhakha ukuthi ukuthatha izinyathelo ezeqisayo ze-biosecurity kokubili emapulazini ezingulube ezifuywayo nasekuphatheni izingulube zasendle kanye nasekuthuthweni kwezilwane.
Izincomo zihlanganisa ukulawula okuqinile kokungena emapulaziniUkwenziwa ngcono nokugcinwa kokunakekelwa kokubiyelwa kwe-perimeter, ukuhlanzwa ngokuphelele kanye nokubulala amagciwane ezimotweni namathuluzi, ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa ngaphandle, kanye nokunciphisa ukuvakasha kwangaphandle konke kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile. Kuyagcizelelwa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusola komtholampilo, kuzo zombili izingulube nezingulube zasendle, kufanele kubikwe. thintana ngokushesha ezinsizeni ezisemthethweni zodokotela wezilwane emiphakathini ezimele.
Izinhlangano zemikhakha ezifana ne-Interprofessional Association of White-Coat Pigs ziye zagqamisa ukuthi ukutholwa ngokushesha kwamacala Lokhu kubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokubhekwa kwezempilo eSpain kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kweziphathimandla. Ngaso leso sikhathi, izinhlangano zezolimo sezineminyaka zifuna a ukulawula okukhulu kwezilwane zasendle, ekhomba izingulube zasendle njengendawo yokugcina izifo eziningi futhi egcizelela ukuthi ukuchichima kwazo kwandisa ingozi yokutheleleka.
La I-Spanish Hunting Federation Ukhumbuze abazingeli ngesidingo sokusebenzisa ngokucophelela izindlela zokuphepha kwezilwane ekuphathweni kwezilwane, ukuphathwa kwemikhiqizo yokuzingela, kanye nokubulawa kwamagciwane kwemishini nezimoto, ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwezinsalela zemvelo ngaphandle kwezindawo ezigunyaziwe. Umphakathi ozingelayo uzibheka njengengxenye ebalulekile ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokugadwa lesi sifo emiphakathini yezingulube zasendle.
Ezingeni lesikhungo, uMnyango usubizele Ikomidi Lenethiwekhi Yezaziso Zezempilo Yezilwane (RASVE) futhi ibike ngokuqubuka kuzo zombili i-European Union kanye ne-World Organisation for Animal Health. Iziphathimandla ziphikelela ngokuthi, naphezu kobucayi besigameko, a isinyathelo esiwujuqu nesisheshayo Kungasiza ukulawula ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo, njengoba sekuvele kukhonjisiwe ezimeni zokuqedwa kwazo emazweni anjengeBelgium, iSweden noma iCzech Republic ngemuva kokungena kwaleli gciwane.
Iyini i-African swine fever futhi idluliselwa kanjani?
I-African swine fever a igciwane le-hemorrhagic eliyingozi kakhulu ehlasela izingulube ezifuywayo kanye nezingulube zasendle. Iveza izinhlobo eziningana zomtholampilo (hyperacute, acute, subacute kanye nezifo ezingelapheki), kodwa enguqulweni yayo enolaka kakhulu ibangela umkhuhlane ophezulu, izinkinga zokuphefumula, ukopha kwangaphakathi kanye nokufa phakathi kwezinsuku eziyisithupha kuya kwezingamashumi amabili ezilwaneni eziningi ezithintekile.
Akekho umgomo wokuthengisa noma ukwelashwa okuthileNgakho-ke, ithuluzi elisebenzayo kuphela lokuvimbela nokulawula ukunyakaza okuqinile. Lapho igciwane lingena epulazini, isimiso esijwayelekile siwukuhlatshwa okuhlanzekile kwazo zonke izilwane ezinaleli gciwane noma lezo ezithintana negciwane, ukubulala amagciwane okunamandla, nokudala izindawo zokuvikela kanye nezokugadwa ezinemikhawulo eqinile yokuhamba kwezingulube nemikhiqizo.
Ukudluliselwa kungenzeka kokubili nge ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwezingulube ezinegciwane nangokungaqondile ngezinto ezingcolile, izimoto, izingubo, izicathulo, amathuluzi, okuphakelayo, noma izinsalela zokudla. Ezifundeni ezithile, ezinye izinhlobo zomkhaza nazo zisebenza njengama-vector, zigcina igciwane ngemijikelezo ye-sylvatic.
