Isithombe sikaJesu waseNazaretha sivame ukuvezwa njengesihloko senkolo kuphela, kodwa uma umuntu ehlola imithombo yomlando ngokuthula, uthola ukuthi sibhekene nayo omunye wabantu ababhalwe phansi kakhulu base-Antiquity...futhi ngaphandle kweBhayibheli. Ukukhuluma "ngomlando kaJesu Kristu ohlukile" akusho ukusungula impilo efanayo, kodwa kunalokho ukubukeza lokho okushiwo yimibhalo engeyona eyamaKristu, imisebenzi yamaJuda, yamaRoma, egxekayo, noma ngisho neye-apocrypha ngalowo mshumayeli owabulawa eJerusalema.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umbuzo wokuthi uJesu wayekhona ngempela noma ukuthi konke kuyinganekwane uye waphindwa kaningi. Okumangalisayo ukuthi, lapho ubufakazi buhlolwa ngokucophelela, umbuzo uba sobala impela: kusukela kubabhali-mlando bamaJuda kuya kubaphathi bamaRoma noma ababhali abangamaqaba Babhala, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuncoma, ngezinye izikhathi ngokudelela, ukuthi kwakukhona uJesu, obizwa ngokuthi uKristu, okushumayela kwakhe kwavusa inhlangano yenkolo eyashiya abantu bengenandaba.
UJesu waseNazaretha: okungaphezu nje komuntu ongokomlando
KubuKrestu, uJesu akayena nje umfundisi ongokomoya noma umholi onekhono lokuthonya: ukholo lobuKrestu luthi unguye UNkulunkulu wadala umuntu, engumuntu ngokugcwele futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo enguNkulunkuluNgokwalo mbono, indaba yakhe ayipheli ngokufa, ngoba isifiso, ukufa kanye nokuvuka Lokhu kuzophawula ukuqala kobukhona obuphilayo obuvuselelwa, phakathi kwezinye izindlela, eSidlo SeNkosi. Lesi sici sokholo sidlula ukuhlaziywa komlando, kodwa sichaza ukuthi kungani isibalo sakhe sihlala sibalulekile eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili kamuva.
Ngisho noma singawumisa lowo mbono osekelwe okholweni futhi sigxile kuphela emaqinisweni omlando, UJesu waseNazaretha qhubeka ube omunye wabantu abanethonya kakhulu abake bahamba kule planethiAbantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-2.300 bazibiza ngamaKristu namuhla, okwenza ubuKrestu bube yinkolo enabalandeli abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi cishe wonke amasiko kuye kwadingeka athathe ukuma ngandlela thile mayelana nomfanekiso kaKristu.
Ukubaluleka kwakhe ngokomlando akugcini nje endaweni yobuKristu. EbuJudeni, uJesu ubonakala njengomuntu oyinkinga, kodwa ongokoqobo; e-Islam, uqashelwa njengomuntu obalulekile. umprofethi obalulekile futhi ozelwe nguMariyaNakuba engabhekwa njengeNdodana kaNkulunkulu, ubuJuda, ubuKristu, kanye nobuSulumane—izinkolo ezintathu ezinkulu zika-Abrahama—ziphoqelekile ukumcabangela ngendlela yazo yokubuka umhlaba.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuqonda ukuthi kungani uJesu ebe nethonya elikhulu kangaka yindaba yokuba ngokoqobo komlando. Akwanele ukuthi iTestamente Elisha lilandise ngempilo yakhe: abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi ikhona yini eminye imithombo ezimele ekhuluma NgayeFuthi impendulo inguyebo. Sineqoqo lobufakazi, obunye obuhle nobunye obunobutha ngokusobala, obukhuluma ngoJesu noma abalandeli bakhe futhi obusiza ekumbekeni esimweni sakhe sangempela.
Amavangeli angcwele—uMathewu, uMarku, uLuka, noJohane—(isibonelo, IVangeli likaMarku oNgcweleLezi yizindaba eziyinhloko mayelana nokuphila kwakhe, isigijimi sakhe, kanye nokufa kwakhe, ezibhalwe abalobi abangamaKristu. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalezi, imibhalo ehlukahlukene yamaJuda, amaRoma, amaqaba, kanye nemvelaphi yobuKristu engekho emthethweni yakha uhlobo "lomlando wokuphila ohlukile," hhayi ngoba ilandisa indaba ehlukile, kodwa ngoba Ziqinisekisa ngakwezinye izindlela amaphuzu abalulekile okuba khona kwazo..
