Saint Jerome
IBandla lamaKhatholika libhekwa njengomunye wemithombo yezenkolo esemqoka emhlabeni wonke, eliwuphawu lokulandela nokudlulisela izimfundiso zikaJesu emhlabeni wonke, kodwa libonakala nangokulandela iNcasakazi uMariya kanye nabangcwele abathile. ibandla, okungamadoda nabesifazane ababezinikele emsebenzini wokuphila futhi ngenxa yalokho bahlonishwa ngenkolo, kulokhu kugqama ukuphila kukaJerome oNgcwele.
USanta Jerome, owaziwa nangokuthi uJerome waseStridon, ubhekwa njengomunye woyise beSonto LamaKatolika, owaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi nguye owabhala i-Vulgate, futhi waziswa kakhulu ngokuba nenguqulo enguqulweni ethandwayo. Udume kakhulu nangokuthatha inguqulo yesiLatini yencwadi yemiBhalo Engcwele eyayisakazwa eMbusweni WamaRoma phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi wayihlela kwezinye izilimi.
Wayebhekwa njengomunye wabantu abavelele kakhulu ezifundweni zakhe kwezinye izilimi, njengesiGreki, isiHebheru nesiLatini, futhi wayaziwa ngezinguqulo zakhe eziningi zeBhayibheli ezilimini ezazinethonya kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuze azuze ulwazi olwengeziwe lolimi, wayezohambela amazwe akubo futhi ngaleyondlela ajwayelane nawo, njengasendabeni nokuhlala kwakhe eBetlehema ukuze azuze ulwazi olunzulu lolimi lwesiHeberu kanye nemiBhalo Engcwele.
Igqame kakhulu ekuhunyushweni kwetestamente elidala ngonyaka wama-390 emva kukaKristu, ngenxa yalokhu lathola isihloko se-exegesis yeBhayibheli, eyaziwa nangokuthi inguqulo ebhaliwe yokuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli. Ngakho-ke, wayebhekwa njengesazi esikhulu sesikhathi sakhe, waphawulwa nangokuthi waqala ukusebenzisa isiLatini eSontweni LamaKatolika ngokuyinhloko njengendlela yokuxhumana.
I-Biography
UJerome wazalwa ngonyaka wama-340 e-Estridón, indawo okuyiyonayona yesizwe akwaziwa, kucatshangwa ukuthi itholakala phakathi kweDalmatia nePannonia. Wayengowomndeni ocebile futhi ocebile, abazali bakhe babengamaKristu ayenenhlanhla enkulu, akazange abhapathizwe njengoba iziphathimandla zangaleso sikhathi zazishilo, kodwa wabhaliswa kusukela esemncane e-catechumen futhi wazinikela ekufundeni okuphelele. imibhalo engcwele..
Kusukela eneminyaka eyishumi nambili wathatha uhambo olukhulu oluya eRoma ukuyoqala izifundo zakhe ezihlobene nokubhala kwakudala, ikakhulukazi ngohlelo lolimi, nalezo ezihlobene nesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nemibhalo, konke lokhu ngaphansi kobufundi u-Elio Donato othathwa njengomunye wabahumushi bohlelo lolimi ku IsiLatini sekhulu lesine leminyaka, sithathwa njengomunye wamadoda anethonya elikhulu endaweni yezincwadi.
Ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kuka-Aelius Donatus, uJerome waqala ukuvelela njengomlimi omkhulu wesiLatini, futhi enolwazi oluningi lwesiGreki nezinye izilimi, ekhula nsuku zonke emhlabeni wezincwadi nezilimi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Aelius Donatus wayengumqaba, ngakho ulwazi lukaJerome ngezindaba ezingokomoya lwaluntula kakhulu. Wayengazi lutho ngezifundo zenkolo, kodwa ngababhali besiLatini kuphela abanjengoVirgil noTacitus, kanye nezibalo zamaGreki ezinjengoPlato noHomer.
Wachitha isikhathi esiningi ekutadisheni izilimi nezincwadi kangangokuthi wayengakaze abe nesithakazelo ekutadisheni izincwadi ezingokomoya. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba, waba nethuba lokuhlangana nabanye abangane bakhe, njengoRufino de Aquilea, abamkhuthaza ukuba afunde ngemidlalo yaseshashalazini nesekisi, bamkhuthaza ukuba afunde ngezwe lobuKristu nangezwi likaNkulunkulu, bamsusa ezindleleni zakhe zokufundisa ezinomqondo ovalekile futhi bambonisa ingcebo engokomoya yokwazi uKristu.
Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha waqhubeka nokufunda izincwadi kanye nezinkulumo, kodwa nomunye umeluleki futhi njengoba ulwazi lwakhe lwashintsha, wanquma ukubhapathizwa phakathi nonyaka ka-366 AD. C. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wabhapathizwa uPapa Liberius ngokwakhe. Ngemva kokuthatha lesi sifundo esisha ekuphileni kwakhe, waqala ukuthatha uhambo oluningi kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
travel
Waqala uhambo lwakhe eGaul, lapho aqala khona izifundo zakhe zemfundiso yenkolo nokuhlanganisa, okuhambisana nesayensi egxile kuphela futhi ngokukhethekileyo ekwenzeni izifundo nokwazi ukuthi kungani uNkulunkulu, ehambisana nesiyalo esigxile ekutadisheni ulwazi oluhlobene noNkulunkulu.
