Uma sikhuluma ngeLatin America sikhuluma ngesifunda esikhulu nesihlukahlukene esigcwele ukungafani. Kusukela eziqongweni ze-Andes ezineqhwa kuya ehlathini lemvula lase-Amazon, sidlula emadolobheni amakhulu nasezindaweni zezolimo ezingenamkhawulo, lesi sikhala se- Izwekazi laseMelika ihlanganisa umlando ohlanganisa izinkulungwane zeminyaka, isiko eliphilayo, kanye nesisindo esikhulu sabantu kanye nezomnotho ezweni lanamuhla.
Nakuba “iLatin America” ivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye, iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalelo gama, amazwe anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, amazinga entuthuko, izinhlelo zezombusazwe, kanye namaqiniso ezenhlalo ahlala ndawonye. Lokho ababelana ngakho yisikhathi sobukoloni esixhunywe emibusweni yaseYurophu kanye nokusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezilimi ezithathwe esiLatinini, okuye kwabangela ubuwena obuhlukile baseLatin America, obunezici ezifanayo kodwa futhi obunezici eziningi ezihlukile.
Iyini iLatin America futhi kungani ibizwa kanjalo?
Uma sikhuluma ngeLatin America, sibhekisela esifundeni esikhulu sezwekazi laseMelika lapho izilimi ezisemthethweni zithathwe khona esiLatinini. Okusho ukuthi, lawa amazwe lapho kukhulunywa khona isiLatini. ikakhulukazi iSpanishi, isiPutukezi noma isiFulentshi njengezilimi okubhekiselwa kuzoLe ncazelo imayelana namasiko kanye nolimi, kanye nendawo.
Izwekazi laseMelika lingelesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, futhi ngaphakathi kwalo, isifunda saseLatin America sakhiwe amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amabili aqashelwa kanjalo. Ngomqondo oqinile, kuvame ukuthiwa iLatin America yakhiwe Amazwe angama-20 azimele lapho ulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu kuyiSpanishi noma isiPutukezi, kanti ngezinga elincane isiFulentshiNgaphezu kwalokho, kunezindawo ezithile ezinesikhundla esikhethekile, njengePuerto Rico maqondana ne-United States.
Empeleni, iningi labantu baseLatin America likhuluma iSpanishi. Izwe elilodwa kuphela elinesiPutukezi njengolimi lwalo olusemthethweni nolusetshenziswa kakhulu (iBrazil), kanti elinye lamazwe avame ukufakwa esifundeni, iHaiti, lihlanganisa isiFulentshi njengolimi olusemthethweni kanye nesiCreole saseHaiti. Ngakho-ke, lapho abantu bekhuluma “ngesiLatino,” ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezifana ne-United States, bavame ukubhekisela ku abantu abadabuka eHispanic noma eLatin America, kungaba ngokuzalwa noma ngozalo.
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva, cishe [inani] labantu bahlala kule ndawo enkulu. Izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-650, okumele cishe u-8% wabantu bomhlabaLeli nani elikhulu labantu lisakazeke ezindaweni ezingalingani kakhulu: amanye amazwe anezindawo ezinkulu kanye nobuningi babantu obuphansi, kanti amanye mancane kodwa anabantu abaningi ngendlela engavamile.
Umsuka womlando: kusukela emasikweni angaphambi kweColumbian kuya ekuzimeleni
Umlando waseLatin America uqala kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaqembu okuqala abantu afika kuleli zwekazi ngaphezu Iminyaka eyi-13.000, okwadala ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu kanye nemiphakathi enezilimi, amasiko kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlangano, esikwaziyo namuhla ngokuthi amasiko wangaphambi kweColombia.
Phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu yangaphambi kweColumbian, uMbuso wama-Inca uvelele esifundeni sase-Andean, ngesimiso sezombusazwe nesemigwaqo esiyinkimbinkimbi esasixhumanisa ingxenye enkulu yePeru yanamuhla, iBolivia, i-Ecuador, iChile, ne-Argentina. EMesoamerica, izimpucuko ezilandelayo zazivelele: Abantu baseMaya kanye nama-Aztec (noma iMexico), asakazeka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweMexico, iGuatemala neHonduras namuhla, phakathi kwezinye izindawo ezingomakhelwane.
Eceleni kwale mibuso emikhulu, kwakukhona nezinye izizwe eziningi zomdabu ezazisakazeke kulo lonke izwekazi. Imiphakathi efana nama-Aymara eBolivia, amaQuechua ePeru, namaWayuu ezingxenyeni zeVenezuela neColombia yanamuhla, ukubala izibonelo ezimbalwa nje, igcinwe, ngaphezu kwamanye amasiko afana nama- AmaMapuches eningizimu, izilimi zabo, izinkolelo kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi ngisho naphezu kokuthuthuka kwamakoloni.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 kwaqala inkathi eyayizoshintsha kakhulu lesi sifunda: ukufika kwabakoloni baseYurophu. Kwaqala abaseSpain namaPutukezi, kamuva bajoyinwa amaFulentshi eziqhingini ezithile zaseCaribbean. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, ingxenye enkulu yendawo yaseLatin America yahlala ingaphansi kolawulo lwabo. imibuso yamakoloni eyayisebenzisa kabi imithombo yemvelo kanye nabasebenzi bendawo.
Umphumela wokunqoba wawunonya. Abantu bomdabu bahlushwa izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, izimpi, ukuphoqelelwa ukusebenza, kanye nokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba ngezigqila ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic kwaletha izigidi zabantu abavela e-Afrika, abaphoqeleka ukusebenza emasimini, ezimayini nasemapulazini. Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa okuphoqelelwe kwabaseYurophu, abantu bomdabu, kanye nabantu base-Afrika kwavela Ubunikazi obusha bobuzwe namasiko, njengobunikazi be-mestizaje kanye ne-mulatto, obuyisici esibalulekile sobunikazi baseLatin America namuhla.
Ukuhlukana okuqinisekile namadolobha amakhulu aseYurophu kwaqala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 futhi kwashesha phakathi nekhulu le-19. Kuphefumulelwe yiziNguquko zaseMelika nezaseFrance kanye nemibono yokuKhanyiselwa, izinhlangano ezahlukene zokuzimela zaqala ukuphonsela inselelo ukubusa kwamakoloni. Abantu abanjengo USimón Bolívar, uJosé de San Martín, uMiguel Hidalgo noma uJosé Matías Delgado Badlale indima ebalulekile kuleyo nqubo.
IHaiti yayiyiphayona: ngo-1804 yaba yiriphabhulikhi yokuqala eNsundu ezimele emhlabeni, ngemuva komzabalazo onzima neFrance. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yekhulu le-19, ezinye izindawo ezilawulwa yiSpain nePortugal kuleli zwekazi zamemezela ukuzimela kwazo, zahlanganisa amazwe aseLatin America amanje ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka ezimpi, ukulungiswa kwemingcele kanye nezingxabano zangaphakathi.
Ukwandiswa kwendawo kanye nenani labantu eLatin America
Uma sihlanganisa indawo engaphezulu yawo wonke amazwe abhekwa njengengxenye yeLatin America, sizokwazi ukuthola indawo Indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-19,5Lokho kumelela cishe u-13,2% womhlaba wonke weplanethi, okunikeza umbono wobukhulu besifunda.
Inani labantu lilonke licishe libe Izakhamuzi eziyizigidi ezingu-650, kanye nobuningi obuphakathi kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-33 ngekhilomitha lesikweleKodwa-ke, lokhu kuxinana kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngendawo: amadolobha amakhulu aseLatin America ahlanganisa izigidi zabantu ezindaweni ezincane, kuyilapho kunezindawo ezingenalutho cishe.