Imithombo yamaJuda: uFlavius Josephus kanye neTalmud
Omunye wofakazi abacashunwe kakhulu lapho bexoxa ngokuba khona kukaJesu emlandweni yisazi-mlando esingumJuda UFlavius JosephusUmlobi wekhulu lokuqala owabhala kabanzi ngomlando wamaJuda kanye nezingxabano zawo neRoma. Encwadini yakhe ethi "Jewish Antiquities," eyabhalwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokubulawa kukaJesu, kunezinkomba ezimbili eziqondile kuKristu.
Isikhombo sokuqala sitholakala lapho kukhulunywa ngokufa kuka Santiago, obizwa ngokuthi umfowabo kaJesu. UJosephus ulandisa ukuthi uJakobe walahlwa ngokungafanele, futhi lapho emethula, ubhekisela kuJesu ngokuthi “lowo abambiza ngokuthi uMesiya” noma “uKristu,” kuye ngokuthi inguqulo ithini. Lokhu kubhekisela okufushane kodwa okunamandla kusikisela ukuthi abafundi base bebazi kakade ukuthi ungubani lo Jesu, lowo okukhulunywa ngaye kaningi phakathi kwamaJuda namaKristu.
Okwesibili okukhulunywa ngakho, okwaziwa kakhulu, yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-Testimonium FlavianumKulesi sigaba, uJosephus uchaza uJesu njengendoda ehlakaniphile, aze asikisele ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wayengaphezu nje komuntu, futhi uthi wenza izenzo ezimangalisayo abalandeli bakhe abazichaza njengezimangaliso. Uphawula nokuthi uJesu wagwetshelwa ukubethelwa esiphambanweni ngaphansi kukaPontiyu Pilatu nokuthi, naphezu kokufa kwakhe, abafundi bakhe Bahlala bethembekile kuYe, okwadala inhlangano yobuKristu.
Lesi siqeshana sibe yisihloko sempikiswano enkulu yezazi ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi umkopishi ongumKristu wengeze noma washintsha imisho ethile ukuze ayenze ibe nomusa kakhulu okholweni. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi, ngisho nalezi zingxenyana ezingaba khona, umongo wombhalo uvela kuJosephus futhi wakha umthombo obalulekile ongewona owobuKristu ngoJesu. Okusho ukuthi, isazi-mlando esizimele esingumJuda siyavuma ukuthi ukhona, udumo lwakhe njengomfundisi, imisebenzi yakhe, kanye nokubulawa kwakhe.
Omunye umthombo obalulekile wamaJuda yi- I-TalmudNgokuqondile, incwadi yeSanhedrin, ehlanganisa amasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo ayesakazwa kusukela ngekhulu loku-1 futhi abhalwa ngekhulu lesi-2. Kulo mbhalo, kukhulunywa ngo-"Yeshu ha-Notzri" (uJesu umNazaretha), lapho kulandiswa khona ukuthi walengiswa—inkulumo evame ukubhekisela ekubethelweni—ngobusuku bePhasika lamaJuda, okuhambisana kakhulu nalokho okushiwo amavangeli, ikakhulukazi ekaJohane.
Indima yeTalmudic isola uJesu ngokwenza ubuthakathi kanye nokukhuthaza ukuhlubuka Kwabaningi kwa-Israyeli, okuholela abanye babantu ekuphambukeni eMthethweni. Kurabi abaloba leli siko, uJesu akayena iqhawe, kodwa uyisiphukuphuku esiyingozi esimyalezo waso sibhekwa njengosongo okholweni lwamaJuda. Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokhu kuhlola okunzima kusikisela, ngokunembile, ukuthi uJesu wayekhona nokuthi wayenethonya elikhulu.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokhu kubhekisela kuYeshua kwasuswa noma kwancishiswa ezinguqulweni zakamuva zeTalmud. Abanye bathi lokhu kwenzelwa ukugwema ukuphindiselelwa yiziphathimandla zobuKristu, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kwakuyindaba ukufihla ubufakazi obucacile kangaka ngomuntu amaKristu ayemkhulekela njengoMesiyaKungakhathaliseki ukuthi yisiphi isizathu, umkhondo walokho kukhulunywa ngakho kudala uqinisa umqondo wokuthi uJesu wayesenkumbulweni yamaJuda njengendoda yangempela nengakhululekile.
