Umphakathi wezinkanyezi wamazwe ngamazwe uthathe isinyathelo esikhulu ngokuphothulwa kokumapha okuyinhloko kwe- Ithuluzi Le-Dark Energy Spectroscopic (DESI)eye yakwazi ukuqeda imephu enkulu kunazo zonke yendawo yonke enezinhlangothi ezintathu eyake yakhiwa. Ucwaningo, oluhlelelwe iminyaka emihlanu, luqede ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe futhi lunedatha eningi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe.
Ngenxa yalo mzamo ohlanganisiwe, abacwaningi manje banemephu ye-3D enesinqumo esiphezulu kakhulu ehlanganisa izigidigidi zeminyaka yomlando wendawo yonke futhi izosetshenziselwa ukuyihlola ngokuningiliziwe. amandla amnyama, izinto ezimnyama, kanye nokuvela kwemithalaIningi lalo msebenzi linokuzibandakanya okufanele kakhulu kwezikhungo zaseYurophu, futhi ikakhulukazi izikhungo zaseSpain ezifana ne-Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) kanye ne-Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC).
Ingqophamlando: imephu enkulu kunazo zonke ye-3D enesinqumo esiphezulu yendawo yonke
Ngobunye bobusuku bokugcina bokubuka umsindo oyinhloko, “Amehlo” e-DESI fiber optic angu-5.000 Babekhonjiswa endaweni yesibhakabhaka eduze ne-Ursa Minor. Njalo ngemizuzu engamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu, uhlelo lwalugxila ezindaweni ezincane zokukhanya ezikude kakhulu, luthwebula ama-photon ayehambe izigidigidi zeminyaka ukuze afinyelele kutheleskopu efakwe eKitt Peak, e-Arizona.
Ekuseni, ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kugubhe isikhathi esibalulekile: yonke indawo embozwe yimephu yokuqala ye-DESI yayisiqediwe ngempumelelo. Lo mgomo, owacatshangwa njengohlelo lweminyaka emihlanu, ufezwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe futhi ngedatha eningi kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe, okuholele ekutheni imephu enkulu kunazo zonke futhi enemininingwane eminingi yendawo yonke enama-three-dimensional okutholakalayo njengamanje.
Lokhu kuhlela kusenza sikwazi ukuqhathanisa indlela imithala eyayisatshalaliswa ngayo esikhathini esidlule nokusatshalaliswa kwayo kwamanje, into ebalulekile ekwakheni kabusha ithonya lamandla amnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. cishe iminyaka eyizigidigidi eziyi-11.000 yomlando wendawo yonkeImiphumela yokuqala yeminyaka emithathu yokuqala isikisele ukuthi amandla amnyama, ngokwesiko aphathwa njenge-"cosmological constant", angahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Njengoba sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu bebona izinto ezenzeka, izazi zezinkanyezi manje zinesizindalwazi esiqinile kakhulu sokuhlola ukuthi lezo zimpawu ziyanyamalala noma ziyanyamalala. Uma bekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi amandla amnyama ayavelaKungadingeka ukuthi kubuyekezwe ingxenye enkulu yemibono yamanje futhi kucatshangelwe kabusha isimo mayelana nesiphetho sokugcina sendawo yonke, esincike ekulinganisweni kwezinto kanye namandla amnyama.
Ukubambisana komhlaba wonke okukhona kakhulu eYurophu naseSpain
Uhlelo lwesayensi lwe-DESI luwumphumela we- umzamo womhlaba wonke ohlanganisa abacwaningi abangaphezu kuka-900Kulaba, cishe abangu-300 bangabafundi bezokwelapha, basakazeke ezikhungweni ezingaphezu kuka-70 emhlabeni jikelele. Lo msebenzi uphethwe yiLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), eyingxenye yoMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (DOE), futhi uxhaswe yi-DOE Office of Science, i-U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), kanye nezinhlangano eziningi zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano.
IYurophu, kanye neSpain ikakhulukazi, badlala indima evelele kulokhu kubambisana. I-Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)Amaqembu amabili agxile ekusebenziseni idatha ye-cosmological kanye ne-stellar. Iqembu elilodwa, elinabacwaningi abanjengoFrancisco Kitaura, uGinevra Favole, u-Aurelio Carnero, noFrancesco Sinigaglia, lizinikele ekuchazeni ulwazi olufakwe ikhodi ekusakazweni komthala okulinganiswe yi-DESI kusetshenziswa ukulingisa okuthuthukisiwe kwezinombolo.
