I-Los i-cynocephali, lawo madoda ayimfihlakalo anamakhanda ezinjaSekungamakhulu eminyaka zivela emilandweni, emabalazweni nasezinganekwaneni ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya eNkathini Ephakathi, abahambi, izazi zejografi, kanye nabantu abangokholo bathi bawabonile noma, okungenani, bezwe ngawo njengokungathi angabantu bangempela abatholakala emaphethelweni omhlaba owaziwayo.
Kunokuba yisilo esilula esivela ezinganekwaneni, ama-cynocephali ayi- umuntu oyinhloko ekuqondeni ukuthi amasiko ahlukene acabanga kanjani “ngabanye”Izilwane zasendle, ezezizwe, amaqaba. IGibhithe, iNdiya, iShayina, izwe lamaGreki namaRoma, kanye neLobukholwa lasendulo babelana ngezindaba ngalezi zidalwa ezixubile ezazihlala ezindaweni ezikude, ziziphatha njengamaqhawe anolaka noma ama-cannibal, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zaba ngisho nabangcwele.
Ziyini i-cynocephali futhi inganekwane ivelaphi?
Igama elithi cynocephalus livela kwelesiGriki futhi lisho ukuthini ngempela “ikhanda lenja”Lichaza izidalwa ezinomzimba womuntu kanye nobuso benja (noma obenjaka, impisi, noma enye inja), ezivame ukuchazwa njengezinonya, ezinobudlova, futhi, ezindabeni eziningi, ezidla abantu. Akuyona inganekwane eyodwa, ehlukanisiwe, kodwa i-motif evela ngokuphindaphindiwe emasikweni ahlukahlukene kakhulu.
Izithombe kanye nezinganekwane kunikeze lezi zidalwa i- indima ephindaphindayo emaphethelweni omhlaba owaziwayoZibekwe eziqhingini ezikude, ezihlane ezikude, noma ezindaweni ezingakahlolwa kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, i-cynocephali isebenza njengomfanekiso wezinto ezingaziwa, zabantu ababhekwa njengabaqaba noma abangaziwa emasikweni abo.
Amanye amasiko asendulo ayewabheka ngokuqondile izilwane ezinengqondo noma izilwane zasenganekwaneniNakuba abanye babengaqiniseki ukuthi kufanele babahlukanise njengabantu, izilo, noma into ethile phakathi. Lokhu kungaqondakali kuye kwavumela inganekwane ukuthi ivumelane kalula nezimo ezahlukene zomlando nezenkolo.
Kusukela ebufakazini bokuqala obubhaliwe kuya ezincwadini ezinkulu zesikhathi esiphakathi, zichazwa ngokuthi amaqhawe asabekayo, abazingeli abangochwepheshe, abadli benyama eluhlaza futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengezidalwa ezikwazi ukuhweba, ukukhulekela onkulunkulu, nokuzihlela emiphakathini yazo.
I-Cynocephali ezinganekwaneni nasenkolweni yaseGibhithe lasendulo
Esinye sezikhombo ezindala kakhulu ezihlobene ne-cynocephali yileso sikankulunkulu waseGibhithe U-Anubis, inkosi edumile yabafileyoLo nkulunkulu umelwe ngomzimba womuntu kanye nekhanda lempungushe, isilwane esihlotshaniswa namathuna kanye nomhlaba womngcwabo eSigodini saseNayile.
I-Anubis, exhunywe ku- amasiko omhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nomngcwaboUveza umqondo wonkulunkulu oxubile ohlanganisa izici zomuntu nezezinja. Nakuba engabizwa ngokuthi yi-cynocephalus emithonjeni yaseGibhithe, isithombe sakhe njengendoda enekhanda lezinja sibhekwa njengesibikezelo esinamandla kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwakamuva kwenganekwane yendoda nenja.