Emadolobheni afana ne-Mexico City, i-São Paulo, i-Lima, i-Bogotá, noma i-Buenos Aires, ukuminyana kwamadolobha kuya phezulu, izindawo ezinkulu zamadolobha ezihlanganisa imisebenzi ephezulu yezomnotho, yezepolitiki kanye neyezamasikoNgakolunye uhlangothi, izifunda ezifana ne-Amazon noma i-Altiplano yase-Andean (emazweni afana neChile, i-Argentina noma iBolivia) zinabantu abambalwa kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bazo kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iLatin America iyisifunda esicebile kakhulu ngezinsizakusebenza: iqukethe cishe ingxenye yesihlanu ye amahlathi omhlaba kanye cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemithombo yamanzi ahlanzekile yeplanethiFuthi ine-12% yomhlabathi wokulima emhlabeni, okwenza lesi sifunda sibe ngumdlali obalulekile ekukhiqizweni kokudla nezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ngokombono wabantu, inani labantu baseLatin America lihluke kakhulu ngokwemvelaphi: bahlala ndawonye abantu bomdabu, inzalo yabaseYurophu, inzalo yama-Afrika, ama-mestizo, ama-mulatto, kanye nemiphakathi evela e-Asia (ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neBrazil, iPeru noma iMexico), okudala imiphakathi ephawuleka ngokuhlanganisa amasiko.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki kanye nama-bloc esifunda
ILatin America yakhiwe ngamazwe azimele acishe abe ngamashumi amabili aqashelwa emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokusekelwe endaweni yawo kuleli zwekazi, angahlukaniswa kanje: izwe elilodwa eNyakatho Melika, amaningana eMelika Ephakathi naseCaribbean, kanye nenani elikhulu eNingizimu Melika.
Enyakatho ekude, ngaphakathi kwesifunda saseNyakatho Melika, kukhona I-Méxicookusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezwe laseLatin America kanye nelase-Anglo-Saxon. Isifunda saseMelika Ephakathi kanye nesaseCaribbean sihlanganisa Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua kanye nePanamakonke ngezilimi ezisemthethweni ezithathwe esiLatinini kanye nobudlelwano bomlando neSpain noma iFrance.
ENingizimu Melika sithola I-Argentina, iBolivia, iBrazil, iChile, iColombia, i-Ecuador, iParaguay, iPeru, i-Uruguay kanye neVenezuelaLawa mazwe abelana, ngezinye izinto ezihlukile, ngomlando wobukoloni waseSpain (ngaphandle kweBrazil, enefa lasePortugal) kanye nobudlelwano besifunda obuxhumene kakhulu kwezomnotho, ezepolitiki kanye namasiko.
Lolu hlu luvame ukungezwa E-Puerto Ricookuyicala elikhethekile. Liyi-Commonwealth yase-United States, elingafakwanga njengombuso wobumbano. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhamuzi zayo zinobuzwe base-US, zisebenzisa idola njengemali yazo esemthethweni, futhi zingaphansi kwemithetho yobumbano ezindaweni ezithile. Noma kunjalo, banayo uhulumeni wawo oholwa ngumbusi okhethwe ngevoti labantukuyilapho ukuzivikela, inqubomgomo yokufuduka kanye nokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kuncike ngqo eWashington.
Zonke izifundazwe ezizimele esifundeni zinokumelwa okugcwele ku- IZizwe Ezihlangene (UN)Ngaphezu kwalokho, iLatin America ivelele ngokuba khona kwama-bloc ahlukahlukene kanye nezindlela zokuhlanganisa izifunda ezifuna ukuxhumanisa ezomnotho, ezohwebo kanye, kwezinye izimo, nezinqubomgomo zangaphandle.