Elinye ithimba le-IAC, eliholwa izazi zezinkanyezi ezifana noDavid Aguado, uGuillaume Thomas noCarlos Allende Prieto, lisebenzisana nabafundi bezobudokotela abafana no-Andrea Ruiz del Pozo, uDaniel García Jiménez noRuizhi Zhang ku- funa izinkanyezi zokuqala ezakheka ku-Milky WayUkuze benze lokhu, bahlaziya iqoqo elikhulu lama-spectra ezinkanyezi atholwe yi-DESI, isizindalwazi esingakaze sibonwe sokutadisha umlando wokuqala womthala wethu.
Futhi eSpain, i I-Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia (IAA-CSIC) Abacwaningi be-IAA benze umnikelo obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bethuluzi. Bahlanganyele ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwezindawo zokubeka i-fiber optic zerobhothi ezitholakala epuletini eliqondile leteleskopu. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kweshumi yomsebenzi, lezi zingxenye sezibe yinhliziyo yesistimu, okwenza kube lula ukubekwa ngokunembile kwezinkulungwane zezintambo phezu kwemithala ethile nama-quasar.
I-IAA-CSIC iphinde ihole ukukhiqizwa kwe- amamephu e-galaxy abonakalayo asekelwe ekulingiseni kwe-cosmologicalLokhu kulingisa kubalulekile ekulinganiseni ngokucophelela ukungaqiniseki kwezilinganiso ze-DESI nokukhipha isivuno esiphezulu sesayensi kuphrojekthi, isici esiyinhloko se-cosmology enembile.
Indlela "umshini wokubuka" we-DESI osebenza ngayo
I-DESI yafakwa ku-Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope engamamitha angu-4 eKitt Peak National Observatory e-Arizona futhi yaqala ukuqoqa idatha yesayensi ngokusemthethweni ngoMeyi 2021. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, leli thuluzi selidlule kakhulu imigomo yalo yokuqala: uhlelo lokubambisana kwakuwukuthwebula ukukhanya okuvela cishe Izigidi ezingu-34 zezinkanyezi nama-quasarKodwa ekugcineni, kuye kwabonwa izinto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-47, ngaphezu kwezinkanyezi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-20.
Naphezu kobunzima bayo obukhulu, leli thuluzi libonakale liqinile ngokumangalisayo. Ngokusho kwamalungu eqembu, ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlelo zalo ezingaphansi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okuthembekile eminyakeni edlule kube yinselele enkulu. I-DESI isebenzisa isofthiwe ethile eyenzelwe lungiselela ukubonwa futhi unqume ngomzuzu ngamunye ukuthi iyiphi indawo yesibhakabhaka okufanele ubhekisele kuyo, ucabangela izimo zokubuka kanye nezinto eziza kuqala kwezesayensi.
Ipuleti eligxile letheleskopu liqukethe izinkulungwane zama-positioner erobhothi, ngalinye lihlotshaniswa ne-fiber optical. Lawa ma-positioner alungisa indawo yama-fiber ngokunemba okufana nokwalokhu Ama-micron ayi-10, ngaphansi kobukhulu bezinwele zomuntuNgale ndlela, i-fiber ngayinye ihambisana nomthala othile, i-quasar, noma inkanyezi, iqoqa ukukhanya kwayo ngempumelelo enkulu.
Lokhu kukhanya kuthuthwa ngemicu kuya kuhlu lwama-spectrograph ayishumi afanayo. Lapho, kuhlukaniswa kube amaza alo ahlukahlukene, okuvumela ukunqunywa kwe- ibanga, isivinini sokwehla komnotho, kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwento ngayinye ebonwayo. Ngezigidi zezilinganiso ezinjalo, izazi zezinkanyezi zingakha kabusha isakhiwo esikhulu sendawo yonke ngezinga ezintathu.
Umphumela walo lonke lolu hlelo ukuthi i-DESI ikwazile ukuqoqa idatha ye-cosmological yemithala eminingi nama-quasar cishe inani eliphindwe kasithupha kunenani elitholwe yiwo wonke amaphrojekthi angaphambilini ehlanganisiweUkubambisana sekuqalile kakade ukucutshungulwa okuphelele kwesethi yedatha, ngenhloso yokushicilela imiphumela yokuqala ngamandla amnyama ngokusekelwe eminyakeni emihlanu yokubuka cishe ngo-2027.
Izinselele ezinqotshiwe: ubhubhane, imililo kanye nokululama
Impumelelo ye-DESI imangalisa nakakhulu uma ubheka izithiyo ezihlangatshezwane nazo endleleni. Ngo-2020, ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lwaphoqa phazamisa ukuhlolwa kokugcina kwethuluzi, ukubambezela ukuqala kwephrojekthi kanye nokwenza umsebenzi ohlanganisiwe ube nzima phakathi kwamaqembu omhlaba wonke.
