Ingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka edlule, i Novemba 2 we-2000Ngo-[idethi elahlekile], i-hatch yezisebenzi zesikhathi eside ku-International Space Station (ISS) yavulwa okokuqala ngqa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ubukhona bomuntu kule labhorethri ye-orbital bekulokhu ngaphandle kokuphazamisekaukuhlanganisa iphrojekthi enezinhlaka ezihlangene namazwe naphezu kokushuba kwesimo eMhlabeni.
Ngenkathi kukhunjulwa lesi sikhumbuzo, i-NASA ilungiselela ukuhoxiswa okulawulwayo ekuqaleni kuka-2031 futhi ivula indlela yeziteshi zentengiso. I-Europe—ne-ESA kanye nomnikelo obalulekile wase-Italy kumamojula okuhlalwa kuwo—ibe khona futhi isazoqhubeka nokuba khona isiqeshana sokhiye kulesi sigaba soguquko.
Iqembu elihlala njalo kusukela ngo-2000
Uhambo lokuqala lwaluhlanganisa UBill Shepherd (USA) kanye nama-cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev y Yuri Gidzenko, owafika ngomkhumbi i-Soyuz, ingxenye ye- uhlelo lwe-soviet spacefuthi wahlala eduze izinyanga ezinhlanu (izinsuku eziyi-136)Leso siqalo, esiteshini esisashubile, saqala ukusebenzisana okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Kusukela lapho, ngokwezibalo ze-NASA, badlule ku-ISS cishe abantu abangama-290 abavela emazweni angama-26namaqembu amanje ahlanganisa i-United States, i-Russia, i-Japan, nozakwethu base-Europe. Ukubambisana phakathi kwama-ejensi-NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, kanye ne-CSA-kuyaqhubeka. ukusebenza kanye noketshezi ezingeni lobuchwepheshe.
Orbital tourism yangena enkathini entsha lapho UDennis Titus Wazikhokhela uhambo lwakhe ngo-2001. I-Russia yaqhubeka nokuthatha amakhasimende azimele, futhi phakathi neminyaka i-NASA nayo iwajoyine. abasebenzi bezentengiselwano abagunyaziwe ukuhlala isikhashana. Umakadebona Peggy Whitson, ongowesifazane wokuqala ukukhuza lesi siteshi eminyakeni edlule, usanda kuhola imisebenzi yangasese.
Indima yaseYurophu iye yaba yinto ephawulekayo: ingxenye enkulu yamamojula acindezelwe ayenjalo Zakhiwe e-Italy. nosomkhathi bathanda Umberto Guidoni, Roberto Vittori, Paolo Nespoli, Luca Parmitano o USamantha Cristoforetti Sebephenduke izilinganiso. ISpain, njengezwe eliyilungu le-ESA, ibamba iqhaza izinhlelo kanye nemithwalo ekhokhelwayo kanye nezisekelo Osomkhathi baseSpain ngaphakathi kohlaka lwaseYurophu.
Ukuphila ebhodini: isimiso, ukuzivocavoca kanye nezikhathi zomuntu
Isiteshi asisekho ekubeni yindawo kumnyama futhi kumanzi Ekuqaleni kwayo, yayiyinkimbinkimbi elingana nenkundla yebhola enamalabhorethri amaningi. Namuhla kunjalo Iwindi le-panoramic (I-Dome) ngokubuka Umhlaba kanye nefoni ene-inthanethi ukuze umuntu azisebenzisele yona, kangangokuthi abaningi bayichaza ngokuthi cishe “a ihhotela lezinkanyezi ezine"emzileni."
Ukuze uhlale unempilo ku-microgravity, izisebenzi ziziqeqesha nxazonke amahora amabili ngosukuBasebenzisa imishini efana ne- ARED (ukumelana ngaphandle kwezisindo), i-treadmill T2 ngamahhanisi kanye nebhayisikili CEVISNgaphandle kwamandla adonsela phansi, umzimba ilahlekelwa isisindo samathambo — cishe. eyodwa 1% ngenyanga- futhi ukuzivocavoca kubaluleke kakhulu.
Akukhona konke mayelana nokunethezeka: akusekho ishawa noma ilondolo Ebhodini, kusetshenziswa izipantshi zokugeza futhi izingubo ezingcolile ziyalahlwa. Ama-greenhouse anikeze umbala nokudla ngokulima upelepele kanye ne-zinniasBaze bahlola umshini we-espresso kanye nohhavini wekhukhi omncane.
I-ISS iphinde yenze indawo yesiko nokuthinta okungokomfanekiso. OwaseCanada UChris Hadfield Wayedlala umculo edome, kanye nebhola elinomlando—oxhumene ne Challenger- indandatho njengesikhumbuzo nesipho. Azikho izinselelo zokudlala ezingashodayo, ezihlale zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yezokuphepha.