Phakathi kwaziwa kakhulu yi- I-Mercosur (i-Southern Common Market), eyakhiwa yi-Argentina, iBrazil, i-Uruguay, iParaguay, kanye neVenezuela, ehlose ukunyakaza ngokukhululeka kwezimpahla, izinsizakalo, kanye nezici zokukhiqiza phakathi kwamalungu ayo. EMelika Ephakathi, i- Uhlelo Lokuhlanganisa lwaseMelika Ephakathi (i-SICA) Ihlanganisa amazwe afana neCosta Rica, i-El Salvador, iGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua kanye nePanama, ihlanganisa amaphrojekthi ezindaweni zentuthuko, ezokuphepha kanye nokubambisana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ogwini lwasePacific, I-Pacific AllianceLe nhlangano, eyakhiwe yiChile, iColombia, iPeru, neMexico, igxile ekuhlanganisweni okujulile komnotho, ukukhululeka kwezohwebo, kanye nokwanda okuhlangene esifundeni sase-Asia-Pacific, esinye sezindawo zokuhweba ezishintshashintsha kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umnotho waseLatin America: Izinsizakusebenza, Izimboni kanye Nezokuvakasha
Umnotho waseLatin America ubonakala ngokutholakala okukhulu kwemithombo yemvelo. Empumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, amathafa amakhulu namathafa avumela ezolimo ezinkulu kanye nokulima imfuyoLezi zindawo zihloselwe kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izifunda eziningi zinezinsalela ezinkulu zama-hydrocarbon, okuye kwakhulisa ukukhishwa kukawoyela negesi.
Izintaba, ikakhulukazi i-Andes, zaziwa ngemithombo yazo yezimbiwa. Amazwe afana neChile, iPeru, neBolivia ayazi ukuthi izinqolobane ezinkulu zamaminerali njengethusi, isiliva, i-lithium noma i-tinokuyisisekelo embonini yomhlaba wonke. Eqinisweni, iChile ingenye yabakhiqizi nabathumeli bethusi abakhulu emhlabeni, kuyilapho lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-lithium triangle" (i-Argentina, iBolivia, neChile) kudlala indima ebalulekile ekushintsheni kwamandla nasekukhiqizweni kwamabhethri.
IBrazil ne-Argentina, ngokwazo, ziphakathi kwabakhiqizi abakhulu nabathumela kwamanye amazwe ubhontshisi kanye nezinye izitshalo ezikhula kabanziIVenezuela, yize idlule ezinkingeni ezinkulu zomnotho nezepolitiki, isalokhu ingenye yamazwe anemithombo kawoyela emikhulu kakhulu eqinisekisiwe emhlabeni, okuchaza isisindo sayo sendabuko ezimakethe zamandla zomhlaba wonke.
Emkhakheni wezimboni, umkhakha wesibili ubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho eziningana zaseLatin America. IMexico, iBrazil, ne-Argentina zigxile engxenyeni enkulu yomkhakha wokukhiqiza wesifunda, ngamagatsha abaluleke njenge... izimboni zezimoto, izindwangu, amakhemikhali kaphethiloli kanye nokudla neziphuzoUkusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nomkhakha wedijithali, oqhutshwa yi amanyuvesi aseMelikaZikhule kakhulu futhi emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ikakhulukazi eBrazil nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu.
Umkhakha wezinsizakalo usuthuthukile, kanti ukuhweba, ezezimali, ezokuthutha kanye nokuxhumana yizinsika zawo. Ngaphakathi kwalo mkhakha, Ezokuvakasha ziwumthombo obalulekile wemali yangaphandle emazweni amaningiIzindawo ezihlala ilanga nolwandle njengeMexico Caribbean, iDominican Republic, kanye neCuba zithola izigidi zezivakashi minyaka yonke. Kunjalo nangezindawo eziyigugu zemivubukulo, njengemizi yasendulo yamaMaya eGuatemala naseHonduras, noma izithonjana ezidumile emhlabeni wonke njengeMachu Picchu ePeru.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kunezindawo zemvelo, izindawo zokugcina izinto eziphilayo, kanye namadolobha angokomlando aheha abahambi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba. Sekukonke, umnotho waseLatin America uhlanganisa imisebenzi eyinhloko enamandla kakhulu, ukuthuthukisa imikhakha yezimboni kanye nokwandisa ezokuvakashaKodwa-ke, iphinde ihlushwe yizinkinga zesakhiwo ezifana nokungalingani, ukuqashwa okungakahleleki, kanye nokuthembela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zalezi zindawo zigcina izindawo zokuhlala ezibuthakathaka lapho kuye kwatholakala khona izinto zesayensi zakamuva, njengokutholakala kohlobo olusha lwexoxo elingilazi endaweni yokugcina izilwane, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokulondoloza imvelo yethu. amapaki wemvelo.