Esinye isibalo esihlobene emkhakheni waseGibhithe yilesi Aani, igama elinikezwa izidalwa ezithile ezizinikele kunkulunkulu uThoth. Kwezinye izithombe, uThoth ngokwakhe, ovame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-ibis, uvela futhi njenge-cynocephalus, okubonisa ukuthi Isimo somuntu onekhanda lesilwane sasiwumfanekiso okuvamile ukuveza amandla aphezulu noma angaphezu kwawemvelo.
Ubufakazi obuvela ezikhathini zakudala: iGrisi kanye nezwe lamaNdiya
Ngokwesiko lamaGreki namaRoma, i-cynocephali ibonakala njenge abantu abakude nabangaziwa abahlala emaphethelweni endawo eyaziwayoIngxube yezindaba zabahambi, amahemuhemu, kanye nemicabango yamaphupho yaholela ekuchazweni okuningiliziwe kwala madoda anezinhloko zezinja.
Isazi sezwe samaGreki Ama-Megasthenes (cishe ngo-350-290 BC), owaya eNdiya cishe ngo-302 BC enkantolo kaSandracottus (ngokuvamile owaziwa ngoChandragupta Maurya), uthi wake wezwa ngalezi zidalwa. Emsebenzini wakhe ngeNdiya, uzichaza ngokuthi abazingeli ababephila ngenyama nokuthi babeshintshana ngemikhiqizo efana ne-amber kanye ne-purple etholakala ezitshalweni ukuze bathole ufulawa kanye nosilika nezakhamuzi zaseNdiya.
Ezinganekwaneni zaseNdiya, ama-cynocephali anikezwa njengo abadli benyama eluhlaza abanganelisekingamazinyo amakhulu nasabekayo. Lokhu kuqinisa isithombe sezidalwa ezinonya, cishe okungenakwenzeka ukuzisuthisa, ezihlala emaphethelweni empucuko, yize zigcina izinga elithile lokuxhumana kwezentengiselwano nabanye abantu.
Imbongi yesiGreki Hesiod Wayesekhulume ngezidalwa ezifanayo, azibiza ngokuthi “ama-hemikane,” izakhamuzi zamazwe aseMassagetae. Le mininingwane ikhombisa ukuthi umqondo wezidalwa ingxenye yomuntu, ingxenye yenja Yayikhona emcabangweni wamaGreki kusukela esemncane kakhulu, ihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezikude nezingaziwa kangako.
Omunye umthombo oyinhloko ovela e-Antiquity ngu UHerodotusNgekhulu lesi-5 BC, lesi sazi-mlando sibeka i-cynocephali endaweni esempumalanga yeLibya, lapho ihlala khona nezinyoka, amabhubesi, izindlovu, nezinye izidalwa ezingavamile, okuhlanganisa namadoda angenamakhanda anamehlo ezifubeni zawo. Ngakho-ke uHerodotus ufaka i-cynocephali kukhathalogi ebanzi ye- izimangaliso zezwe kanye nezilo owathi, ngokusho kwakhe, wahlala emikhawulweni yomhlaba.
Iminyaka Ephakathi: Ama-Cynocephalian eziqhingini ezikude nasezindaweni ezimangalisayo
Ngokufika kweNkathi Ephakathi, inganekwane ye-cynocephali ayizange inyamalale, kodwa yashintsha futhi yavumelana nomongo omusha wobuKristu kanye nohambo lokuhlola. Ukulandisa kwangesikhathi esiphakathi kubeka lezi zidalwa ku iziqhingi ezingavamile, iziqhingi ezikude, kanye nezindawo ezicishe zibe yinganekwane, ngokuvamile ehlotshaniswa nobuqaba kanye nezitha zokholo lobuKristu.
Umhambi odumile waseVenice Marco Polo (1254-1324) ukhuluma ngamadoda anezinhloko zezinja okuthiwa ayehlala eziQhingini zase-Andaman e-Bay of Bengal. Ubachaza njengabantu abangavamile nabayingozi, egcizelela umqondo wokuthi, ngale kwemizila eyaziwayo, kwakukhona abantu ababi noma abakhubazekile.