Uhambo lwenziwa kanye nomngane wakhe uRufino, lapho aqala khona izifundo zakhe ezihlobene nemfundiso yenkolo futhi wachitha iminyaka eminingi emphakathini we-cenobitic engenye yezinhlangano ezizinikezele empilweni yezindela, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uJerome waphula ubuhlobo nomndeni wakhe futhi wenza isinqumo sokunikezela ukuphila kwakhe emsebenzini kaNkulunkulu, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala uhambo oludabula e-Asia Minor.
Ohambweni lwakhe wahamba neqembu labangane abangamaKristu, evakashela izindawo ezimbalwa ezifana neSiriya, i-Antiyokiya nezinye izindawo, kodwa phakathi nohambo lwakhe kwavela inani elikhulu lobunzima lapho ababili babangane bakhe bafa khona ngisho noJerome wagula kakhulu izikhathi eziningana, konke lokhu kwakuphakathi nonyaka ka-373 AD. C. Naphezu kwalokhu, akaliyeki leli phupho elisha elavela ngaphakathi kuye, wenza isinqumo sokushiya konke ukufunda okungamaqaba nenhlamba futhi azinikele ekutadisheni izwi likaNkulunkulu kuphela.
Lapho efika e-Antiyokiya, ngemva kokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe, waqala ukubhala inqwaba yezincwadi lapho aqala khona ukuveza inhlamba nokukhononda ngokumelene nezimiso zokuphila nabangewona amaKristu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, wagxila ekufundiseni izwi likaNkulunkulu kulabo ababelapho, ikakhulukazi iqembu labesifazane. Naphezu kwalokhu, uJerome wayebhekene nenkathi yokukhathazeka nokuhlushwa ngenxa yezono zakhe, enquma ukuphila ngokuzincisha injabulo.
I-Asceticism ibhekwa njengenhlangano yenkolo ezinikele ekuhlanzeni umoya, kuphela ukufeza lo mgomo ngokuphika injabulo yezinto ezibonakalayo nokuzithoba ekuzithibeni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wanquma ukuya ogwadule lwaseSiriya olwaziwa ngokuthi Qinnasrin noma olubizwa nangokuthi ugwadule Chalcis, konke lokhu ukuze abe nokuthula kwangaphakathi, azinikele kuphela emthandazweni nokuzila ukudla, ephila kulezi zimo iminyaka emibili, naphezu kwalokhu, wayelokhu edonsa kanzima ingaphakathi lakhe, eqaphela ukuthi wayengenzelwanga ukuphila yedwa.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uyabuya futhi aqhubeke nezifundo zakhe e-Antiyokiya futhi ubekwa njengompristi bese ebuyela eRoma eqokwa njengonobhala kaPapa uDamaseku I, kulokhu uqala izifundo zeVangeli lamaHeberu kanye neVangeli U-Saint Mathewu, ezinikele ekutadisheni inguqulo yesiLatini, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uqala izenzakalo ezivelele kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe kokukholwa.
Ukuhumusha
Maphakathi nonyaka ka-379 waqala izifundo zakhe zenkolo yemibhalo engcwele, eqala ngesivumokholo soMkhandlu waseNicaea; futhi ukugxila emibhalweni kaGregory kanye nokuvumbulula izinto ezinkulu njengalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iMsuka, okubhekwa namuhla njengeqoqo lemibhalo yasendulo eyayibonisa obaba beSonto LaseMpumalanga, elaziwa ngoSaint Augustine noSaint Thomas njengenye yezinsika eziyinhloko zeSonto LamaKatolika.
Ngemva kokuthola lokhu okukhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kokuchazwa kweBhayibheli kwaqala, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli noma kwemibhalo engcwele ngohlelo lolimi kanye nendlela yomlando, kugxilwe kule ndaba ngezilimi ezintathu; eqhathanisa izincazelo zesiLatini, nesiGreki nangolimi lokuqala lwesiHeberu.
Maphakathi nonyaka ka-382, wabuyela eRoma futhi wahlala lapho iminyaka emithathu, enza imisebenzi yakhe njengonobhala ngendlela ephumelelayo kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho wathola umusa kuPapa uDamaseku I, ephethe ngokuqondile izincwadi zikapapa nokuzithumela. esikhundleni sakhe. , ngokuhamba kwesikhathi banquma ukuthi uPapa uthatha isinqumo sokumnika umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa imibhalo engcwele futhi ayihumushe.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uJerónimo waqaphela ukuthi wawuyini umsebenzi wakhe wangempela, lapho ayengakhonza khona uNkulunkulu esebenzisa zonke izipho zakhe enkonzweni yakhe, eyisazi sefilosofi. Ezicabangela njengomuntu othanda amazwi, lapho ayephethe khona izifundo zemibhalo futhi enekhono lokukwazi ukwakha imibhalo ngendlela ethembeke kakhulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uJerónimo wambheka njengomsebenzi. azalelwe yona.
Kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunenguqulo yeBhayibheli lesiLatini eyayinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi noma amaphutha amaningi, ikakhulukazi okubangelwa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kolimi, futhi lenguqulo yaziwa ngokuthi iVetus Latina. Le nguqulo yeBhayibheli yaba inselele enkulu kuJerome, owayesazi ngentshiseko isiLatini futhi wasibhala ngobuciko obukhulu. Waqala ngale nguqulo wayihumusha futhi anikeze ukuhambisana kwemibhalo, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwasungulwa incwadi yakhe eyinhloko eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vulgate.
Ukwakhiwa
Ngesikhathi ehlala eRoma, uJerome wanikwa umsebenzi wokuba umqondisi ongokomoya wabanye besifazane bomphakathi ophakeme waseRoma, ebafundisa imibhalo ngezilimi ezihlukahlukene futhi egxilisa kubo umthandazo nokuzindla. Naphezu kwalokhu, wanyundelwa kakhulu futhi wahlanjalazwa. Naphezu kwalokhu, kubhekwa ukuthi isibopho abanye abantu besifazane abanethonya kakhulu ababenaso naye kungenxa yezifundo zakhe kanye nemibhalo yakhe. Ngakho konke lokhu, wazuza inqwaba yabalandeli nabazinikele ababelalela izintshumayelo namazwi akhe, futhi ababezomeseka ngesikhathi ehlala kwamanye amazwe.
Maphakathi nonyaka ka-382, uPapa waseDamaseku I uphethe ngokukhipha umthetho lapho emnikeza khona iqoqo lezincwadi zeBhayibheli zakudala kanye nezeTestamente elisha, ecela uJerome ukuba azisebenzise, azihumushe futhi azibhale njenge inguqulo entsha yeBhayibheli. Lezi zincwadi zakhiwe yizincwadi ezingama-46 zeTestamente Elidala nezingu-27 zeTestamente Elisha, okwenza ingqikithi yezincwadi ezingama-73 ukuze zichazwe kabusha.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uJerome wazinikela ngokuphelele ekuhumusheni imibhalo engcwele, eqala ngeNcwadi yamaHubo. Wabuye wahumusha imibhalo ehlaziya ezinye izincwadi njengeNgoma Yezingoma, ezahunyushwa ngu-Origen, noma eminye imibhalo ngoMoya oNgcwele.
Lapho eseneminyaka engu-40, uJerome wayesezigqamile ezindaweni eziningi zesonto kusukela esemncane, futhi kwathiwa ungumpristi. Nokho, ngenxa yesimilo sakhe esiqinile, imingcele yakhe eqinile yokuphila kwezinto ezibonakalayo yavusa umona nokuphikiswa okukhulu, futhi walahlekelwa yikho konke ukusekelwa eRoma lapho kushona umvikeli wakhe omkhulu, uPapa Damaseku. Ngakho-ke, enomuzwa wokuthi isikhundla sakhe sasingaziswa futhi sanyundelwa, wenza isinqumo esibalulekile sokushiya iRoma unomphela futhi ayohlala eZweni Elingcwele (u-Israyeli).
Hlala Ezweni Elingcwele
Ngesikhathi eshiya umuzi omkhulu waseRoma, wenza kanjalo namaqembu abangani kanye nabalandeli, ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi abanye babesifazane abalandela izimfundiso zakhe, banquma ukukushiya ukuphila komphakathi ophakeme ukuze bazinikele ekuphileni okuthenjisiwe. kaNkulunkulu. Ukuhambisa bonke njengabahambi eJerusalema, eBetlehema naseGalile. Phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe wenza izinguqulo ezinkulu ezifana nekaZefaniya.
Waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe zekhathekhisi ngokuthuthela e-Egypt futhi azinikele empilweni ye-aseptic. Khona-ke, eBetlehema, maphakathi nonyaka ka-386, wasungula umphakathi wabantu abangaphili kodwa abathanda ukufunda okwathi, lapho elandelwa elinye iqembu elikhulu labesifazane elanquma ukuthengisa yonke into futhi lilandela umeluleki walo, lakwazi ukuthola isonto laseSanta Catalina de Belén, nalo lakha idolobha lezindela labesilisa nabesifazane.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wathatha izintambo zokuqondisa zombili izindela nokuba umqondisi wazo ongokomoya. Wamukela izivakashi ezingamaRoma ezazifuna ukuqondiswa nguye kanye nolwazi, futhi wabhala ngokwethembeka emelene nezihlubuki ezazithuthuka emhlabeni ngisho nangaphakathi ebandleni ngokwalo, ebhekana nabangane bakudala ngenxa yemibono yakhe siqu nendlela yakhe yokubona izinto, kangangokuthi waze waxoshwa esontweni, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yena nezindela zakhe bavinjelwa ukuba bangene ebandleni laseBetlehema.