Isiko, izilimi kanye nezinkolo eLatin America
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zaseLatin America ukuceba kwamasiko aso amakhulu. Lesi sifunda siwumphumela wokuhlangana—ngezinye izikhathi okunobudlova, ngezinye izikhathi okuhamba kancane—phakathi abantu bomdabu, amakoloni aseYurophu, kanye nabantu base-Afrika abagqilaziweEzikhathini zamuva nje, kuye kwanezelwa abokufika abavela ezizindeni ezihlukene kakhulu.
Emkhakheni wezilimi, izilimi ezivelele yilezi ISpanishi nesiPutukeziIsiSpanishi siwulimi olusemthethweni emazweni amaningi aseLatin America, kanti isiPutukezi sikhulunywa cishe eBrazil kuphela. Kodwa-ke, njengoba iBrazil iyizwe elinabantu abaningi kakhulu esifundeni, inani labakhuluma isiPutukezi licishe lifane nelabakhuluma isiSpanishi.
EHaiti, isiFulentshi singolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni, esabelana ngaleso simo nesiCreole saseHaiti. Ngaphandle kwezilimi zaseYurophu, ezinye izilimi ziyaqhubeka. Izilimi zomdabu ezingaphezu kuka-300 ezisetshenziswayo, ezikhulunywa yizigidi zabantu emazweni ahlukene. IsiQuechua, isi-Aymara, isiGuarani kanye nezinye izilimi eziningi zomdabu zisatholakala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasemiphakathini yabomdabu.
Ngokuphathelene nenkolo, ubuKristu ngokusobala buyinkolo eningi. Isiko lamaKatolika linezimpande zomlando ezijulile, ezizuzwe njengefa ekoloni laseSpain nasePortugal. Nokho, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kube nokukhula okunamandla [okungacacile - mhlawumbe "okungewona amaKristu" noma "okungewona amaKristu"] Amasonto amaProthestani kanye nevangeli, abonakala kakhulu emazweni afana neBrazilIGuatemala noma eminye imikhakha yaseMexico naseMelika Ephakathi.
Kukhona nemiphakathi yamaJuda namaSulumane, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu nakwamanye amazwe anezinga eliphezulu lokufuduka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwekazi, bayaqhubeka Izinkolo zama-Afrika aseMelika kanye nezinkolo ezihambisanayoLezi zinkolo zihlanganisa izinto zobuKristu namasiko ase-Afrika kanye nemikhuba yendawo. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi iCandomblé eBrazil kanye neSantería eCuba, zombili ezizalwa ngenxa yokumelana kwamasiko kwabantu base-Afrika abalethwa njengezigqila.
Impilo yamasiko yaseLatin America ivezwa ekukhiqizweni okukhulu kobuciko kanye nokubhala kanye nasezincwadini Ubuciko baseLatin AmericaKusukela ebufakazini bomlingo ezincwadini kuya kumafilimu, umculo odumile (i-samba, i-tango, i-salsa, i-reggaeton, i-son, i-cumbia, njll.) kanye nobuciko obubonakalayo. Konke lokhu kubonisa ubuwena obuhlala bukhona, obunethonya lomhlaba wonke kodwa obunezimpande ezijulile emlandweni nasekuhlukeni kwesifunda.
