Ogwini lwesiCatalan saseFrance, UCollioure uphefumula ubuciko, inkumbulo nolwandleLeli gumbi laseMedithera, elinezindlu ezinemibala egqamile, itheku elivikelekile, nomoya obonakala udweba umkhathizwe, laliwukukhanya futhi lisaqhubeka liwukukhanya kwabadwebi. Lapha, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani u-Raoul Dufy, ehlome ngeso elibukhali kanye nephalethi eliqhakazile, aguqule ichweba laba yi-motif egcwele imizwelo nezimpawu, edlula indawo nje.
Ukulandela ukutholwa okubalulekile kwamagugu endawo, abantu bayakhombisa futhiI-Friends of the Collioure Museum Association ikhuthaze ukufakwa komdwebo ka-Dufy, ogqugquzelwe impilo yasechwebeni kanye nokuhlelwa kwamaseyili, eqoqweni le-Musée d'Art Moderne de Collioure (4 Rte de Port-Vendres, Collioure, France). Ngemuva kwalesi senzo kukhona ukukholelwa okwabiwe: ubuhle nenkumbulo, uma unganakekelwa, kuyaphela.
I-Dufy in Collioure: ichweba njengeqoqo lezinkanyezi
Ngombala wamanzi osebenze njengesiqalo somsebenzi wakhe we-pastel wakamuva noshoki onikezelwe ethekwini, u-Dufy wathwebula umbono okhanyayo: ngaphandle kwamakhandlela, ichweba liyanyamalala njengesibhakabhaka ngaphandle kwamaphoyinti okukhanya. Ukwakhiwa kwakungokwenkondlo, kodwa ingqikithi yayikhonkolo kakhulu: amakhandlela ayengewona nje ifomu, ayengu IdentityIndwangu ngayinye emhlophe eshidini lamanzi eliluhlaza yayikhanyisa inkanyezi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwedolobhana.
Ucezu olufakwe eqoqweni lemnyuziyamu lufakazela ukuthi ingcweti yakwazi kanjani ukuhumushela kusigqi esithambile sechromatic ukundindizela komoya, izinga lokushisa lokubonakala kolwandle kanye nalokho kushaya kwenhliziyo okuncane okuphendulela indawo ezungezile ibe indawo yonke. Ubulula obusemthethweni kanye nokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe kombala Baphindaphinda lokho okuthathwe iso, futhi indawo ithola umfutho ochichima okwangempela.
Imnyuziyamu kanye nenhlangano: abagcini bobuqiniso
Ukuthi umsebenzi usuphelile e-Collioure akuwona umphumela wenhlanhla, kodwa ukuzibophezela komphakathi. I-Association of Friends of the Collioure Museum Ukwazile ukuhlanganisa inethiwekhi yokwesekwa, ukuzibophezela, kanye nokuthinta komzimba okuncane okufeza lokho obekubonakala kungenakwenzeka: ukuthi izingcezu ezibalulekile zomlando obonakalayo wedolobha zithola ikhaya endaweni yazo. E-Musée d'Art Moderne de Collioure, ucezu luka-Dufy alukona ukuvakasha; kuyimbuyiselo.
Lezi zinhlobo zokuthengiselana zidlula ukuthenga nokudayisa. Bamele indlela yokuziphatha: ukulondoloza ukulandisa okuhlangeneUkuvikela okusihlukanisa nokufana nokwakha ikusasa ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa izimpande zethu. Ngalo mqondo, imnyuziyamu isebenza njengenqaba ngokumelene negagasi le-ephemeral nanjengengobo yomlando ephilayo yenkumbulo engagcini ngokubonwa, kodwa futhi eyenziwayo.
I-Collioure, ilabhorethri yombala kanye nembeleko ye-Fauvism
Ehlobo lika-1905, uMatisse noDerain baqala uguquko lapha: bakhulula amandla aphelele ombala futhi bashintsha indlela esibheka ngayo indawo. UDufy, nge-calligraphy yakhe eshelelayo, wandisa lowo mfutho ukuhlanganisa ukukhanya kanye ne-chromatic audacity. U-Collioure, amasonto anqumayo, wayeyinkundla yokusebenzela evulekile: ulwandle, isibhakabhaka nezivini zaba uhlelo lolimi olungokomfanekiso kanye nedolobha, isilulumagama esivamile sabadwebi.
Ngisho nanamuhla, lapho kuhwalala futhi ukukhanya kuvela etsheni kuhlangana nokububula kwamagagasi, umuntu uyaqonda ukuthi kungani lapha. Ukudweba kutholwe i-lingua francaIsifundo sihlala: yonke indawo yechweba isimema ukuthi sibheke ngamehlo ahlukene, ukubuyisela umbono wethu, "ukudweba ngaphambi kokudweba".