Esinye sezici ezikhathaza kakhulu ochwepheshe yile ukumelana nemvelo kwegciwaneIngahlala isikhathi eside iphila enyameni entsha noma eqandisiwe, imikhiqizo eselashiwe noma ebhenywayo, igazi elifakwe esiqandisini, ngisho nasezidunjini zezingulube zasendle ezindaweni ezibandayo. Lokhu kuphikelela kusho ukuthi isibonelo esilula sokungcola okungalawulwa kahle noma ukuhanjiswa okungalawuleki kwemikhiqizo kungabangela ukuqubuka kwezifo ezweni elalikhululekile ngaphambilini.
Emhlabeni jikelele, i-ASF igcwele ezindaweni ezinkulu I-Sub-saharan africaKodwa-ke, kusukela ngo-2007 liye lakhula ngokushesha kulo lonke elase-Eurasia ngemva kokwethulwa eGeorgia futhi labe selisakazekela eRussia, eChina naseMpumalanga Yurophu. E-European Union, okwamanje ikhona ezindaweni zezingulube zasendle futhi, kwezinye izimo, emapulazini ezingulube ezifuywayo. 13 Amazwe Angamalungu, okuhlanganisa iJalimane, i-Italy, iPoland noma iRomania.
Isimo eYurophu kanye nesizinda eSpain
E-EU, i-African swine fever yethulwa ngo-2014 ngokusebenzisa i- Amazwe aseBaltic nasePoland, evela eRussia. Kusukela lapho, liye lasakazekela ku Italy, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria naseCroatiaAmanye alawa mazwe agcina leli gciwane ikakhulukazi ezingulubeni zasendle, kanti amanye aphinde abhekana nokuqubuka kwezifo emapulazini okuhweba.
Naphezu kwalesi simo, izifundazwe eziningana ziye zakwazi ukuqeda lesi sifo ngemva kokungena okukodwa kusetshenziswa izinyathelo zokulawula kanye nokugada. Lokhu kuyindaba ye IBelgium, iSweden, neCzech Republic ngokwayoabakwazi ukubuyisela isimo sabo njengabantu abakhululekile ngemva kweminyaka eminingi besebenza ezindaweni zasehlathini, ukucinga okuqinile kwemizimba nemingcele eqinile yokuhamba ezindaweni ezithintekile.
ISpain ibazi kahle ubukhali balesi sifo. Leli gciwane lafika eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, ngemuva kokwethulwa kwalo okokuqala e-Iberia. Portugal ngo-1957Icala lokuqala laseSpain limenyezelwa ngo-1960. Ukuqedwa ngokuphelele akuzange kufinyelelwe kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-99, ngemva kwalokho. iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu yomzamo ngezinyathelo zokuhlaba, ukulawula ukunyakaza kanye nokwenza ngcono impilo yezilwane.
Eminyakeni yamuva, amaqembu esayensi ahlukahlukene ayexwayise ngakho ukwanda kwengozi yokwethulwa kabusha ngenxa yokwanda kwamacala eMpumalanga Yurophu kanye nokwanda okunamandla kwezingulube zasendle eSpain. Abacwaningi be-Research Institute of Hunting Resources baze balungiselela a imephu engozini yokungena kwe-ASF ezweni, lapho indawo ye-Barcelona nendawo ezungezile ibonakala imakwe njengephuzu elibucayi ngokukhethekile, into izenzakalo zakamuva eziye zaqinisekisa.
Emhlabeni jikelele, i-World Organisation for Animal Health ilinganisela ukuthi, kusukela ngoJanuwari 2022, i-ASF idale ukufa kwezingulube ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili emazweni nasezifundeni ezingama-69. I-Europe iphakathi kwezifunda ezithinteke kakhulu ngokwenani lokuqubuka kwezifo kanye nezilwane ezibulewe, nokulahlekelwa okuthe xaxa ngaphezu kwesigidi sezingulube.
Ukugcwala kwezingulube zasendle nobungozi empilweni
Enye yezinto ezikhathaza kakhulu ochwepheshe yile ukuchichima kwezingulube zasendle engxenyeni enkulu yeSpain. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule inani lezibonelo liye laphindeka cishe kabili, lafinyelela cishe ezigidini ezimbili. Lokhu kuminyana okuphezulu kudala izingxabano zezolimo, izingozi zomgwaqo, futhi kwandisa ingozi yokusakazeka kwezifo.
I-PPA ithathwa njenge isifo esincike ku-densityNgamanye amazwi, lapho izilwane zigcwala endaweni ethile, kuba lula ukuba leli gciwane liqhubeke futhi lisakazekele komunye umuntu, ikakhulukazi uma kunezidumbu eziningi noma izinsalela ezingadliwa ezinye izingulube zasendle.