Ukuphazamiseka kwakhula kakhulu futhi ngokuhamba kweminyaka wakwazi ukuthola ukubuyisana nokunye kokungaqondi kwakhe, phakathi kwezinye zezincwadi zakhe wayekhombisa umunyu nosizi ngakho konke ukuhlukumezeka kwabangane bakhe bakudala futhi kukhona ngisho neqoqo labo bobabili ababhali. ngokudelela omunye nomunye.
Ukufa
Maphakathi nonyaka 420 d. Umzimba kaC. Jerónimo wawusuvele ubuthakathaka kakhulu ngenxa yomsebenzi omningi nezijeziso ezenziwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wethula ubunzima obukhulu emehlweni futhi izwi lakhe selikhathele, kangangokuthi wayesewohloka kakhulu ngokomzimba, ebonakala enjengethunzi eliphilayo, ekugcineni, ngenxa yokukhathala ngokweqile, unikezela umphefumulo wakhe ukuze akwazi ukuphumula, cishe. Iminyaka engu-80 ubudala, ushona zingama-30 Septhemba wonyaka wama-420.
Isikhathi sesikhathi
IBandla lamaKhatholika lalithatha uJerome oNgcwele njengendoda ekhethwe futhi ethunyelwe nguNkulunkulu ngokuqondile ukuze ikwazi ukuqonda imibhalo yeBhayibheli ngokucacile, yaqashelwa kahle ngenani elikhulu lemisebenzi efingqiwe njengemisebenzi ehlobene eBhayibhelini, eminye. ngemibono yezenkolo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yomlando, izincwadi zezombangazwe nemibono ngebandla kanye nezinye izinguqulo.
Ucwaningo lokulandelana kwezikhathi luvumela ukwazi ukuhleleka okwenziwa ukuze kuqondwe yonke into ehlobene nezifundo zakhe nenqubekelaphambili eyenziwe, kuxhunyaniswe ngokuphelele nomlando wakhe kanye nohambo oluningi olwenziwe. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-382 lapho eqala ukuhumusha kwakhe ngesikhathi ehlala eRoma, lapho aqala khona ukuhunyushwa kweminye imibhalo yeSonto LamaKatolika njengaleyo eyatholwa eBhayibhelini. umlingiswa owaziwa ngokuthi Origins.
U-Origen uthathwa njengenye yezinsika ezintathu zeSonto LamaKatolika lokuqala, engomunye wabokuqala ukubhala imibhalo, wazalelwa emndenini wamaKristu futhi wazinikela ezifundweni zenkolo lapho enza khona imibhalo nezincwadi eziningi ngemibono yezincwadi zakudala. itestamente, phakathi kweminye yemibhalo uJerome oNgcwele ayihumusha esuka emvelaphi yakhe kwakukhona ekaJeremiya, uHezekeli kanye no-Isaya.
Wagqama futhi ekuhumusheni imibhalo yemilando ka-Eusebius kanye ne-Via S. Pauli, ewusizo njengemibhalo yakhe yokuqala. Okwesibili, singaqokomisa isigaba esisaqhubeka phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe eRoma nalapho eqala ukuhumusha kwakhe lonke iTestamente Elidala lesiHeberu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi omkhulu owathatha cishe iminyaka eyi-10 yokuphila kwakhe, kuwumsebenzi owawucelwe ngokukhethekile uPapa uDamaseku I, omunye wabavikeli abakhulu bakaSaint Jerome.
Ukuhunyushwa kukaJerome kwenziwa phakathi kweminyaka engama-382 no-390, lapho leso sikhathi siqokomise khona ukuzinikela okukhulu kanye nokuphikiswa okukhulu kakhulu kwabavikeli owayengazange bawususe ukuxhaswa kwalesi simo sikaPapa.
Waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eZweni Elingcwele futhi phakathi nonyaka ka-384 waqala ukuhunyushwa kwamaVangeli amane eTestamente Elisha, uLuka oNgcwele, uMathewu oNgcwele, uMarku oNgcwele noJohane oNgcwele, enza izilungiso enguqulweni yesiLatini eyayiphethwe. ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nonyaka ka-385, waqala ukulungisa imibhalo yezincwadi zikaSaint uPawulu zeTestamente elisha.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wenza inguqulo yesiLatini yamaHubo esusela emibhalweni yesiLatini, ibhekwa njengenguqulo ebuyekeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulungiswa osekwenziwe kakade, phakathi nonyaka ka-384 AD. C. ukufundwa kwenguqulo yesiLatini yencwadi kaJobe kuyaqala, okuyizincwadi eziyinhloko ezafundwa uJerome phakathi nokuhlala kwakhe eBetlehema.