Ngo-2022, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Umlilo we-Contreras Umlilo uthinte kakhulu indawo ezungeze iKitt Peak National Observatory. Amalangabi aqhubeka esongela izakhiwo, kodwa ekugcineni, ngenxa yemizamo yabacishi bomlilo nabasebenzi bokubuka, iMayall Telescope kanye nohlelo lwe-DESI ngokwalo akulimalanga ngqo.
Ngemva komlilo, imizamo yokulungisa intaba yancishiswa yizimvula ezinkulu kanye nokudilika kodaka okwalandela, okwadinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukuze kuqalwe kabusha imisebenzi ngokuphepha. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, ukubambisana kwakwazi ukugcina iphrojekthi isendleleni futhi ukuhlangabezana nokuthuthukisa ikhalenda yesayensi ekuqaleni kwakuhleliwe.
Leli zinga lokuqina kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwethimba liye laba yinto enqumayo kangangokuthi, naphezu kobunzima bezokuthutha kanye nesimo sezulu, i-DESI ikwazile ukuqeda umsindo wayo oyinhloko ngaphambi kwesikhathi esibekiwe futhi ngenani ledatha eliphakeme kunalokho obekulindelwe lapho kuqalwa ithuluzi.
Imephu iyakhula: imigomo yesayensi kuze kube ngu-2028
Nakuba imephu yokuqala eyabangela uhlelo lwesayensi lweminyaka emihlanu isiphelile manje, umsebenzi we-DESI awupheli lapha. Ithuluzi sizoqhubeka nokubuka isibhakabhaka kuze kube ngu-2028 ngenhloso yokwandisa imephu yayo cishe ngo-20%, isuka ku-14.000 iye ku-17.000 degrees square degrees yesibhakabhaka esibonakalayo.
Ukuze kubekwe lezi zibalo kumongo, isibhakabhaka sonke simboza ama-degrees square angaphezu kuka-41.000, kuyilapho inyanga egcwele ithatha ama-degrees square angaba ngu-0,2 kuphela. Ngalesi sandiso esengeziwe, i-DESI izohlanganisa izifunda zesibhakabhaka okunzima kakhulu ukuzifunda, njengezindawo eziseduze nendiza yeMilky Way, lapho ukuminyana okukhulu kwezinkanyezi ezikhanyayo kwenza kube nzima ukubona izinto ezikude kakhulu, noma izindawo eziseningizimu kakhulu, lapho ukubonwa kwenziwa khona ngengxenye enkulu yomkhathi.
Ngaphezu kokwandisa indawo emboziwe, ithimba lihlela hlola kabusha izifunda esezivele zibekwe kumephu ukuthola idatha ngezinhlobo ezintsha zemithala, ikakhulukazi leyo ebizwa ngokuthi imithala ebomvu ekhanyayo. Lezi yizinto ezikhanya kakhulu, kodwa zikude kakhulu futhi azibonakali kahle ngokombono wethu, okusivumela ukuthi sihlole ngisho nemiqulu ejulile yendawo yonke futhi sigcwalise izikhala kumephu enezinhlangothi ezintathu.
Ukuphinda lezi zindawo kuzokuvumela ukuthi udale imephu ebanzi kakhulu futhi enemininingwane eminingiukuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganiswa kwamandla amnyama kanye nokulungisa amamodeli e-cosmological. Le ndlela "yokudlula kwesibili" ezindaweni ezifundwe ngaphambilini iwusizo kakhulu ekunciphiseni amaphutha ahlelekile kanye nokuqinisekisa izimpawu ezingaba khona ezicashile ezitholakale ekuhlaziyweni kwangaphambilini.
Kanye nesici se-cosmological kuphela, i-DESI izosebenzisa futhi ikhono layo lokufunda imithala emincane eseduze kanye nemifudlana yezinkanyeziLezi yizakhiwo zezinkanyezi ezikhishwe emithalazweni emincane ngamandla adonsela phansi eMilky Way. Lezi zindlela zamandla adonsela phansi zinikeza izinkomba eziwusizo kakhulu mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezinto ezimnyama endaweni yethu yomthala.
Amandla amnyama, izinto ezimnyama, kanye nesiphetho sendawo yonke
Inhloso eyinhloko yalo msebenzi ukukhanyisa uhlobo lwe- amandla amnyama, amelela cishe u-70% wokuqukethwe kwamandla endaweni yonke futhi inesibopho sokwanda kwayo okusheshayo. Ngokuqhathanisa isakhiwo esikhulu kuzo zonke izikhathi ezahlukene ze-cosmic, i-DESI ihlose ukunquma ukuthi ngabe lesi sakhi siziphatha njengento eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, sibonisa izimpawu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Imiphumela yokuqala esekelwe eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala yedatha iphakamise ukuthi amandla amnyama angase ahluke kancane kumodeli ejwayelekile, ecabanga ukuthi ihlala ingaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imephu entsha, ephelele izosisiza ukuthi siqinisekise ukuthi lokhu kunjalo yini. Lezi zindlela zokukhokha ziyaqinisekiswa noma ziyalahlwa.Impendulo izothinta ngqo izimo zokwanda kwesikhathi esizayo kwendawo yonke.