Impilo yomuntu siqu nayo ayimi: kuyo yonke le minyaka, eminye izimboni sebeshadile noma sebengabazali ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwabo. Phakathi kwazo, UMike Finke Wathola ukuzalwa kwendodana ngenkathi ezungeza Umhlaba.
Isayensi ku-microgravity
Okulandelayo kwenziwe ku-ISS izinkulungwane zokuhlolwa lokho bekungeke kwenzeke phansi: isayensi yezinto zokwakha, i-biology, i-physiology yomuntu, i-fluid physics, nokuningi. I-Europe isekele amaphrojekthi amaningi elabhorethri yaseColumbus kanye namarack okwabelwana ngawo, nge imiphumela esebenzayo ezempilo, izimboni kanye nemvelo.
Umuthi ku-orbit uthathe izinyathelo zokuqala, ezifana nokuxilonga okukude nokwelashwa kwe-a ihlule legazi emthanjeni we-jugular kasomkhathi, eqashwe kusukela eMhlabeni kuze kube ukubuya kwawo okuphephile. Lawa macala aphelele Izivumelwano zomtholampilo ohambweni lwesikhathi eside lwesikhathi esizayo.
Phakathi kweziqophamlando, okulandelayo kuyagqama: isifundo sesibili kusuka ku-NASA, kuqhathanisa ngaphezu konyaka ukulungiswa kwe UScott kelly emzileni nomfowabo Mark emhlabeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- i-spectrometer yezinhlayiyana Kufakwe nge-shuttle, kwandise ububanzi be-high-energy physics futhi iyaqhubeka nokubuyekezwa.
Izigameko, ukugcinwa nokuguga kwesiteshi
Ukusebenza akukaze kube yinjwayelo. Phakathi kwezithiyo ezimbi kakhulu yilezi eduze nokuminza kasomkhathi ngesikhathi sohambo lwasemkhathini, i ukulahlekelwa ukulawula okwesikhashana ngemuva kokuhlangana, kuncane imifantu nokuvuza emoyeni kanye nosongo olukhulayo lwe okungenamsoco wesikhala, okuphoqelela amasu okugwema.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imisebe kanye ama-micrometeorites Bathatha imali eningi ezintweni futhi bandise nezidingo zokunakekela. Imisebenzi ye-Extravehicular (EVA) ibe yisisekelo ekuhlanganiseni, ekulungiseni, nasekuthuthukiseni inkimbinkimbi, umzamo oqhubekayo lapho ozakwethu—okuhlanganisa Europa- banikele ngolwazi kanye nehadiwe.
Ukushintshela emkhakheni ozimele kanye neqhaza laseYurophu
I-NASA inikeze i-SpaceX inkontilaki yedivayisi yokukhipha uwoyela, ngenani eliseduze amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe indawo iqalaUhlelo lubandakanya ukunamathisela imoto esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuqondisa isiteshi ku- ukungena kabusha okulawulwayo phezu kwePacific ngasekuqaleni kuka-2031, ukugwema ukushiya imfucumfucu ku-orbit.
Ngokuhambisanayo, Isikhala se-Axiom izonamathisela a module okuzothi, ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-ISS, ihlukanise ukuze ibe umnyombo wesiteshi sokuhweba. Ezinye izinkampani zithuthukisa imiqondo yazo, kuyilapho Crew Dragon Ithathe indawo ye-shuttle ngo-2020 kanye ne- Soyuz Bayaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokushintshana kanye nempahla.
I-Europe ifisa ukulondoloza ubukhona bomuntu obuqhubekayo emzileni ophansi woMhlaba: ulwazi lwezimboni—ikakhulukazi e- Amamojula ase-Italy- kanye nefa le I-ATV yaseYurophuKanye nelabhorethri yaseColumbus, babeka i-ESA njengozakwethu ofanelekile kulo mnotho omusha we-orbital, ngezinketho zamathuluzi, izinsiza kanye nengqalasizinda yesikhathi esizayo.
Ingxenye yesine yekhulu ngemva kokufika kwe-Expedition 1, i-ISS ifanekisela ukubambisana, ukusebenzisa isayensi, nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Phakathi izenzakalo zesayensiNgokuphila okuyingqayizivele kwansuku zonke kanye nokuthatha umhlalaphansi okuhleliwe, iphrojekthi ibeke isisekelo sesigaba esilandelayo: iziteshi zentengiso, ohambweni lwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokulungela kwezobuchwepheshe ukuhamba. kude, ngaseNyangeni naseMars.