Futhi phakathi nonyaka ka-386 AD. C. kanye 391 AD. C. izinguqulo ze-Latin Psalter ziyaqala, ezicatshangelwa njengeqoqo lemibhalo ecashuniwe emahubweni ababhali abahlukahlukene besiLatini, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Roman Psalter, ihambisana neqoqo lemibhalo eyayibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu eSontweni LamaKatolika kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo.
Kwezinye izimo, iqiniso liqokonyiswa uma enza isibuyekezo esiphelele seTestamente Elidala njengoba kuchazwe kuyi-Septuagint, lo msebenzi uthathwa njengenye yezinguqulo zesiGreki ezenziwe ngemibhalo yasendulo yamaJuda eyaqala ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi ulimi lwesiHeberu lwalulahleka eMbusweni WaseRoma, ngakho-ke, i-Septuagint ibhekwa njengehlanganisa izincwadi ezingu-70 ngolimi lwesiLatini, olwakhiwe izazi zenkolo eziningana.
Maphakathi nonyaka 382 d. C. kanye 388d. C. wayephethe ukubhala i-“Altercatio Uciferiani et Orthodoxi”, kanye nemibhalo ehlobene ehlukene ezincwadini ezazinikezelwe kuFilemoni, futhi leyo ehlobene neyabaseGalathiya, incwadi eyabhalwa uPawulu ebhalela ibandla lase-Efesu nekaThithu. ; ukwenza intuthuko ekuhumusheni itestamente elisha.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imisebenzi esemqoka evelele kaSaint Jerome kwakuyizinguqulo zakhe zeTestamente Elidala lemibhalo engcwele, cishe phakathi kuka-390 d. C. kanye 405 AD. C. Ukugqama ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa lapho akhethekile khona ekuhunyushweni kwezincwadi zikaSamuweli, nangamaKhosi akwaIsrayeli, uJobe, iZaga, umShumayeli kanye noEzra; iphinde ibhekisele kuleyo eminye imibhalo ehlobene nezincazelo zesonto ngokuthi Paralipomenos.
Maphakathi neminyaka engama-391 no-392 d. C. wabhala enye yezincwadi zakhe eziphefumulelwe kakhulu eyaziwa ngokuthi "Vita Malchi, Monachi Captivi", okuyincwadi enamazwana ahlukahlukene ezincwadini zeBhayibheli zeTestamente Elidala ezifana noNahume, uZefaniya, uHagayi noHabakuki, ngaphezu kwalokho wabhala nemibhalo. yezinye izincwadi ezaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "De Viris Ilustribus" lapho ephethe khona ukuphawula ngezincwadi zeBhayibheli zikaJona kanye no-Obadiya, ngonyaka ka-395 AD. C. futhi ngonyaka wama-398 d. c.
Maphakathi nonyaka ka-398 wenza ukubuyekezwa kwenguqulo yesiLatini yeTestamente Elisha, lapho ayephethe khona ukuqinisa ukuphawula kwezahluko ezithile zencwadi ka-Isaya, ezinikela ekubhaleni izinhlobonhlobo zezincwadi ezinikezelwe. ekukhulumeni ngezinguqulo zeTestamente Elidala.yemiBhalo Engcwele, okwaphetha ngokusemthethweni ukuhunyushwa kwalo ngonyaka wama-405 AD. c.
Ngonyaka ka-408 waqala ukuhunyushwa kwencwadi kaDaniyeli nezahluko ezisele zencwadi ka-Isaya. Esigabeni sokugcina sempilo yakhe wanikela izifundo zakhe ekukhipheni izincazelo zokugcina zezincwadi zikaHoseya, uJoweli, u-Amose, uZakariya noMalaki, izincwadi zokugcina zeTestamente Elidala. Ekugcineni, uzinikela ekuqedeleni incazelo yezincwadi zeBhayibheli zamaVangeli namaHubo.
Izici Zomsebenzi kaSaint Jerome
U-Saint Jerome uthathwa njengendoda enesimilo esikhulu futhi ebeka ingcaca kuzo zonke izinguqulo zakhe zemiBhalo Engcwele, imibhalo yakhe igxile ekuhumusheni, ekuqaleni wayegxile ekwenzeni ukuhunyushwa kweminye imibhalo yabanye ababhali beSonto LamaKatolika, okubi nakakhulu Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uyaluyeka lolu hlobo lokufunda futhi agxile ekwenzeni izinguqulo zakhe ezisusela embhalweni wokuqala futhi ngaleyo ndlela akhiqize okwakhe ukuzichaza.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wagxila ezifundweni zolimi lwesiHeberu futhi ngalokhu waqala izifundo zakhe zenkolo kanye norabi, lapho ayephethe khona ukuphelelisa zonke izincazelo zakhe ezihlobene nemibhalo engcwele, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukuhunyushwa kweTestamente Elidala. kweBhayibheli, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi imibhalo nemibono yakhe yayishubile futhi ithuthuke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, waba ingqikithi yokugxekwa, okwaholela ekunqatshweni komsebenzi wakhe, ngenxa yokwephula imingcele yokuthi isonto lokuqala lalingenakho ukusekelwa okuningi okuvela kubafundi bezenkolo nabahumushi bangaleso sikhathi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yayiyini imibono, uJerome waqhubeka nemibhalo yakhe kwaze kwaba yilapho esungula i-Septuagint, eyichaza kabanzi esuka olimini lwesiHeberu futhi esebenza ngemibhalo yokuqala, yayibhekwa njengencwadi ehlanzekile nendala yokuhlonipha zonke izici zokuqala zemibhalo.