Amazwe amakhulu aseLatin America kanye nezici zawo
Nakuba izwe ngalinye linezimpawu zalo, kubalulekile ukubukeza kafushane amaqiniso ayisisekelo mayelana nezifundazwe ezakha iLatin America. Iningi lazo likhuluma iSpanishi njengolimi lwazo olusemthethweni kanye nokuzimela kwamuva nje emandleni obukoloni aseYurophu, ngaphandle kweBrazil neHaiti, okwakuyikoloni lasePortugal neFrance, ngokulandelana.
Argentina I-Argentina iyizwe elikhuluma iSpanishi elitholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. Yayiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1816 futhi manje ihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingu-23. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiBuenos Aires, futhi inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-45. Indawo yase-Argentina isukela ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezifundeni zasePatagonian, okwenza kube nokwehlukahluka okukhulu kwezimo zezulu kanye nomkhiqizo wezolimo.
Bolivia Itholakala enkabeni yeNingizimu Melika, iBolivia ivaliwe. Inezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11 kanye namasiko abomdabu acebile. Nakuba iSpanishi sikhulunywa kabanzi, izilimi ezifana nesiQuechua nesi-Aymara nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile. Inhloko-dolobha yomthethosisekelo yiSucre, kodwa isihlalo sikahulumeni siseLa Paz, okwenza iBolivia ibe ngeyodwa ngokuba namadolobha amabili amakhulu emisebenzi kahulumeni.
Brasil IBrazil iyizwe elikhulu lesifunda ngobukhulu kanye nenani labantu. Itholakala empumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, ihlanganisa cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-8,5, okwenza kube yizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke kuleli zwekazi. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiBrasília, kanti ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni isiPutukezi, okuwukubonakaliswa kwesikhathi sayo esidlule njengekoloni lasePortugal kwaze kwaba ngu-1824. Njengoba inezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-210, inezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangalisayo kanye nengxenye enkulu yehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, elinye lezindawo zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
ChileIChile, izwe elikhuluma iSpanishi, inwebeka njengomugqa omude ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Yayiyikoloni yaseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1818 futhi manje ihlelwe ngezifunda ezingu-16. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiSantiago, futhi izwe lihlukaniswa ngogu lwalo olude lwasePacific kanye nokuba khona njalo kwezintaba zase-Andes, ezisebenza njengesithiyo semvelo ne-Argentina futhi zithonya isimo sezulu sayo kanye nendawo yayo.
Colombia Itholakala enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika futhi inogu lolwandle oLwandlekazi iPacific kanye noLwandle lwaseCaribbean. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiBogotá, futhi izwe lihlukaniswe ngamagatsha angu-32. Linabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 futhi lathola inkululeko yalo eSpain ngo-1819. Leli zwe laziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwalo kwemvelo kanye namasiko, elinamahlathi emvula, izintaba, namathafa asekela izinhlobo eziningi zemvelo.
Costa Rica Itholakala eMelika Ephakathi, inokufinyelela kokubili oLwandlekazini iPacific kanye noLwandle lwaseCaribbean. Yayeka ukuba yikoloni laseSpain ngo-1821 futhi manje ihlukaniswe yaba izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa, enabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiSan José. Yaziwa kakhulu ngokuzibophezela kwayo ekuthuleni (ayikaze ibe nebutho kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20) kanye nokuvikela kwayo imvelo, okwenza ibe yindawo ehamba phambili yezokuvakasha kwezemvelo.
CubaICuba, isiqhingi saseCaribbean esifanekisela izwe, ihlelwe ngezifundazwe ezingu-15 futhi inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-11. Inhloko-dolobha yiHavana, kanti ulimi olusemthethweni yiSpanishi, ifa lesikhathi sayo sakudala sobukoloni baseSpain kuze kube ngu-1898. Umlando wayo wakamuva uphawulwa yinguquko yango-1959, ukuvalwa kwe-US, kanye nohlelo lwezepolitiki lwama-socialist olunesikhathi eside lukhona.
