El i-emperor penguin kanye ne-Antarctic fur seal Sezibe, cishe ngobusuku obubodwa, izimpawu ezimbili ezinkulu ze- inkinga yesimo sezulu e-AntarcticaUkuhlolwa kwesayensi kwakamuva okuthunyelwe kwi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kubangele isimemezelo: zombili izinhlobo manje sezibhalwe ngokusemthethweni njengezisengozini "engozini" ohlwini olubomvu.
Lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha kwezinhlobo akulona nje ushintsho lobuchwepheshe. Kunokuningi kunalokho. ukwehla kwenani labantu okulinganiswe ngesathelayithi, izinguquko ezinkulu eqhweni lolwandle Futhi indawo ezungezile engaphansi kwengcindezi eshesha kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe. Kumphakathi wesayensi, okwenzeka kulezi zilwane kuyisixwayiso esiqondile mayelana nendlela isimo sezulu somhlaba wonke esiqondisa ngayo.
I-emperor penguin: iqhwa elikhulu elisezintanjeni
El I-Emperor penguin (i-Aptenodytes forsteri)I-penguin enkulu, enkulu kunazo zonke ama-penguin, isuke esigabeni esithi "Near Threatened" yaya esigabeni esithi "Endangered" ku-IUCN Red List. Lolu shintsho lubonisa ingozi enkulu yokuphela esikhathini esimaphakathi uma izitayela zamanje zingashintshwa.
Amakoloni alolu hlobo athembele ngokuphelele ku- iqhwa lolwandle eliqinileIqhwa elihlala linamathele ogwini, phansi kolwandle, noma eziqongweni zeqhwa ezinkulu ezisekelwe phansi. Leli qhwa liyisisekelo lapho zifukamela khona amaqanda azo phakathi nobusika base-Australia, zikhulise amaphuphu azo entwasahlobo, futhi zidlule esikhathini sazo sokubola okubucayi, lapho zilahlekelwa khona okwesikhashana ukuvalwa kwamanzi kwezimpaphe zazo.
Inkinga ukuthi umhlabathi oqandisiwe abathembele kuwo ushintsha ngokushesha. Kusukela ngo-2016, Iqhwa lolwandle lwase-Antarctic lifinyelele esimeni esiphansi kakhulu emlandweniNgokusho kwedatha ye-NASA, ukuqhekeka kwamazinyo ngaphambi kwesikhathi sekuvame kakhulu. Lapho iqhwa liqhekeka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, amaphuphu awela emanzini ngaphambi kokuba akhule ngokugcwele izimpaphe zawo ezingangeni manzi, okuholela ekufeni okukhulu ngenxa yokushisa komzimba noma ukuminza.
Izifundo ezihlanganiswe ze-IUCN zibonisa ukuthi, phakathi kuka-2009 no-2018, cishe eyodwa 10% wabantu be-emperor penguin emhlabeni wonkeLokhu kumelela abantu abadala abangaphezu kuka-20.000 abalahlekile eminyakeni engaphansi kweshumi. Amamodeli ezibalo zabantu abonisa izimo ezahlukene zesimo sezulu abonisa ukuthi inani labantu lingancishiswa ngesigamu cishe ngawo-2080 uma ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa kungancishiswa "ngokushesha nangokuzumayo."
Abacwaningi abanjengoPhilip Trathan waseBrithani, ovela kwi-IUCN Penguin Specialist Group, bagcizelela ukuthi i-emperor penguin iyisilwane esingavamile. izinhlobo zokushintsha kwesimo sezuluUma amakoloni abo ecwila ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude nezibandayo kakhulu, njengoLwandle iWeddell noma uLwandle iRoss, kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi uhlelo lwe-Antarctic luyashintsha kusukela ekuqaleni, kude nethonya eliqondile labantu kodwa ngaphansi komthelela wokufudumala komhlaba.
Ukuze kuhlolwe lokhu kuwohloka, umphakathi wesayensi uthembele kakhulu ku- izithombe zesathelayithiLezi zindlela zivumela ukuqapha amakoloni angafinyeleleki kanye nokutholakala kwezitayela ezinkulu. Izifundo ezintathu ezinkulu zakamuva zisebenze njengesisekelo sokuhlolwa okusha: eyodwa ihlaziya amakoloni angu-50 futhi iqinisekisa ukwehla kwe-circumpolar cishe ngo-10%, kanti ezinye ezimbili ziqokomisa ukwehla okukhulu nakakhulu, okungaphezu kuka-20%, kwezinye zezindawo eziyinhloko zezwekazi eliqandisiwe.
Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yiqhwa, ezinye izingozi ezingaba khona—njengokuvakasha, ipulasitiki, noma umkhuhlane wezinyoni—ziqashwe ngokucophelela, kodwa okwamanje Ababhekwa njengosongo olukhulu kulolu hlobo. Isici esinqumayo siyaqhubeka nokuba yiqhwa elincibilikayo elihlobene nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kanye nokungazinzi kweqhwa lolwandle ezindaweni zokuzalela.
Impilo elawulwa usayizi neqhwa
Ibhayoloji ye-emperor penguin, njengabanye izilwane ezimelana nokubanda okukhulu, kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ushintsho eqhweni lolwandle Iyayishaya kakhulu. Yinyoni ephakeme ngaphezu kwemitha futhi inesisindo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angu-40 no-50, ejwayele ukumelana nemimoya efinyelela ku-150 km/h kanye namazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kuka-30 ºC ogwini lwase-Antarctica.
Umjikelezo wazo wokuzala uhambisana kahle nekhalenda leqhwa. Izinyoni ezindala zibekela amaqanda azo phakathi nobusika, eqhweni, eduze nolwandle ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze zinciphise uhambo lwazo oluya ezindaweni zokudla. Inkukhu iyachamisela entwasahlobo, lapho ulwandle lunikeza izinsiza ezengeziwe, futhi kumelwe lube lugcwele izinsiba futhi lulungele amanzi maphakathi nehlobo eliseningizimu.
Uma konke kuhamba ngendlela ehleliwe, izingane zingangena olwandle lapho iqhwa liqala ukuqhekeka ngokwemvelo. Kodwa isimo esihlukile sibonakala ngokuvama okwandayo: Iqhwa liyancibilika emavikini ambalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi esijwayelekile.Amaphuphu, esambozwe yisisu futhi engakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside entanta, athola amanzi abandayo angakakulungeli ukuwasebenzisa.
Ochwepheshe abanjengo-Ignacio Juárez, umcwaningi e-Oxford University ogxile kulezi zinyoni, bagcizelela ukuthi Ukuphela kwengozi ebaluleke kakhulu ukulahleka kweqhwa lolwandle.Ngoba kuthinta ngokuzumayo ukuzala, ukubola, kanye nokufuna ukudla. Njengoba echaza, lapho ikoloni lilahlekelwa cishe yiwo wonke amaphuphu alo ngesizini ngenxa yokuncibilika kokuqala, umthelela wangempela uzwakala eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho kungekho zinyoni ezincane ezanele ukujoyina inani labantu abadala.
Ukubuyekezwa kwesimo sombusi ohlwini olubomvu nakho kuza ngesikhathi esibalulekile engxoxweni yamazwe ngamazwe. Idatha, echazwe abanye abacwaningi njenge "emangalisayo" ngokuqina kwayo, ingasebenza ku ukukhuthaza izindawo ezintsha ezivikelwe zasolwandle e-Antarctica. Kodwa-ke, noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka kule ndawo kudinga ukuvumelana phakathi kwamazwe eSivumelwano sase-Antarctica, into, njengoba ososayensi abaye bahlanganyela kule mihlangano beyiveza, engelula neze.
I-Antarctic fur seal: indlala njengosongo oluthule
Esinye isisulu esikhulu salolu chungechunge lokuhlola yi- Imvunulo yoboya yase-Antarctic (i-Arctocephalus gazella), okusuka esigabeni esithi "Okungakhathazeki Kakhulu" kuya kokuthi "Okusengozini" ngemuva kokwehla kwenani labantu abangaphezu kuka-50% kwabhalwa phansi eminyakeni embalwa nje.
Izilinganiso zisikisela ukuthi inani labantu bakhona selisuke cishe ku- Izibonelo zabantu abadala eziyizigidi ezingu-2,18 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990 kwafika izilwane ezingaba ngu-944.000 cishe ngo-2025. Ukwehla kwalesi sifo kuphawuleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengeNingizimu Georgia, enye yezindawo eziqinile zalolu hlobo eNingizimu Atlantic.
Kulesi simo, imbangela eyinhloko ekhonjwe yi-IUCN yi- ukwehla kwe-Antarctic krillI-Krill, i-crustacean encane, efana ne-shrimp eyakha isisekelo sokudla kwezilwane eziningi e-Southern Ocean. Amanzi afudumele kanye neqhwa elincibilikayo kusunduza i-krill ekujuleni okukhulu ukuze kutholakale izingqimba ezipholile nezizinzile.