Ukukhanya nesithunzi: inkumbulo ehlala endaweni
Umlingiswa wedolobha onempilo uhambisana nezibazi zomlando ezinikeza ukujula okuyingqayizivele. U-Antonio Machado washona e-Collioure, ngemva kokuwela umngcele ekudingisweni ngo-1939; amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka, u-Walter Benjamin washiya uphawu lwakhe e-Portbou, ebanjwe ukushushiswa kanye nemingcele yokuphila. Amakamu okuboshwa ase-Argelès naseRivesaltes Bakhumbula ababalekela iMpi Yombango, lapho ulwandle luyisithembiso nomngcele, inxeba.
Lokhu kuhlangana kobukhona nokungabikho kunikeza indawo ubuso obubili: obunye obukhazimulayo obunye obubekela inselele. Ithuna likaMachado seliphenduke indawo yokuvakasha, kanti inethiwekhi ebanzi yezinhlangano zendawo inakekela ifa eliphathekayo nelingaphatheki lokho akungeni kumakesi okubonisa. E-Collioure, inkumbulo ayishiwo: inakekelwa, ivakashelwe, iyaxoxwa.
Imnyuziyamu njengesibani somphakathi
Esikhathini sokusheshisa ukufana, i-Musée d'Art Moderne de Collioure izibeke njengesiqiniseko sombono olula nonamandla: vikela ukuhlukaUkuvikela ukuxhumana namaciko anikeze izwi endaweni, ukukhuthaza ukuhumusha okusha, nokugcina ubuqiniso ngokulingana okuthambile phakathi kokuvuleleka nezimpande ezijulile. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, idolobha alibuni; liyaqiniswa.
Ukuthi ucezu luka-Dufy lubuyela embobeni yalo engokomfanekiso luqinisa lowo mephu womgwaqo. Oseyili bomdwebo noseyili bomphakathi Bakhomba ohlangothini olulodwa: ukugcina siphila lokho okusenza sihluke, kuyilapho siqhubeka nokuhlanganyela engxoxweni nomhlaba.
Umphakathi osebenzayo: ukusuka eCollioure kuya eValencia
Imiphakathi yamaciko iyachuma lapho kubanjiswana khona. Kumabhulakifesi e-MAKMA e-IVAM, u-Reyes Martínez (Set Espai d'Art), inhloko ye-LAVAC kanye no-Abierto València, baveze i-ajenda ecacile kakhulu: ukusondeza ubuciko emphakathini jikelele, ukuthuthukisa uhlaka lwentela yamasiko, kanye ukukhuthaza ukusekelwaUkuxhumana necala laseCollioure kuyabonakala: lapho izakhamizi nezikhungo zisebenza ndawonye, amaphrojekthi athola indawo yawo yemvelo.
I-ecosystem yamasiko enempilo idinga izinqubomgomo ezizinzile, inethiwekhi yegalari, umphakathi onemibuzo, kanye nokulandisa okuphoqayo. Esikubona ku-Collioure—kanye nasezinhlelweni ezifana no-Abierto València—kuyisibonelo salokhu. ukuthi umphakathi ubambisana kanjani egxile ekudaleni, emfundweni, nasekulondolozeni ubunjalo babo bobuciko.
Amazwi akhulisa ukugxila: ithiyetha, izincwadi, umculo nesayensi
Isimo sobuciko namasiko esifundeni sethu sinothiswe imibono ebucayi esisiza ukuthi siqonde kangcono okwamanje. Ku-Collioure nalokhu kuziphatha kokunakekela, amanye amazwi azwakalayo okufanele alalelwe: Kusukela yaseshashalazini kuya philology, kusukela isayensi emcabangweniZonke zinikeza izinkomba zokuqonda ukuthi kungani isixhumanisi somphakathi wezobuciko sibaluleke kangaka.
U-Ángel Álvarez de Miranda: inkolo, iSpain kanye nemfihlakalo
Ifa lesazi-mlando sezinkolo lihlelwe lizungeze izimbazo ezintathu: situation the inkolelo yenkolo njengomongo wempilo yomuntu kanye nokulandisa komlando; ukuphenya enhliziyweni yeSpain—kusukela e-Iberia yangaphambi kweRoma kuya ekulweni nenkunzi, umlingo wesintu, nezinkondlo zikaLorca—; kanye nokubeka umbono “wemfihlakalo” ovumela ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinkolo eziyimfihlakalo nobuKristu. Isibonelo sakhe—ukuqina, ukuzimela ngokwengqondo, nesibindi sobuKristu—sisaqhubeka sithonya labo abamfundayo.