Ecuador Itholakala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Inhloko-dolobha yayo, iQuito, inendawo egqamile neGuayaquil njengesikhungo esikhulu sezomnotho. Leli zwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingu-24 futhi linabahlali ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-17. IsiSpanishi siwulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu, okubonisa isimo salo njengekoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1820. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Ecuador idume ngokuceba kwemvelo kweziQhingi zaseGalápagos, enye yezindawo zemvelo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.
El SalvadorI-El Salvador, etholakala eMelika Ephakathi, inogu lolwandle lwasePacific futhi ihlukaniswe ngeminyango eyi-14. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiSan Salvador, kanti inani labantu bayo lidlula izigidi eziyi-6, iningi labo likhuluma iSpanishi. Leli zwe laliyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1821 futhi, ngekhulu lama-20, labhekana nempi yombango enamandla nemiphumela yayo isabonakala emphakathini waseSalvador.
Guatemala Itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeMelika Ephakathi. Njengoba inezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-17, ihlelwe ngeminyango engu-22, futhi inhloko-dolobha yayo yiGuatemal City. Leli zwe laliyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1821, futhi ulimi lwalo olusemthethweni yiSpanishi, yize izilimi eziningi zaseMayan nezinye zomdabu zikhulunywa endaweni yalo, okubonisa ukuba khona okukhulu kwabantu bomdabu.
I-Haiti IHaiti ithatha ingxenye yesiqhingi saseHispaniola eCaribbean, esabelana ngaso neDominican Republic. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiPort-au-Prince, futhi inani labantu bayo lidlula izigidi ezingu-11, lisakazeke eminyangweni eyi-10. Yayiyikoloni laseFrance kwaze kwaba ngu-1804, unyaka wokuzimela kwayo okungokomlando. Izilimi zayo ezisemthethweni isiFulentshi nesiCreole saseHaiti, futhi ingenye yamazwe ampofu kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yenkabazwe, enomlando omude wokungazinzi kwezepolitiki kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo.
HondurasIHonduras, nayo eseMelika Ephakathi, ihlukaniswe ngeminyango eyi-18 futhi inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiTegucigalpa, kanti ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni yiSpanishi, oluzuzwe njengefa ekoloni laseSpain elaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngu-1821. Leli zwe lihlanganisa izintaba, amahlathi emvula, kanye nogu lwaseCaribbean, futhi linefa elibalulekile lamaMaya endaweni yemivubukulo yaseCopán.
I-México Ihlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeNyakatho Melika futhi isebenza njengombuso omkhulu wesifunda. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiMexico City, elinye lamadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni. Njengoba inezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-127, ingenye yamazwe anabantu abaningi eLatin America. Yayiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1821, futhi iSpanishi ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni, yize izilimi eziningi zomdabu zaziwa, njengesiNahuatl, isiMaya, nezinye eziningana.
Nicaragua Itholakala eMelika Ephakathi, kanye nogu olusePacific naseCaribbean. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiManagua, futhi izwe lihlukaniswe iminyango eyi-15. Linabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha, abakhuluma iSpanishi ngokuyinhloko, ulimi olubonisa isikhathi salo sobukoloni kuze kube ngu-1821. Leli zwe laziwa ngamachibi alo, izintaba-mlilo, kanye nomlando wamuva wezepolitiki ophawulwe yinguquko yamaSandinista kanye nezingxabano ezalandela.
ePanama Itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeMelika Ephakathi, yakha ukuxhumana okungokoqobo phakathi kwaleli zwekazi kanye neNingizimu Melika. Inokufinyelela kokubili oLwandlekazini iPacific kanye noLwandle lwaseCaribbean, ihlelwe ngezifundazwe eziyi-10, kanti inhloko-dolobha yayo yiPanama City. Yayiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1821, futhi iSpanishi ulimi olusemthethweni. Isici sayo esidumile kakhulu yiPanama Canal, isimangaliso sobunjiniyela esihlanganisa uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic kanye noLwandlekazi iPacific futhi sibalulekile ekuhwebeni olwandle emhlabeni jikelele. Leli zwe linabahlali ababalelwa ezigidini ezine.