Uma amandla amnyama ehlala engaguquki noma ebuthakathaka, indawo yonke inganda kancane noma ithambekele ohlotsheni oluthile lokulingana kwesikhathi eside kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma Amandla amnyama ayaqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathiUkwanda okusheshayo kuzoqhubeka nokukhula futhi, kwamanye amamodeli, kungaze kuqhekeze izakhiwo eziboshwe ngamandla adonsela phansi esikhathini esizayo esikude kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwamandla amnyama, i-DESI inikeza ulwazi oluningi mayelana indaba emnyamaUhlobo olungabonakali lwento oluyingxenye enkulu yobukhulu bendawo yonke futhi luzibonakalisa kuphela ngethonya lalo lamandla adonsela phansi. Ucwaningo lwezinkanyezi ezincane, imifudlana yezinkanyezi, kanye nezikhala ze-cosmic luzosiza ekwakheni kabusha indlela le nto engakhanyi ngayo isakazwa ngayo.
Kulesi simo, eminye imigqa yocwaningo igxile ku- izikhala ze-cosmicIzindawo ezinkulu zesikhala ezinobuningi be-galaxy obungaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso. Ukuhlaziya ukuma kwazo, usayizi, kanye nokuvela kwazo ngedatha ye-DESI kunikeza indlela ehambisanayo nebucayi kakhulu yokuhlola amamodeli wamandla amnyama kanye nemibono ehlukile yamandla adonsela phansi ezikalini ze-cosmological.
Umnikelo wesayensi ovela eSpain naseYurophu
Ukubamba iqhaza kwabaseYurophu ku-DESI kuhlelwe ngezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo kanye nezinhlangano zokuxhasa ngezimali, kodwa endabeni yaseSpain, umthelela ubonakala kakhulu ekuhlanganisweni kwe ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukulingisa ngezinombolo, kanye nokuxhashazwa kwesayensiKokubili i-IAC kanye ne-IAA-CSIC bazibeke phambili ezindaweni zabo.
I-IAA-CSIC isebenze iminyaka eminingi ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwe- ama-positioner e-fiber optic e-robotic kanye ne-focal plateIsethi yamadivayisi abalulekile ivumela izintambo ze-DESI ezingu-5.000 ukuthi zibekwe lapho kudingeka khona esibhakabhakeni. Lokhu kuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kube yisihluthulelo ekufezeni ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kwale nsimbi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-IAC ikhuthaze izifundo ezigxile ku- incazelo ye-cosmological yokusatshalaliswa kwemithala okubonwe yi-DESI ngokusebenzisa ukulingisa kwezinombolo, kanye nokuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwama-spectra ezinkanyezi ukuqonda umlando wokwakheka kwe-Milky Way. Lokhu kugxila okubili, okwe-cosmological kanye ne-galactic, kubeka umphakathi waseSpain esimweni esihle kakhulu maqondana nemiphumela yesayensi ezoshicilelwa.
Izimali zaseSpain zivela kakhulu Umnyango Wezesayensi, Ukusungula kanye Namanyuvesiehlanganyela kulo mhlangano kanye nezinhlangano ezifanayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Ukusekelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kuhlanganisa ne-Science and Technology Facilities Council yase-UK, i-French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), i-Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation yaseMexico, kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene ezizimele.
Konke lokhu kubeka i-DESI njengesibonelo esicacile sendlela ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, kuhlanganiswe nokukhethekile kwesifundaLokhu kusenza sikwazi ukuphendula imibuzo yesayensi okungenakwenzeka ukuthi izwe noma isikhungo esisodwa siyixazulule. EYurophu naseSpain, lolu hlobo lwephrojekthi luqinisa indima yabo phambili kwe-cosmology enembile.
Njengoba isiqede imephu enkulu kunazo zonke yendawo yonke enezinhlangothi ezintathu futhi yanqoba izinselele zobuchwepheshe nezokuthutha ezingeni eliphezulu, i-DESI manje ingena esigabeni lapho ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuningiliziwe kuzobaluleka khona njengokubona ngokwako; ngezigidi zemithala, ama-quasar nezinkanyezi eseziqoshwe kakade, kanye nokubamba iqhaza okuvelele kwamaqembu aseYurophu naseSpain, Izincwadi ezizayo zithembisa ukuchaza kabusha umbono wethu ngamandla amnyama, izinto ezimnyama, kanye nesiphetho sesikhathi eside sendawo yonke.ukuhlanganisa lo msebenzi njengenye yezinsika ze-cosmology yanamuhla.