Ubufakazi obuvela eRoma yobuqaba ngoKristu namaKristu
Uma sisuka ezweni lamaJuda siye endaweni yamaRoma, sithola nemibhalo ekhuluma ngoJesu ngokungaqondile, ngabalandeli bakhe. Omunye wababhali ababaluleke kakhulu kulokhu ngu- Umnyombo, isazi-mlando saseRoma esasiphila phakathi kuka-55 no-120 AD. Ku-"Annals" yakhe, lapho elandisa ngokushushiswa kwamaKristu ngaphansi kukaNero, ushiya inkulumo ebalulekile.
UTacitus uchaza ukuthi igama elithi “amaKristu” livela kwelithi “Kristu” futhi unezela ngokuthi lo Kristu wabulawa ngesikhathi sokubusa koMbusi uTiberius ngomyalo ka uPontiyu Pilatulowo ambiza ngokuthi umbusi. Akacabangi ukuthi uJesu wayengcwele noma umkhohlisi; umane nje uthatha kalula ukuthi wayengumuntu womlando owafa ngenxa yokunyakaza kobuKristu. Kumbhali waseRoma ongajwayelene nokholo, ukuba khona kukaKristu kuyiqiniso, akuyona indaba yempikiswano.
Omunye umbhali ofanele waseLatin America ngu USuetoniusUSuetonius, umbhali womlando wababusi baseRoma, encwadini yakhe ethi “Lives of the Caesars,” lapho ekhuluma ngombusi uClaudius, ukhuluma ngokuthi uKlaudius waxosha amaJuda eRoma ngoba, ngokusho kwakhe, ayehlala evukela umbuso ngokugqugquzelwa “kukaChrestus.” Izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi uSuetonius ubhekisela kuKristu lapha, nokuthi ubonakalisa ngandlela thile ukungezwani kwangaphakathi phakathi kwamaJuda ayekholelwa kuJesu nalabo ababengakholwa—ukungezwani okubonakala eNcwadini yezEnzo lapho ilandisa ngalo mthetho wokuxoshwa.
Okuthile kusengaphambili ubufakazi bokuthi UPliny OmncaneUmbusi waseRoma wesifunda saseBithiniya-Pontus, cishe ngo-110 AD, wabhala incwadi eya kuMbusi uTrajan ecela imiyalelo yokuthi kufanele aphathe kanjani amaKristu. Kuleyo ncwadi, uchaza indlela abamangalelwa ababezohlangana ngayo ngaphambi kokusa ngosuku oluthile ukuze bacule iculo elithi "kuKristu njengonkulunkulu," nokuthi bathembisa ukuthi ukugwema ukweba, ubudlova, ukuphingaukugcina izithembiso zabo nokubuyisela noma yiziphi izimali ezibekwe kubo.
UPliny akanandaba nemininingwane yokuphila kukaJesu, kodwa ukwenza kucace bha ukuthi, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kwakunemiphakathi ehlelekile eyayimhlonipha ngokuzinikela okufanele unkulunkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphawula ukuthi uJesu wakhulula kuphela labo abalahla ukholo lwakhe futhi bavuma ukukhulekela isithombe sombusi, okubonisa izinga lapho ukulandela uKristu kungaba ukukhetha okubizayo eMbusweni.
Laba babhali abathathu baseRoma—uTacitus, uSuetonius, noPliny—ababhalanga ukuze bafundise noma badumise ubuKristu; ngokuphambene nalokho, babheka lesi simo sobuKristu ngokusola noma ngobutha obuqondile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iqiniso lokuthi bakhuluma ngoKristu nabalandeli bakhe ngokwemvelo kangaka liwubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi, ekhulwini lokuqala nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili, Ukuba khona kukaJesu kanye nokukhula kokunyakaza kwakhe kwakuyinto eyaziwayo ngisho nasezindikimbeni zamandla zobuqaba.