Paraguay Itholakala enkabeni yeNingizimu Melika futhi ivaliwe. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yi-Asunción, futhi izwe lihlukaniswe iminyango eyi-17 enezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi eziyi-7. Izilimi zayo ezimbili ezisemthethweni yiGuaraní neSpanishi, okubonisa ukuba khona okunamandla kwesiko lendabuko lamaGuaraní kubunikazi besizwe. Yayiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1811.
Peru I-Peru itholakala ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, kusukela oLwandlekazini iPacific kuya eziNtabeni zase-Andes kanye nengxenye yehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon. Ineminyango engu-24, kanti inhloko-dolobha yayo yiLima. Njengoba inezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-32, ulimi lwayo olusemthethweni oluyinhloko yiSpanishi (izwe lathola inkululeko eSpain ngo-1821), kodwa isiQuechua nesi-Aymara nazo zikhulunywa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni zase-Andean. I-Peru idume umhlaba wonke ngefa layo lama-Inca, kanti i-Machu Picchu iyisifanekiso sayo, kanye nokudla kwayo, ingenye yezindawo ezihlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Dominican Republic IDominican Republic ihlanganyela isiqhingi saseHispaniola neHaiti. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiSanto Domingo, futhi inani labantu bayo licishe libe yizigidi eziyi-10. IsiSpanishi ulimi olusemthethweni, njengoba sasiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1844. Leli zwe selizisungule njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu zokuvakasha eCaribbean, ngenxa yamabhishi alo nezindawo zokungcebeleka, futhi liziqhenya ngefa lomlando elicebile lamakoloni.
Uruguay Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, phakathi kweBrazil ne-Argentina. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiMontevideo, futhi inabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-3,5, abasakazeke eminyangweni engu-19. IsiSpanishi ulimi olusemthethweni, futhi sasiyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1825. Iphawuleka nge-Human Development Index yayo ephezulu esifundeni, uhlelo lwayo lwentando yeningi oluzinzile, kanye nokuzibophezela kwayo ezinqubweni zomphakathi ezithuthukayo.
Venezuela Itholakala enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, inogu lolwandle lwaseCaribbean. Inhloko-dolobha yayo yiCaracas, futhi izwe lihlukaniswe izifundazwe ezingu-23. Inani labantu licishe libe yizigidi ezingu-29, kanti ulimi olusemthethweni yiSpanishi, njengoba beluyikoloni laseSpain kwaze kwaba ngu-1842. IVenezuela inezindawo eziningi zokugcina uwoyela kanye nendawo ehlukahlukene ehlanganisa amahlathi, amathafa, izintaba, namabhishi, yize emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ibhekane nenkinga enkulu yezepolitiki nezomnotho.
Ngaphandle kwala mazwe, iZizwe Ezihlangene zihlonza kuze kube Izinhlangano ezingu-33 eziqashelwa njengamazweLokhu kufaka phakathi isifunda saseCaribbean ngomqondo waso obanzi. Lezi zibalo ziphinde zibhale, ngokwehlukana, izindawo ezixhomeke kuzo noma izindawo ezingazimele ngokugcwele kanye nezindawo zobukhosi obukhethekile, ezijabulela amazinga ahlukene okuzimela kwezepolitiki noma kokuphatha.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke lezi zinto—umlando, ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, izinhlelo zezepolitiki, umnotho osekelwe ezinsizeni zemvelo, kanye nemikhakha ekhulayo—kwenza iLatin America ihlale kuyo indawo ebalulekile ezingxoxweni ngentuthuko, intando yeningi, imvelo, kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonkeNaphezu kwezinselele, lesi sifunda sisalokhu singenye yezindawo ezishintshashintshayo nezithembisayo kakhulu emhlabeni, kokubili ngenxa yaso abantu abasha, wakho amakolishi kanye nengcebo yayo yemvelo kanye namasiko.