U-Alfonso Paso: ukuhleka nokungqubuzana kwesizukulwane
U-Rebelde, nguPaso, wafundwa njenge-X-ray yokungezwani phakathi "amaSpain amabili" kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwabazali nezingane okuhlala kuyisihloko esikhulu. Ukuhlaziya okubalulekile kugqamisa amalutha amathathu omphakathi jikelele: ukuhambisana, ukunethezeka, kanye nokulula. UJorge Campos akasona isihlubuki esiqinile, kodwa ungumxhumanisi ogwemayo; futhi isiphetho esijabulisayo sisiza ukukhululwa okuhlangene okugwema ukuzihlola okujulile okufanele ukungqubuzana.
U-Lauro Olmo: ukuziphatha komphakathi esiteji
Ihembe lihlanganisa amahlaya athandwayo kanye nokungezwani kokuziphatha. Ebhekene nesilingo sokuthuthela kwelinye izwe ukuze aphile nje, umlingiswa wesilisa uhlanganisa le ukwethembeka emhlabeni kanye nesithunzi esingaba khonaYena, ukuphuthuma ukusindisa okwamanje. Umehluko, kunokuba ube lula, uveza izindinganiso nokwesaba kwenkathi kanye nezimpilo eziningi namuhla, ezivaleleke phakathi kwesidingo nethemba.
U-Manuel Villaseñor: ubuciko obuhambisanayo
Imidwebo ye-Villaseñor, ngaphezu kwezinto, injalo ubukhona obugcina inkampaniImidwebo yakhe ithwebula incithakalo yasemadolobheni—izindonga ezixebukayo, amehlo angabonakali, izidumbu eziwayo—futhi igqokise ijazi lesintu. Umsebenzi awuyona induduzo eshibhile: uyisikhumbuzo sokuthi umhlaba uyikhaya elihlala abantu uma umuntu ebheka futhi eqamba ngothando.
UJosé Manuel Rodríguez Delgado: Ubuchopho Nokuziphatha
Ingqalabutho ye-neurostimulation ibonise ukuthi isayensi ingahamba ibanga elingakanani ekulungiseni ukuziphatha kwezilwane ngama-microelectrodes. Imibuzo yesimilo mikhuluInkululeko yomuntu siqu, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi, ukulawula komphakathi. Ukuzethemba kwabo, ngaphandle kwe-naiveté, kusekelwe emkhathizwe "we-psycho-civilized" lapho ulwazi lusebenza ngokusinakekela kangcono, hhayi ukusibusa.
UFederico Sopeña: ukwenza nokucula iqiniso
USopeña uhlobanisa umculo nemfundiso yenkolo nombono ocacile: ukwenza okuhle “ukwenza iqiniso” (veritatem agere), nasemculweni, hlabelelani (i-veritatem canere). Ephrofayilini yakhe, inhliziyo nobuhlakani akuphikisani: kufaka phakathi futhi kunothisa omunye. Ukubhala ngomculo, kuye, kuwumsebenzi kanye nomgubho weqiniso, ngisho nalapho livela ethunzini.
Luis S. Granjel: Umlando Wezokwelapha Namagugu
Umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, Umlando Wemithi YaseSpain, ugcwalisa isikhala esinamakhulu eminyaka futhi uvumela odokotela nezazi-mlando. wazi isiko labo ngokujulileNgaphezu kwalokho, wengamela ukubuyiselwa kweSigodlo saseFonseca—kuhlanganise negceke laso nesonto—isenzo esihlanganisa ukucwaninga, ukufundisa, nokugcinwa kwefa likaSalamanca.
U-Néstor Luján: ngokumelene "ne-vampirism" yakudala
Isexwayiso sika-Luján sihlala sisebenza: asikwazi ukusebenzisa amagama ahloniphekile njengokuthi "Ilanga" ukuze senze ama-ajenda abe semthethweni ngokusika umlando wawo oyinkimbinkimbi. Phakathi ubungcwele, ukuncoma okuqotho, kanye ne-vampirismInketho yesibili ingcono kakhulu. Okufanayo kusebenza ku-Machado: ukungcweliswa okukhethiwe noma ukuzikhohlwa; ukufunda okuphelele nokuthanda iqiniso kungcono.
UMiguel Delibes: UCayo noVíctor, izindlela ezimbili zokuhlenga
Ivoti likaMnu. Cayo eliphikisayo liqhathanisa umlando wangaphakathi—ukuxhumana okuqondile nemvelo—nomfutho wesimanje wezombangazwe. I-Cayo ayiyona imvelo engathintwa; uphila inkumbulo. UVictor uyanikela umfutho womlandoUkufundwa kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlengwa kuzalwa ekuhlanganisweni kwakho kokubili: izimpande ezifunda ngekusasa kanye nepolitiki engahlukani nomhlaba.