Ngemva nje kwalokho, ngekhulu le-14, John Mandeville —umbhali wencwadi edumile yokuhamba ehlanganisa iqiniso nenganekwane—ubeka i-cynocephali eziQhingini zaseNicobar, nazo eziLwandlekazi i-Indian. Lapho babeyingxenye yeqoqo lezidalwa ezingavamile ezazigcwele inguqulo yakhe yomhlaba, zigcwele izimangaliso, izilo kanye nezinhlanga ezingavamile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinganekwane zasendulo zikhuluma ngesiqhingi okuthiwa sibizwa ngokuthi I-Macumeraizakhamuzi zazo ezazizoba namakhanda ezinja. UMarco Polo wayezoxhumanisa le ndawo neqoqo leziqhingi eziQhingini zase-Andaman, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi iziqhingi ezikude zoLwandlekazi i-Indian kanye nabantu abaphila impilo engapheli.
ECroatia yasendulo, kukhulunywa ngesizwe sakwa- Isinkiababefihla ubuso babo ngaphansi kwezigqoko ezibunjwe njengamakhanda ezinja. Kungenzeka ukuthi inganekwane ye-cynocephali yavela noma yakhuthazwa yile mininingwane kanye nokweqisa. isizwe sasebukhosini siguqulwe saba yisilo esidumile ngokudluliselwa ngomlomo kanye nama-hyperboles okulandisa.
Ukulandisa kwabahambi abangamaKristu: uBartholomew iNgisi kanye no-Odoric wasePordenone
Izincwadi ze-encyclopedia zasendulo nazo zakhuluma ngalezi zidalwa. Indela yamaFranciscan UBartholomew waseNgilandi, owashona ngo-1272, uhlanganisa emsebenzini wakhe we-encyclopedic I-proprietatibus rerum ukuba khona kwezidalwa ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa ne-cynocephali. Uphawula ukuthi ziyizinto kuyamangaza kangangokuthi uyangabaza ukuthi bangamadoda ngempela, bethambekele ekubhekeni bona njengezilwane.
Lezi zinhlobo zama-encyclopedia azizange zisebenze njengezincwadi zesayensi zanamuhla, kodwa zazisebenza njengezincwadi iqoqo lolwazi, amahemuhemu, kanye neziphathimandla zasenduloUkuba khona kwe-cynocephali kule misebenzi kwabanika ubuqiniso obuthile, ngokuyihlanganisa nombono womhlaba wonke womhlaba ogcwele izinhlanga ezimangalisayo.
Obunye ubufakazi obucashunwe kakhulu yilobo bomnumzane wase-Italy Iphunga elimnandi le-PordenoneU-Odoric, owahamba waya eMpumalanga phakathi kuka-1317 no-1330 ngezinjongo zobuvangeli, ubeka i-cynocephali eziQhingini zaseNicobar ekulandiseni kwakhe. Ngokusho kuka-Odoric, laba bantu Babezokhonza izinkabi Futhi babegqoka emabunzini abo, ukuhlonipha unkulunkulu wabo, umfanekiso omncane wenkabi owenziwe ngegolide noma ngesiliva.
Le ncazelo ihlanganisa izici ezinkulu (ikhanda lenja) namasiko athile enkolo, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi u-Odoric wayechaze imikhuba yamasiko engaziwa njengezibonakaliso zesabekaNgakho-ke, inganekwane ye-cynocephali ixubene nokubona, okuvame ukuhlanekezelwa, ngabantu bangempela.
EbuKristwini besikhathi esiphakathi, i-cynocephali yayivame ukumelela ubuqaba, ubuqaba, kanye nobutha enkolweniBabebhekwa njengezitha ezingaba khona, nokho, kwezinye izindaba, ezazingaguqukela enkolweni yeqiniso.