Namuhla, omunye wemibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu yeSonto LamaKatolika i-Septuagint ngoba akunakugwenywa ukuyibheka lapho uchaza noma iyiphi incazelo ehlobene neBhayibheli, ikakhulukazi leyo egxile eTestamenteni Elidala. Naphezu kokugxekwa kwangaleso sikhathi, kuthathwa njengomsebenzi oncomekayo kakhulu, kucatshangelwa ukuphawula okungase kuminyene kodwa kuhambisane.
Eminye yemibhalo kaJerome yenziwa ngokushesha okukhulu, incazelo yayo yaba inkimbinkimbi; ukugqama ikakhulukazi ngokuzama njalo ukuqongelela inani elikhulu kakhulu lokuphawula kwabanduleleyo kodwa njalo beqikelela ukuthi bangakhiphi isahlulelo, kodwa bahloniphe imibono yabo kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi bebonisa owabo umbono.
Phakathi kwayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe, ephawuleka kakhulu yileyo eyaziwa ngokuthi “Quesiones Hebricae in Genesise,” ebhekwa njengomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu owenziwa uSanta Jerome. Lo mbhalo ugxile ekuboniseni zonke izifundo zemfundiso yenkolo nezefilosofi zemibhalo yokuqala, wenze izincazelo eziningi ngokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinganekwane nokuthuthukisa izikhathi kodwa zipheleliswe ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi zize zithuthukise nezincazelo zayo.
Esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko kwakuwukwenza imifanekiso, kubhekwa njengendlela yokubonisa isibalo esithile semibhalo lapho ufuna ukumela umqondo othile uthatha izimo zomuntu noma into ethile, phakathi kwalokhu singagqamisa imifanekiso esetshenziswe nguJesu etestamenteni elisha, Endabeni kaJerónimo, ngiyethemba ukuthi esinye sezizathu zokuphendukela ezifanekisweni kwakulapho kwakunzima kuye ukuthola incazelo ephelele yemibhalo yocezu noma umbhalo.
Ulwazi olujulile uSt. Jerome ayenalo kufanele luqokonyiswe, njengamanje ubhekwa njengomhumushi wokuqala noma obaluleke kakhulu wemibhalo engcwele yeSonto LamaKatolika, enolwazi olukhulu ngomlando weBhayibheli nezinkathi ezihlukahlukene ezisingathwa emibhalweni engcwele. ukwazi ngokujulile ukuphathwa kwezilimi nolwazi lwendawo yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ezaphakama phakathi kokuqonda imiBhalo Engcwele, ngaphezu kolimi, yayigxile phakathi kwezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene phakathi kwamaqaba namaKristu mayelana nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene ezingokomoya noma izimfundiso ezingokwesiko, ezidala izingxabano ezinkulu eminyakeni ehlukahlukene; USanta Jerome wayephethe ukucacisa ukungabaza okuthile nokuhlonipha imibhalo yokuqala.
U-Saint Jerome wakhiqiza inqwaba yemibhalo nemibhalo egxile ekungayishintshini imibhalo yokuqala, ehlala ethula umbono wakhe okhululekile, ngisho naphakathi kokuningi kwakho ukuphikisana okuthile kungatholakala, kube iphuzu elivuna yena ngoba wayehlala ebonakala ngokuziveza ngokungagwegwesi nangobuqili bakhe, engalokothi azame ukumboza ukungazi kwakhe kwamanye amaphuzu enkolo ngobunkimbinkimbi besikhathi, engazange aveze ubungcwele bomuntu ngaso sonke isikhathi, engakaze aveze ubungcwele bakhe .
Yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa nguSaint Jerome ingatholakala ezindlini ze-PL XXII-XXX, ezithathwa njengeqoqo lasendulo leDolobha lase-Estridón eliphakathi kweCroatia ne-Austria. Njengoba iyingxenye yesifunda saseDalmatia nasePannonia, lapho ibhekwa njengenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu zeSonto LamaKatolika, kubhekwana nayo ukuze kuchazwe okwengeziwe imibhalo engcwele ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo.
Imibhalo kaSaint Jerome
USanta Jerome wabonakala ngokwenza izinombolo ezilotshiwe kanye nemisebenzi egxile kakhulu ekuhunyushweni kwemibhalo yeBhayibheli, phakathi kokunye okugqame kakhulu ukuhunyushwa kwezincwadi noma izincwadi zikaSaint Paul, kanye nokuphawula okuhlobene neBhayibheli, okwaziwa ngokuthi incazelo yeBhayibheli.