Uma ama-krill esuka ebusweni nasogwini, amabhubesi olwandle kufanele asebenzise amandla amaningi ekufuneni ukudla, futhi yizinjana ezikhokha intengo ephezulu kakhulu. Imininingwane eqoqwe abacwaningi ikhombisa ukuthi ukwehla okukhulu kokusinda kwezinjana ngonyaka wazo wokuqala wokuphila ezindaweni ezifana neNingizimu Georgia, okuhumusha kube inani lokuzala elikhula ngokushesha.
Lokhu kuntuleka kokudla kwandiswa ezinye izingcindezi zemvelo ezingase zikhule: Ukuzingelwa yizimfene ze-orcas kanye nezingwekanye nokuncintisana ne- imikhomo ye-baleen -imikhomo ye-baleen- eselulama ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuzingela kakhulu futhi ethembele kuma-krill njengomthombo wayo oyinhloko.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezilwane ezimbalwa ezidla inyama, ukuncintisana okwandisiwe, kanye nezinguquko ezingaba khona ezifweni noma ezingeni lendawo yokuhlala kubeka uphawu loboya be-Antarctic endleleni ekhathazayo. Kochwepheshe be-IUCN abaphethwe yizinhlungu, leli cala libonisa ukuthi kanjani Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungalungisa kabusha ngokuphelele ama-food webs e-Southern Ocean futhi akushiyi ndawo yokuzikhandla kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezazingekho ohlwini lwezinto eziza kuqala ekulondolozweni kuze kube muva nje.
I-Antarctica njengesibuko sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele
Isimo esibi kakhulu se-emperor penguin kanye ne-Antarctic fur seal sifanelana kahle ne- iphethini ebanzi yokuwohloka kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esisezindaweni ezibandayoI-IUCN ngokwayo iveza ukuthi i-Antarctica isebenza "njengomqaphi obandayo" weplanethi, isiza ekuqiniseni isimo sezulu futhi inikeze indawo yokukhosela izilwane ezihlukile ezitholakala cishe kwenye indawo.
Izibuyekezo zakamuva ku-Red List, ezenza isimo sibe sibi kakhulu uphawu lwendlovu oluseningizimu (Mirounga leonina) Isigaba "Esisengozini", ngenxa yokuqhubekela phambili komkhuhlane wezinyoni obangela izifo eziningi, sibonisa isithombe lapho ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezifo ezivelayo kuqinisana khona.
Kusukela ngo-2020, i- ukwanda okuphawulekayo komkhuhlane wezinyoni ezincelisayo zasolwandleamazinga okufa angaphezu kuka-90% wamaphuphu kwamanye amakoloni ezimfene zendlovu. Nakuba i-emperor penguin kanye ne-Antarctic fur seal into ebalulekile isalokhu iyiqhwa ne-krill, ngokulandelana, ochwepheshe besaba ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kweqhwa elincane, izilwandle ezifudumele, kanye namagciwane amasha kuzoshiya inqwaba ingakwazi ukululama.
Izinhlangano ezifana ne-BirdLife International kanye ne-Conservation International zigcizelela ukuthi lokhu kuhlelwa kabusha kwezinhlobo zezilwane akuyona inkinga eyedwa ngezilwane zasezindaweni ezibandayo, kodwa kunalokho kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi indlela izimiso zemvelo eziwohloka ngayo emhlabeni jikeleleUkudla okuncane, izindawo zokuhlala ezingazinzile, kanye nokwanda kwezifo kwakha i-cocktail ekhulisa ingozi yokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane.
UMqondisi Jikelele we-IUCN, uGrethel Aguilar, ugcizelele ukuthi ukwehla kwe-emperor penguin kanye ne-Antarctic fur seal kufanele kusebenze njenge Umkhankaso wokuvusa ohulumeni, amabhizinisi kanye nomphakathi ngokugcwele. Umyalezo wakhe uhambisana nowabanye ochwepheshe: ngaphandle kokunciphisa okusheshayo nokujulile kokukhishwa kwegesi, kanye nokuvikelwa okuqinile kwezindawo zasolwandle zase-Antarctica, lo mkhuba wamanje ngeke uguqulwe.
Njengoba amazwe ehlangana ezinkundleni ezifana ne-Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, idatha entsha ngalezi zinhlobo ibekwa etafuleni njengesikhumbuzo esingajabulisi: Ifasitela lesenzo liyancipha Futhi lokho okubonwa namuhla ezindaweni ezibandayo zeplanethi kungabikezela izinguquko ezibonakalayo ezindaweni eziseduze kakhulu, okuhlanganisa neYurophu.