I-Cynocephali kumamephu nemibhalo yesandla ye-New World
Ngokukhula kwendawo kanye nokutholakala kwamazwe amasha, inganekwane ye-cynocephali ayizange inyamalale; yamane yashintsha indawo yayo. Amamephu e-Renaissance Baqhubeka nokugcwala ezindaweni ezazingaziwa kakhulu ngezidalwa ezinhle kakhulu, phakathi kwazo kwakukhona amadoda anezinhloko zezinja.
Ngo-1513, undunankulu wase-Ottoman nomdwebi wamamephu Piri Reis Imephu yakhe yeZwe Elisha ihlanganisa izidalwa ezingabonakala ngalezi zilo ezixubile esifundeni saseNingizimu Melika. Lezi zinhlobo zezithombe zasiza ekuqiniseni umbono wokuthi amazwe aseMelika ayegcwele izimangaliso, izinto ezingavamile kanye nezidalwa ezinkulu.
Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1525, Umhlahlandlela kanye nemiyalelo yeshadi lasemanzini de Ama-Lorenz Fries Ubeka i-cynocephali ngokusobala eMelika. Akucaci ukuthi uFries usekele okutholakele kwakhe ebufakazini obuphathekayo noma umane wadlulisela kula mazwe asanda kutholakala izinganekwane ezindala zezinhlanga ezinkulu ezazihlotshaniswa ne-Asia noma i-Afrika.
Okubonakala kusobala ukuthi ukuntuleka kolwazi mayelana nezwe elisha Kwanikeza indawo ephelele yokuqhubeka nokuveza izidalwa zendabuko njenge-cynocephali. Phela, uma zazike zatholakala “emaphethelweni oMhlaba” ngaphambili, kwakunengqondo ukushintshela inganekwane “emaphethelweni” amasha asanda kuvulwa.
Futhi kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kukhona umbhalo wesandla omangalisayo ogcinwe ku-National Library of France, lapho kuboniswa khona ama-cynocephali amaningana. ukwenza imisebenzi yezentengiselwanoLesi sithombe sithakazelisa kakhulu ngoba asibonisi nje kuphela njengezilo ezinonya, kodwa futhi njengezidalwa ezihlanganyela ekushintshaneni kwezomnotho, ngezinga elithile lokuhleleka komphakathi.
I-iconography, izinganekwane, kanye nomsuka ojulile wezinganekwane
I-Western iconography ekugcineni yasungula i- Igama elizwakalayo nelinembile lalesi silo esingokwenganekwane enomzimba womuntu nekhanda lenja: i-cynocephalus. Kodwa-ke, umsuka we-hybrid motif ungase ubuyele emuva ezikhathini eziningi ngaphambi kwemibhalo yokuqala ebhaliwe.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi, kusukela Inkathi Yeqhwa, lapho abantu nezimpisi babelane khona indawo Njengoba babencintisana ngezinsiza ezifanayo ezindaweni ezinobutha, kwaqanjwa into efanayo ecatshangelwayo lapho impisi (kamuva nenja) yayimelela khona kokubili usongo kanye nomngane ongaba khona.
Izinganekwane zithi, ngesikhathi esithile, abantu baqala ukufuya izimpisi ngokwamukela amaphuphu azoLokhu ekugcineni kwaguqula lezi zilwane ezidla ezinye zaba abangane bokuzingela nabanakekeli. Lokhu kushintsha kusuka endle kuya kweyasekhaya kwashiya uphawu lwako emasikweni: ku-iconography, lesi silwane sasingaba phakathi kwesilwane nomuntu, sikhanye ngezithombe ezifana nenja-indoda.
Kusukela kuleso sizinda esingokomfanekiso, impisi noma inja enolaka yaba i-iconographic hybrid: umzimba womuntu, ikhanda lenjaokubonisa kokubili ulaka lwesilwane kanye namakhono omuntu. I-cynocephalus, ngalowo mqondo, iwukuhlanganiswa okubonakalayo kokwesaba, ukuncoma, kanye nokungaqondi kahle ngama-canids.