U-Elena Quiroga: ukujula kwamanje
I-Deep Present ihlola amazwe amathathu endabuko—izwe nolimi, isikhathi nobulili—kwabesifazane abathathu: uDaría, uBlanca, noMarta. Phakathi kwe-melancholy, lucidity, nokulangazelela, isiqiniseko esingaxazululi siyabamba: "Namuhla" inesisindo esengeziwe uma "kusasa"Isikhathi samanje siba sijule uma usigqolozele, noma sibuhlungu.
UFernando Lázaro: Quevedo kanye nokusho kwegama
I-philology kaLázaro ikhanyisa ilabhorethri yamazwi kaQuevedo: igama eliqondile libuyisela ukunemba kwezinto, kodwa futhi. Ulimi luyakhohlisa futhi luvezeE-Quevedo, umdlalo uyisikhali kanye kwalasha. Isimemo sihlala sivulekile sokuqhubeka nokujula emavesini akhe ajulile.
UJosé María Valverde y Azorín: okufanayo, ngenye indlela
Phakathi kwensizwa yoMuntu kaNkulunkulu kanye nombhali ovuthiwe kukhona a idem sed aliterIndoda efanayo, yashintsha. U-Valverde ubheka e-Azorín ukuze acabange ngesikhathi, indida, ithemba, kanye nokuhlakazeka kwengqondo. Isifiso sokubuyisela sishaya ngaphakathi kuye: ukubhala nokucabanga ngezimpande zakhe ziqinile.
UFederico Mayor: ithemba elisebenzayo
UMeya uhlongoza “ukulinda okusebenzayo” okubiza ama-agnostic, ama-Marxists, kanye namaKrestu ukuthi abambisane nesimiso sokuziphatha esivamile: inkululeko, umsebenzi, isiko, isayensi, ukubeka izinto obala, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nolwaziUhlelo lokuhlala esikhathini esizayo ngaphandle kwe-naiveté, amehlo ethu kubantu abasha futhi izinyawo zethu ziphansi.
UJosé María Javierre: ubuso beSpain obubonwa eMelika
Phakathi kwe-Hispanism evikelayo, leyo yokungavumelani, nalokho okulindelekile, lokhu okulandelayo kuyaphumelela: ILatin America ifuna iSpain ngempumelelo, fair futhi creativeKuzodingeka ukuthi kubuyekezwe imikhuba egxilile, kuqinise isiko lomphakathi, nokuphatha ngokulinganisela, ngaphandle kokudela umusa.
U-Antoni Cumella: inkhulumomphendvulwano nendaba
Izitsha zobumba zikaCumella zisihlanganisa nesikhathi—isiko elicwengisisiwe—kanye neqiniso. Izitsha zabo, ama-plaque, kanye nemidwebo yasendongeni kufakazela ukuba khona ngenkathi futhi Bamema inkhulumomphendvulwano"Ngikhona, ncika kimi; kodwa ngitshele lokho okubonayo." Ifomu linikeza ukuphumula endabeni; ukubuka, incazelo.
U-Agustín Albarracín: ukubonga kanye nomsebenzi owenziwe kahle
Umxhumanisi obalulekile we-Universal History of Choral Medicine, wayengumxhumanisi homo intra machinam lokho kwenza umsebenzi we-titanic umsebenzi. Ukubonga, okuqondwa kangcono njengomona ofana ne-Pygmalion onempilo—ngidinga okungaphezu kwalokho engingifanele—kunokuthi i-narcissism, ibona ku-Albarracín ukuhlakanipha, ukuzola, kanye nokubhuqa okuhle okusiza umuntu aphile.
Izinsiza nokufunda okunconyiwe
Ukuze unwebe kumongo futhi ujule emigqeni ethile yale ndwangu yamasiko, kungaboniswana nalezi zinto, ziphelelisane ngemibono yomunye nomunye kwezobuciko, umlando kanye nomcabango:
- Idokhumenti eyisethenjwa kumnyuziyamu nobuciko
- Ithisisi yezemfundo enohlaka olubanzi lwetiyori
- Inhlanganisela ebalulekile ekufinyeleleni okuvulekile
- Umbhalo ovela kuSisekelo onokuhlaziya komlando namasiko
- Umnikelo wedokhumentari kunkumbulo kanye nendawo
Icala laseDufy e-Collioure, nomphakathi njengamandla awo, Ifundisa okuthile okukhulu kunokuthola nje.Lapho umphakathi wendawo uthatha ngokuthi ubuciko buyindlela yokuphila, imnyuziyamu iba kokubili ikhaya kanye nesigcawu somphakathi; itheku, isibuko sesibhakabhaka; noseyili—okaseyili nowabantu—bahlala bephakanyisiwe ukuze ubuqiniso bungafihli.