Izingulube zasendle azikhathazi kuphela ngenxa ye-African swine fever. Ukuziphatha kwabo kanye nokuvumelana nezimo kubenza babe a i-reservoir yama-pathogens amaningi okuthakaselwayo kwezilwane, njengesifo sofuba, isifo sika-Aujeszky, noma ama-zoonotic agents angathinta abantu. Yingakho izinhlangano eziningi zezolimo nezesayensi sekuyisikhathi eside zibiza ngokuthi ukuphathwa okusebenzayo kwezilwane zasendle kanye nokulawulwa okukhulu kwenani labantu.
Esimeni samanje, iziphathimandla zesifunda zikhethe ukwenza kanjalo vala izingulube zasendle Indawo eyihlathi lapho iziguli zazitholakala khona ibiyiwe futhi izindawo zokungena zivaliwe ukuze kunqandwe ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo ezindaweni ezinezilwane eziningi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sekuqaliswe umkhankaso wokuthungatha izidumbu, ohlanganisa amanxusa asemaphandleni, amaphoyisa nabezokwelapha.
Ukubambisana kwezakhamizi nakho kubalulekile: abantu bayacelwa ukuthi bangasondeli noma bangathinti. izilwane ezifile noma izilwane ezinezimpawu futhi wazise abezimo eziphuthumayo (ucingo 112) uma uthola ingulube yasendle efile endle, ugwema noma yikuphi ukuthintana ngqo noma ngokungaqondile nomzimba.
Ayikho ingozi kubantu, kodwa ngemiphumela ehlala njalo emkhakheni
Iziphathimandla zezempilo kanye nemboni yengulube ngokwayo iphikelela ekuthumeleni umlayezo we ukuqinisekisa abantu: I-African swine fever Ayidluliselwa kubantu Ayitheleleki ngokuthintana nezilwane ezinegciwane noma ngokudla inyama yengulube noma imikhiqizo yengulube. Akuyona i-zoonosis futhi ayifaki inkinga yokuphepha kokudla.
Ukusetshenziswa ingulube evela ezidumbu ezilawulwayo Kubhekwa njengephephile ngokuphelele, futhi ukuhlinzekwa ezimakethe zaseSpain kuqinisekisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukukhathazeka kugxile empilweni yemihlambi yezingulube, isimo samapulazi aseduze nendawo ethintekile, kanye umthelela kwezohwebo nezomnotho okuhambisana nemikhawulo yokuthekelisa.
Ochwepheshe bezempilo yezilwane basikhumbuza ukuthi, uma sekuqubuke izingulube zasendle, i Ukugada okuyisibopho kuthatha okungenani izinyanga eziyisi-6 neziyi-12Ngakho-ke, ukubuyela kokujwayelekile kungase kuthathe isikhathi. UNgqongqoshe wezoLimo uveze ukuthi ilebula yezwe yamahhala ngokusemthethweni I-African swine fever ngeke ilulame, okungenani, unyaka.
Esimeni lapho isifo sizongena epulazini lezingulube ezifuywayo, isikhathi sokubuyisela umsebenzi sizoba side: ngemva kokuhlatshwa nokubulala amagciwane, ukushintshwa kwezilwane kungase kucatshangelwe ngemva kwamasonto ayisithupha, kodwa njalo ukuhlaziya okuqhubekayo eziqinisekisa ukungabikho kwegciwane.
Ngaleso sikhathi, bobabili uhulumeni omkhulu kanye nohulumeni waseCatalan bagcizelela isidingo sokwenza lokho ubuhlakani, ukusebenzisana kanye nesibopho sokwabelanaBaqinisekisa ukuthi amapulazi aseCatalan anezindinganiso eziphakeme zokwenza isimanjemanje nokuphepha, futhi bayaqiniseka ukuthi impendulo eqinile futhi ehlelekile izovumela lesi siqephu ukuthi sihlale siyisigameko esizimele, sivimbele leli gciwane ukuthi ligxumele emfuyweni yasekhaya futhi linciphise imiphumela yesikhathi eside kwenye yezinsika zomnotho wokudla kwezolimo waseSpain.
Ukuvela kabusha kwe-African swine fever kubuyisele iSpain kumephu yengozi yempilo yezilwane yaseYurophu ngesikhathi esibalulekile emkhakheni wayo wokufuya izingulube, futhi iyisikhumbuzo esiqinile sokubaluleka ukuphepha kwemvelo, ukuphathwa kwezilwane zasendle kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazweOkwenzeka ezinyangeni ezizayo, kusukela ekulawuleni ukuqubuka kwe-Colllerola kuya ekubuyiselweni kwezimakethe zakwamanye amazwe, kuzophawula ikusasa elisheshayo lemodeli yokukhiqiza eyayizimise njengophawu lomhlaba wonke.