Ezindaweni zase-Indo-European nase-Asia, amasiko acebisa lesi sihloko ngemininingwane: kusukela "kuma-hemikanes" kaHesiod kuya ku- izizwe ezikude ezinezici ezifana nezenja okukhulunywa ngakho emibhalweni eyahlukahlukene yesikhathi esiphakathi. Isiko ngalinye lanezela umqondo walo, kodwa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sale nganekwane sahlala sizinzile ngendlela emangalisayo.
I-Cynocephali ebuKristwini: icala likaSanta Christopher
Esinye seziqephu ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zale nganekwane yisifanekiso sika- USanta Cynocephalus, ohlonzwe njengoSanta ChristopherKwezinye izindaba zamaKristu okuqala kanye nemifanekiso yasendulo yaseMpumalanga, lo mfel’ ukholo ongumKristu uvela enekhanda lenja.
Ngokusho kwenye yezinganekwane, uSanta Christopher wayene- ukubukeka okumangalisayo ngokomzimba owayehlala edonsela ukunaka kanye nentuthuko yabesifazane babo bonke ubudala. Ukuze amkhulule kulokhu kuhlukunyezwa, kuthiwa uNkulunkulu waguqula ubuso bakhe baba njengobenja, ngaleyo ndlela wamenza waba yi-cynocephalus. Ngale ndlela, lo santa waziqhelelanisa nesilingo futhi wagxila emsebenzini wakhe ongokomoya.
Kwezinye izinguqulo, uSanta Christopher wayengeke abe ngumuntu ojwayelekile oguquliwe, kodwa kunalokho Bekuyovela esizweni sase-Asia esinobuchophoLokhu kuhumusha kumenza abe ngummeleli oqondile walabo bantu ababi kakhulu, naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okwesabekayo, abangamukela ukholo lobuKristu futhi bafinyelele ubungcwele.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa nokuthi isidlaliso senja sikaSanta Christopher sivela emvelaphi yaso njenge indodana yenkosi yaseKhananiLokhu kuxhumanisa ngomsindo igama elithi "iKhanani" nelithi "ithini," okusho inja. Kunoma ikuphi, isiko losanta onekhanda lenja lathandwa kakhulu eNkathini Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi kwezinye izindawo zaseMpumalanga.
Isithombe sikaSanta Cynocephalus sibonisa indlela ubuKristu besikhathi esiphakathi obakwazi ngayo ukwenza kanjalo. ukuchaza kabusha isilo samaqaba ngokwesimo sobungcweleIndoda-nja, eyayiyisibonakaliso sobuqaba, yaguqulwa yaba yisibonelo sokuguquka nokwethembeka kuNkulunkulu, igcina ukubukeka kwayo okuxubile kodwa yakunikeza incazelo entsha yenkolo.
I-Cynocephali eYurophu yasendulo kanye nezinganekwane zika-Arthurian
Ngaphandle kwe-hagiography, i-cynocephali yangena ezindabeni zamaqhawe nezinganekwane ezidumile. Enkondlweni yasendulo yaseWales ephathelene nomjikelezo we- Inganekwane ka-ArthurianIlandisa ngendlela iNkosi u-Arthur namaqhawe akhe abalwa ngayo ne-cynocephali ezintabeni eziseduze ne-Edinburgh.
Kulesi simo, amadoda anezinhloko zezinja asebenza njenge izitha ezingaphezu kwemvelo amaqhawe azilinganisa nazoAkuzona nje izilwane, kodwa izitha ezinamandla ezigcizelela ubuqhawe benkosi nabangane bayo, kuyilapho ziqinisa umbono wezwe eligcwele izinhlanga ezingavamile ngaphesheya kwemingcele yombuso.