Izincwadi noma i-epistolary
Izincwadi ezibhalwe nguSaint Jerome zibhekwa njengezincwadi zakhe ezivelele kakhulu ngoba ziqokomisa izihloko eziningi futhi zihlale ziveza isitayela sakhe, njalo ebonisa incazelo yakhe ejulile yemibhalo kanye nolwazi lwezenkolo, kucatshangelwa ingqikithi yezinhlamvu eziyi-154 ezibhalwe ngesandla. UJerome ngokwakhe.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izincwadi, kuxoxwa ngenani elikhulu lezihloko zezazi ezihlobene nokuchazwa kwemibhalo engcwele kanye nonembeza wezenhlalo, njengokuthi, amacala okuntula unembeza, ukunikeza amazwi okukhululeka kulabo abahlukumezekile, ukuqala ingxoxo nabangane bakhe, ukwahlulela ububi obuhlukahlukene obabukhona ngaleso sikhathi, okukhuthaza ukuphila ukuphila kokuzincisha injabulo nokulahla izithembiso zomhlaba.
Ezinye zezincwadi ezifunwa kakhulu nezicashuniwe zokwenza inkuthazo ngezindaba ezehlukene ezingavela empilweni yabantu njengezeluleko ngemfundo kumaKrestu, ukulondolozwa kobuntombi kubantu abasha, phakathi kokunye. Ukuba nenani elikhulu lokuzalanisa nokusabalalisa kuwo wonke umphakathi, kugqamisa lokhu okulandelayo:
- I-ep. 14 I-Ad Heliodorum de laude vitae solitariae, ihambisana nesifinyezo semfundiso yenkolo yobufundisi kodwa ngokombono wokuzincisha injabulo.
- 53 Ad Paulinum de estudio scripturarum ("Okufunda ImiBhalo").
- I-ep. 57 De institutione monachi ("Esikhungweni se-monasticism").
- 70 Ad Magnum de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis ("KuMagnus kubabhali besonto").
- I-ep. 107, Ad Laetam de institutione filiae ("A Leta on the institution of the daughter").
Amadoda Ahloniphekile
Kubhekwa njengenye yezindaba zokuqala ezihlukanisiwe ezincwadini zobuKristu, ezabhalwa phakathi nonyaka ka-392 ngesikhathi ehlala eBetlehema. Ukuphatha umlando omfushane womlando wokuphila kwabanye ababhali abangamaKristu, lezi zindaba zaqalwa nguJerome ngokwakhe kodwa zaqhutshekwa nguGenadio de Marseille. Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sayo inababhali abangamaKristu abayi-135, phakathi nemibhalo yayo kuboniswa inani elihle lolwazi oluzimele, olwakhiwe ngababhali basentshonalanga kuphela.
I-Chronicon noma i-Temporum Liber
Kwakungeminye yemisebenzi eyakhiwe futhi yakhiwa eConstantinople lapho ulimi lokuqala kuyiLatini, eyakhiwa amathebula ahlukene okulandelana kwezenzakalo lapho iphethe khona ukuhlanganisa isikhathi noma inkathi kusukela ku-325 kuya ku-379, kugqanyiswe ukuthi yethule imininingwane namaphutha athile kodwa igqamisa ukuthi ithathwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu yibo bonke labo babhala umlando onjengoCassinuna, uVictor waseTun phakathi kwabanye.
Ubuntombi obungapheli bukaMariya
U-Saint Jerome wayenesikhundla esiqinile ngokumelene nobudlelwane phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, egcizelela ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi kuyisono, egcizelela ukuthi kuhle ukwenqaba konke ukuxhumana ngokomzimba phakathi kwalabo abangashadile, ngisho nokubheka ukuthi kuyisono phakathi kwabayeni nabalingani, egcizelela. lolo thando lungaba phakathi kokuzimisela okubandayo kodwa hhayi ngesifiso esishisayo sesifiso sobulili, ukwenqaba iqiniso lokuthi indoda akufanele ithande owesifazane wayo njengesithandwa.
Izingqinamba Zezepolitiki
UJerome wayebhekwa njengomfundisi omkhulu wesikhathi sakhe, owayeqashelwa kakhulu iziphathimandla zikahulumeni waseRoma, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yobuhlobo bakhe obuseduze noPapa Damaseku nangenxa yomsebenzi wakhe ovelele. Wakwazi futhi ukusebenza nokubamba izikhundla eziphezulu, exhumana nabantu abaqavile bangaleso sikhathi.
Wagqama ngokuba nobukhali obukhulu ekudonseleni ukunakekela kuzo zonke iziyaluyalu ezazibonwa ekuphathweni kwababusi, futhi akazange angabaze ukuveza iziyaluyalu ezazibonwa kubefundisi bamaRoma nendlela yabo yokuphila ivangeli, lapho babengahambisani nemithetho eyayicacile emibhalweni engcwele, beyihlanekezela futhi bagxile ezindleleni zokuphanga abampofu.