Imithombo egxekayo ngokusobala: uLucian noMara ben Sarapion
Ngaphandle kwemibhalo esemthethweni noma yomlando, kukhona ababhali ababhekisela kuJesu ngezwi elisobala lokugcona noma elinobutha, futhi, ngokungahlosile, baba ofakazi ababalulekile bokufaneleka kwakhe. Omunye wabo uwukuthi ULucian waseSamosata, umbhali ongumGreki waphakathi nekhulu lesibili owaziwa ngesitayela sakhe sokuhlekisa nesokuhlaba.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Death of Peregrine," uLucian uhleka usulu umuntu ogxekayo ogama lakhe linguPeregrine okuthiwa wasebenzisa ukholo oluhle lwamaKristu. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlobo lokuhlekisa, ukhuluma ngoJesu ngokuthi "u- indoda evela ePalestine owabethelwa esiphambanweni ngenxa yokungenisa le nkolo entsha ezimpilweni zabantu.” Lesi sisho sinuka kabi, kodwa senza kucace ukuthi uJesu wachazwa njengo umsunguli wehlelo lokukhulekela wabulawa eJudiya, ekwazi ukuhlanganisa iqembu labalandeli ababephawuleka ngokubambisana kwabo.
Omunye umthombo othakazelisayo yincwadi ebhalwe ku- UMara ben SarapiónUmbhali waseSiriya onesizinda sobuJuda, ebhalela indodana yakhe esejele, cishe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili, ucabanga ngesiphetho sabantu abahlukahlukene ababulele amadoda abo ahlakaniphile, futhi ukhuluma “ngendoda ehlakaniphileyo.” inkosi yamaHebheru", ukubulawa kwakhe okwakungenamsebenzi, ngoba imfundiso yakhe yaqhubeka."
Lo mbhalo awukhulumi ngegama likaJesu, kodwa ukubhekisela “enkosini ehlakaniphile” yamaJuda ebulawe ngokungafanele kufanelana kahle kakhulu noJesu. umfanekiso kaJesu njengomfundisi nenkosi engokomoya okuvela emaVangelini nasemasikweni okuqala obuKristu. Iphuzu elibalulekile lapha ukuthi umbhali ongaphandle kobuKristu ubhala inkumbulo yomuntu ongumHebheru okufa kwakhe kwakubhekwa njengephutha futhi onemibono engenakususwa.
Ngokumangalisayo, bobabili uLucian noMara ben Sarapion, bezama ukuhlekisa noma ukuhlanganisa umfanekiso kaJesu, bagcina beqinisa umbono wokuthi ukuba khona kwakhe kanye nomthelela wakhe kwakwamukelwa kabanzi. Asibhekene nezinganekwane ezingacacile, kodwa sibhekene izinkumbulo eziqondile zendoda eyabethelwa ePalestine okuye kwaqhubeka kuxoxwa ngethonya lakhe emashumini eminyaka kamuva.
AmaVangeli Angewona AmaKatolika Namasiko ObuKristu Angewona AmaKatolika
Eceleni kwemithombo engaphandle kobuKristu, kunelinye iqembu lemibhalo elingabhekwa njengengxenye yale "mbali ehlukile kaJesu Kristu": lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amavangeli e-Apocrypha kanye neminye imibhalo yobuKristu engafakwanga ohlwini lwezincwadi zeTestamente Elisha. Lena yimisebenzi ebhalwe, ikakhulukazi, phakathi kwekhulu lesi-2 nelesi-3, ezindaweni ezixhumene nezinhlangano ezifana nobuGnostic noma amaqembu anemizwa ehlukene eSontweni lokuqala.
Phakathi kwemibhalo ye-apocrypha eyaziwa kakhulu kukhona Ivangeli likaThomasNgokwesibonelo, amaVangeli kaPetru noma kaMariya Magdalena awazange amukelwe njengemiBhalo ephefumulelwe iningi lemiphakathi yamaKristu, kodwa ayathakazelisa ngoba abonisa ukuthi, kusukela ekuqaleni kakhulu, kwakukhona imizamo yokucwaninga ngokujulile ngesimo sikaJesu noma ukuhumusha kabusha isigijimi sakhe ngemibono ehlukene yefilosofi nengokomoya.
Le mibhalo ivame ukuveza uJesu njengomembuli wokuhlakanipha okuyimfihlo, uthisha odlulisela ulwazi oluyimfihlo olugcinelwe abaqalayo abambalwa abakhethiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi banezela iziqephu mayelana nobuntwana bakhe, izingxoxo ezandisiwe nabaphostoli, noma imibono yangemva kokuvuswa engatholakali emavangelini angcwele. Nakuba iSonto lingazange liqaphele igunya labo lemfundiso, ukuba khona kwabo kubonisa ukuthi Isithombe sikaJesu sasinamandla kangangokuthi sakha amasiko nemibhalo eminingi emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka.
Ngokombono womlando, imibhalo ye-apocrypha ayinikezi ulwazi oluthembekile oluningi njengamaVangeli eTestamente Elisha, ngoba ngokuvamile imvamisa ilandela futhi ibonisa izinhlelo zemfundiso yenkolo eziqondile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, iqinisekisa iphuzu elilodwa elibalulekile: kulabo ababhala yona, uJesu wayengumuntu wangempela okuphila kwakhe nezimfundiso zakhe kwakungaphikiswana njengalezo zabantu abaseduze kakhulu nesikhathi. uJulius Caesar noma, uma sikubeka ngendlela efanele, uNapoleon ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mibhalo isisiza siqonde kangcono ubuningi bobuKristu bokuqala. Akuwona wonke amaqembu ayemqonda uJesu ngendlela efanayo, kodwa cishe wonke avumelana ngokuthi wayengumfundisi, wenza imisebenzi engavamile, wabulawa, futhi, ngandlela-thile, waphila ngenxa yabo. Ngakho-ke, "umlando ohlukile" owakhiwe yimibhalo ye-apocrypha awuphikisani ngokuyisisekelo namavangeli angcwele, kodwa kunalokho Ubazungeza ngezindaba ezihambisanayo, ngezinye izikhathi ezinganekwane., okubonisa ukuthi ubuntu bukaKristu babubakhanga kangakanani abantu.
Umuntu ophilayo enkumbulweni nasemlandweni
Uma yonke le mithombo—yamaJuda, yamaRoma, yamaqaba, enobutha, kanye neyamaKristu angasekelwe eBhayibhelini—ihlanganiswa ndawonye, isithombe esivumelana kahle siyavela: UJesu waseNazaretha uvela njengomfundisi wamaJuda onekhono lokuthonya, esolwa ngokuphazamisa ukuhleleka kwenkolo, ebulawa yiziphathimandla zamaRoma eJudiya kanye nomsuka wenhlangano eyasakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke uMbuso.
Ukulandisa kukaFlavius Josephus, iTalmud, uTacitus, uSuetonius, uPliny, uLucian, noMara ben Sarapion akuvumelani ekwahluleleni kwabo uJesu, kodwa kuyavumelana ngalokhu: bathatha kalula ukuthi ukhona nokuthi abalandeli bakhe baqhubeka nokumemezela isigijimi sakhe ngisho noma kwakubabiza izimpilo zabo. ITestamente Elisha lilandisa indaba yakhe ngokombono wokholo, kuyilapho lawa amanye amazwi enza kanjalo ngokugxekwa, ilukuluku, noma incazelo yomlando nje, futhi ndawonye bakha i- Uhlu lobufakazi obuphikisanayo obekuyoba nzima ukuluchaza ukube uJesu ubeyinganekwane nje.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wobuKristu, uJesu akayona nje inkumbulo yesikhathi esidlule. Imfundiso eyinhloko yalolo kholo ukuthi Obethelwe esiphambanweni uvukile futhi uyaphila, ukuthi akayena “unkulunkulu wabafileyo, kodwa owabaphilayo,” njengoba iVangeli ngokwalo lisho. Lokhu kugomela kudlula lokho izazi-mlando ezingakuqinisekisa, kodwa kuhambisana neqiniso lomlando lokuthi Okuhlangenwe nakho kukaJesu ophilayo kwaphefumulela abafundi bakhe ukumemezela emhlabeni wonke naphezu kokushushiswa nokwehluleka.
Ekugcineni, uma sikhuluma “ngomlando kaJesu Kristu ohlukile,” okuhlaba umxhwele ngempela akukhona ukusungula impilo ehlukile, kodwa ukuqhathanisa lokho okushiwo yisiko lobuKristu ngaYe nalokho okushiwo yimithombo yangaphandle, enobutha, noma yakamuva. Futhi lokho okuvezwa yile mithombo kuyisithombe somuntu okunzima kakhulu ukuphika ukuthi ukhona emlandweni futhi onomthelela wakhe ube mkhulu kangangokuthi Ngisho nanamuhla kubumba isiko, ukuziphatha, kanye nengokomoya lezigidigidi zabantuKudala ukwesekwa okunentshiseko futhi kuphinde kudale ukugxekwa okunamandla ngokulinganayo.