Ukuba khona kwe-cynocephali ezinganekwaneni zika-Arthurian nakwezinye izindaba zaseYurophu zasendulo kubonisa izinga lezi zidalwa ezazihlanganiswe ngalo nohlelo lwe- indawo yezilo nezinhlanga ezimangalisayo okwakuzungeze umcabango wobuKristu. Kanye neziqhwaga, amadoda angenamakhanda, noma abantu abanezimpawu ezikhubazekile, amadoda anjengezinja asiza ekuchazeni ukuthi yini eyayiphucukile uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okwakungaphandle kohlelo lomphakathi nolwenkolo.
Icala lesizwe samaCroatian Hundigar, esasifihla ubuso baso ngaphansi kwezigqoko ezifana namakhanda ezinja, kungenzeka ukuthi lakhuthaza umqondo wokuthi, kwezinye izindawo, zazikhona ngempela. abantu abanesibindi, izitha zobuKristuLokho okungenzeka ukuthi kwaqala njengento engavamile yokugqoka kwagcina sekuphenduke inganekwane embi kakhulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, eYurophu yesikhathi esiphakathi igama elithi cynocephalus laqala ukusetshenziswa cishe njengegama elithi igama elifanayo lesitha sobuqaba noma esinolakaKusukela emlonyeni kuya emlonyeni, izindaba zanda, futhi ingxube yamahemuhemu, ukwesaba, kanye namaphupho kwaqinisa lezi zidalwa njengengxenye eqinile yeqoqo lezindaba ezidumile.
“Izwe lezinja” nezinye izinganekwane ezihlanganyelwe
Phakathi kwezindaba ezisikisela kakhulu ezihlobene ne-cynocephali yinganekwane yokuthi “izwe lezinja”Kule ndawo edumile, inani labantu lalizohlukaniswa ngendlela engavamile kakhulu: abesifazane babezobonakala njengabantu ngokuphelele, kuyilapho amadoda ayezofana nezinja.
Izingane ezizalwa kulezo zinyunyana zazizothatha uhlobo oluthile noma olunye ngokobulili baboAmantombazane ayezofana nonina abangabantu, kanti abafana babezozuza njengenja njengoyise. Kuyisakhiwo esiyinganekwane kakhulu, kodwa okuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukusabalala kwaso kabanzi.
Le ndlela efanayo yokulandisa iyaphindwa, cishe ngaphandle kokushintsha, phakathi AmaSaho ase-Eritrea, amaMongol, amaShayina, ama-Armenia namaTatarKusukela e-Afrika kuya e-Asia Ephakathi neMpumalanga, kudlula eCaucasus, indaba efanayo ingatholakala ngabantu lapho abesilisa kuphela ababonisa khona izici zezinja.
Ububanzi bendawo yale nganekwane busikisela ukuthi izinganekwane, ezimweni eziningi, Iphinda amaphethini afanayo kusukela komunye umkhawulo womhlaba kuya komunye.Inhloso yendoda-inja kanye nabantu bezinja kubonakala sengathi isabela esidingweni esifanayo: ukumela omunye njengengxubevange phakathi komuntu nesilwane, into eseduze kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ephazamisayo.
Ngakho-ke leli “zwe lezinja” lijoyina uhlu olukhulu lwezindawo ezinganekwane, okwathi amakhulu eminyaka, zagcwala amamephu engqondo abantu abahlukene. Njengeziqhingi ze-cynocephali noma amazwe ezinhlanga ezinkulu, lisebenza njenge umngcele ongokomfanekiso phakathi kokwaziwayo nokungaziwa.
Ngazo zonke lezi zindaba—kusukela ku-Anubis noThoth kuya kuMegasthenes, uHerodotus, uMarco Polo, uMandeville, uBartholomew iNgisi, u-Odoric wasePordenone, kanye nezinganekwane zika-Arthurian—ama-cynocephali abe ngesinye sezidalwa ezixubile ezihlala isikhathi eside emlandweni wamasiko. Umzimba wabo womuntu kanye nekhanda lenja kubonisa ukwesaba okhokho, ukuthakaselwa yizinto ezingavamile, kanye nokuthambekela komuntu okuphakade kokugcwalisa izikhala emephini ngezilo nezimangaliso.