Phakathi kweminye yemibhalo yakhe eyadala ukungqubuzana okukhulu phakathi kwamaRoma, okwavezwa kulokhu okulandelayo kwagqama:
“Lelotomu legolide emlonyeni wehhashi lakho, Ihunge legolide engalweni yesigqila sakho, Igolide elihlotshiswe ezicathulweni zakho, liwuphawu lokuthi ugebenga intandane, ulambisa umfelokazi othi ngemva kokufa kwakho adlule phambi kwesikhulu sakho. indlu bayothi: ukuthi wakha ngezinyembezi ezingaki leso sigodlo, ukuthi zingaki izintandane ezabonwa zinqunu, ukuthi bangaki abafelokazi abalimele, bangaki abasebenzi abathola iholo elingalungile, ngisho nokufa ngeke kukukhulule kubamangaleli bakho.”
Ngokukhuluma ngokumelene nomndeni weNgonyama ngale ndlela, wonke umuntu wayazi ngezincazelo zakhe eziqinile nezijulile zokungaphathwa kahle kwezinsiza emphakathini naseBandleni imbala. Ngenxa yokugxeka kwabo okuqinile nemibono eqine kakhulu, babangela izinkinga ezinkulu, bedala ukungqubuzana nokungaqondi imibono yabo, kangangokuthi kwaholela ekudingisweni nasekulahlekelweni yisikhundla sabo eMbusweni WaseRoma, bathuthela eZweni Elingcwele ukuze benze umsebenzi kaNkulunkulu waziwe futhi bamane bazinikele ekuphileni kwabefundisi njengoba kufanele.
I-Iconography
Kumele sigqamise iqiniso lokuthi uJerome oNgcwele ungumfundisi owaziwa kakhulu emphakathini wamaKhatholika, simgqamisa ngawo wonke amagalelo akhe ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo yeBhayibheli kanye neqhaza ekuqondweni kwemiBhalo Engcwele yibo bonke abamzungezile. Ukufa kwakhe kwakukude nombuso. Lapho esedingisiwe, wayehlala eZweni Elingcwele, efa ngenxa yokukhula kwakhe kanye nobunzima obukhulu bohambo ayebhekene nalo. Kamuva waqashelwa njengesithombe esidumile phakathi kweBandla.
Umfanekiso wezithombe okuthiwa u-Saint Jerome ugqama ngokuba yisithombe noma isifanekiso esinesigqoko nezingubo zikakhadinali, sigqamisa iqiniso lokuthi naphezu kokulahlekelwa imikhuba yakhe nokudingiswa, iBandla lawabona amagalelo akhe amakhulu nokuthuthuka kolwazi lwezenkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iconography ihlanganisa ibhubesi, isiphambano, ugebhezi lwekhanda, nezinto zokubhala ezihlukahlukene.
Ibhubesi limele enye yezindaba ezizungeze impilo kaJerome oNgcwele lapho kuthiwa lalizindla osebeni lomfula iJordani, ngalowo mzuzu kwaqhamuka ibhubesi elalilimele, lahudula udladla lwalo olwalubhotshozwe iva elikhulu, lapho uJerome oNgcwele elibona leli qiniso wasondela ngokushesha ukuze akwazi ukusiza inkazane futhi inxeba lalo seliphole ngokuphelele.
Isilwane sabona ngokuthula ukuthi le ndoda yamphulukisa kanjani futhi ekugcineni ayizange ifune ukushiya uJerome oNgcwele, ehamba naye ngaso sonke isikhathi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe. Kuthiwa kwathi uma efa uJerome oNgcwele, ibhubesi ngelinye ilanga lasondela ethuneni lafa; Ezinye izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zithi le nganekwane ingamanga futhi kuthiwa ibhalwe omunye usanta onegama elifanayo, kodwa ngendlela efanayo, indaba yaduma kakhulu kuSaint Jerome, eyishiya egameni lakhe.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zezithombe eziyisisekelo ezishiwo nguSaint Jerome zaziwa, ezigqanyiswe ngezansi:
Iconography Saint Jerome efunda
Ikhuluma ngesithombe sikaJerome ebonakala ebhala ekhabetheni noma edeskini, okuyireferensi esetshenziswe emdwebeni kaDomenico Ghirlandaio eFlorence, esetshenziswa kabanzi njengesithombe esiyisici solimi lwesiLatini eBhayibhelini.
Iconography Saint Jerome ekuphendukeni
Isithombe sesibili esiphawulekayo sikaSaint Jerome sikhuluma ngesikhathi lapho kwadingeka abhekane nezijeziso ezinzima phakathi nohambo lwakhe, yingakho evezwa enqunu endaweni yesilisa, konke lokhu ngesikhathi esehlane ekhokha izijeziso kodwa emidwebeni yakhe kuhambisana nomfanekiso webhubesi.
Kukhona nezinye izithombe ezihlobene noSaint Jerome lapho esemkhulekweni odwetshwe nguBosch, esinye sezithombe sikhuluma lapho ephelezelwa oSaint Paulas no-Eustoquia, abalandeli abathembekile bezimfundiso zikaJerome oNgcwele.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: