Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bedijithali, amandla ahlanzekile, kanye nokuhamba kukagesi kubangele umjaho womhlaba wonke wokubusa e- amaminerali abalulekile kanye nezinto ezingavamile zomhlabaKulelo bhodi le-chess eliqhubeka lishuba ngokwendawo ngokwezepolitiki, ISpain isishintshe ekubeni ngumdlali oqaphile yaya endaweni ebalulekile. ngezinhlelo zokuzimela kweqhinga le-European Union.
Kufihlwe ngaphansi kwenhlabathi yaseSpain izinsizakusebenza zezimbiwa ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kwamandla kanye nomkhakha wezobuchwephesheKusukela ezintweni ezingavamile zomhlaba kuya ku-strontium, ithusi, kanye ne-lithium, leli thuba liye laholela eBrussels kanye nohulumeni ophakathi ukuba babheke ingxenye esentshonalanga yezwe ngentshisekelo entsha, ikakhulukazi I-Varisco Massif isivele inamaphrojekthi amaningana omhlaba ongavamile eCastilla-La Mancha nase-Extremaduraokunganciphisa kakhulu ukuthembela kubahlinzeki bangaphandle njengeShayina.
Kusukela ekuvubukuleni kwendabuko kuya kwezepolitiki zomhlaba ongavamile
Nakuba ukumba izimayini sekukhona ezweni amashumi eminyaka, igxathu elibalulekile selifikile manje: imboni yokukhipha izimayini Inengeniso engaba yizigidigidi ezingama-3.500 zama-euro ngonyakaNgokusho koMnyango Wezinguquko Zemvelo (i-MITECO), kodwa intshisekelo yangempela yaseYurophu isekutheni amandla angakasetshenziswa. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, I-Varisco Massif, umugqa wezimayini owela usuka enyakatho yeGalicia uye eningizimu ye-Andalusia, lapho zitholakale khona amaminerali anezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-magnetic kanye ne-electronic, yize kusezingeni eliphansi.
Njengoba ochwepheshe baseNyuvesi yaseSeville bechaza, Lezi zinto zivame ukubonakala zihlakazekile kakhulu.Lokhu kwenza kube nzima kokubili indawo yabo kanye nokuxhashazwa kwabo okunenzuzo. Lobu bunzima buchaza ukuthi kungani, ngezinga lomhlaba wonke, inani elincane kuphela lama-rare earth deposits angasetshenziswa ngempela akhona, igxile emazweni ambalwa kakhulu.
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-rare earth iyatholakala ngokusobala ibuswa yiShayinaLokhu kuphakamise izixwayiso eBrussels nakwamanye amazwe amakhulu njenge-United States. KuSusana Timón, usosayensi e-IGME-CSIC, ukulawulwa kwalezi zinto sekuphenduke ithuluzi langempela lezepolitikiLowo ophethe lesi sipho unenzuzo uma kuziwa ekubekeni amanani kanye nemibandela yokuhlinzeka.
Ukuthembela eYurophu kuyabonisa: Ama-97% e-magnesium adliwa yi-EU avela eShayina y Ama-98% e-borate avela eTürkiyeLeli zinga lokuchayeka lishiya isifunda sisengozini yokungezwani kwezombusazwe, imikhawulo yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, noma izinkinga ezilula zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, okuyingozi yokuthi INkantolo Yabahloli Bezimali ye-EU iveze ukuthi akuxazululwanga kahle naphezu kwezinyathelo esezivunyiwe kakade.
Kulesi simo, iqiniso lokuthi ISpain igxile kwezinye zezinsizakusebenza ezikwazi ukunciphisa lokho kuncika Kuyinika isisindo esibalulekile esidlula kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwezimbiwa kwamanje.
ISpain: izindawo zokugcina amasu kanye namaphrojekthi ayisikhombisa abalulekile e-EU
Isikhalazo seSpain eBrussels sisekelwe emaqinisweni amaningana anamandla. Okokuqala, izwe Iqukethe cishe u-15% wemithombo ye-strontium emhlabeni., igcinwe emayini evulekile eGranada, futhi yiyona umkhiqizi oyedwa walesi simbiwa e-EU, ehlanganisa yonke imfuno yomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ungumkhiqizi wesibili ngobukhulu wethusi eYurophu, kanye namapulazi asebenzayo ikakhulukazi e-Andalusia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okulandelayo kuye kwatholakala eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia: Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingu-20 kwezingu-34 ezibhekwa njengezibalulekile yiKhomishini yaseYurophu, kanti ezingu-17 zazo zihlukaniswa njengezineqhinga ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo emikhakheni efana ne- ushintsho lwezemvelo, ukuzivikela, noma imboni yezindizaLezi zinsiza zifaka phakathi i-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, i-tungsten, ne-wolfram, konke okubalulekile kumabhethri, ama-alloy akhethekile, izingxenye zikagesi, kanye nemishini yezempi.
Kulesi simo, uHulumeni uvumile ukuthi Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuhlola Izimayini (i-PNEM) 2026-2030, ifakwe 182 million euro. Inhloso icacile: ukuthola ngokunembile amadiphozithi amasha, ukuhlola ukusebenza kwawo, nokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza ezingakhishwa ngaphansi kwezimo zomnotho nezemvelo ezamukelekayoIPhini likaMongameli Wesithathu uSara Aagesen lize laphakamisa ukuthi amaminerali, kanye ne-hydrogen, angabalelwa ku-[inani elingekho] ngo-2050 Ama-80% enani lokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe okuhlobene namandla.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iBrussels idwebe uhlu lwe Amaphrojekthi angu-47 ezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlakaniphile endaweni yaseYurophuEziyisikhombisa zazo zitholakala eSpain, zisakazeke emiphakathini eminingana ezimele:
- I-Moto (i-Ciudad Real), exhunywe nomhlaba ongavamile futhi itholakala ngaphakathi kweCastilla-La Mancha.
- I-Doade (i-Ourense), eGalicia, igxile ezintweni ezibaluleke kakhulu.
- Las Navas y Izinsimbi ze-P6bobabili ngaphakathi Cáceres, igxile ku-lithium nakwezinye izinsizakusebenza zamasu.
- I-Aguablanca (Badajoz), idiphozithi ye-nickel nethusi e-Extremadura.
- Isiyingi (i-Huelva)isinyathelo esihloselwe ukuvuselelwa kwensimbi okuthuthukisiwe eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Andalusia.
- Iziphambano Zethusi (eSeville), imayini enkulu yethusi e-Andalusia.
Zonke lezi zinhlelo zisese- isigaba sokuhlola noma sokuvuselelakodwa banenhloso eyodwa: ukusheshisa ukuqaliswa kwazo iziteshi zokuxhasa ngezimali eziza kuqala kanye nezinqubo ezisheshayo, yize ngaphandle kokwehlisa izidingo zokuphepha noma amazinga ezemvelo.
Ngaphandle kwalolo hlu olusemthethweni, amandla okumba afinyelela nakwezinye izindawo ezifana I-Salamanca, Sierra Morena noma izindawo ezahlukene ze-Extremadura, lapho inhlanganisela yezinsizakusebenza zensimbi nomhlaba ongavamile yenza lesi sifunda sibe ngenye yezindawo okufanele zibukwe eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo.
I-Campo de Montiel: idiphozithi yomhlaba engavamile engashintsha imephu yaseYurophu
Uma kukhona iphrojekthi eyodwa ekhombisa izinga ISpain ingaba yidiphozithi ebalulekile yomhlaba ongavamile eYurophuLeyo evela Campo de Montiel, esifundazweni saseCiudad Real. Lapho, inkampani Ukumbiwa Kwe-Quantum ithole idiphozithi enkulu ye monazite, i-mineral equkethe izinto ezifana ne-cerium, i-neodymium noma i-lanthanum, ebalulekile kuma-magnet ahlala njalo, ama-motor kagesi asebenza kahle kakhulu noma ama-wind turbine.
Izifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa le nsiza kungavumela kukhiqiza cishe amathani angu-2.100 ezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba minyaka yonkeinani elanele, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene, lokumboza 33% wesidingo saseYurophu yalolu hlobo lwezinto zokwakha. Ngokwezimboni, inkampani igcizelela ukuthi leli nani lingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izimoto zikagesi ezingafika ku-350.000 noma ama-wind turbine angaba ngu-10.000, izingxenye ezibalulekile esu lomphakathi lokususa i-carbon dioxide.
Isifunda saseCampo de Montiel, esinobuntu baso obuqinile basemakhaya kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zabantu ezisakazeke phakathi kwe-Ciudad Real eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye nengxenye ye-Albacete, sizobona futhi umthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho emisebenzini nasemisebenzini yokusizaNgokusho kwabasekeli balo msebenzi, imibiko ecashunwe yizikhungo zaseYurophu ikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwale diphozithi kuzosiza... ukunciphisa isisindo seShayina ekuhlinzekweni komhlaba ongavamile kwi-EU, enye yezinhloso ezinkulu zenqubomgomo yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile zoMphakathi.
Le nkampani ekhangisayo ivuselele imizamo yayo eminyakeni yamuva nje, icela izimvume ezintsha zokuhlola futhi iphikisana ngokuthi Amandla aseYurophu kanye nokuzimela kwezobuchwepheshe Kuhilela ukuthuthukisa izindawo ezingaphakathi ezweni ezifana nalena. Uyaqinisekisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwayo kuyacabangela izindlela zokubuyisela kanye namasu okukhipha angenamandla kangako kunasemisebenzini yezimayini yendabuko.
Nokho, Le phrojekthi izungezwe yimpikiswano Sekuyiminyaka ecishe ibe yishumi, kube uphawu lokungqubuzana phakathi kokuphuthuma kokuthola izimpahla kanye nesidingo sokugcina imvelo endaweni enenani eliphezulu lemvelo.
Umthelela wezemvelo, ukuphikiswa kwendawo kanye nempikiswano ngemodeli yezimayini
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweCampo de Montiel kubonisa lokho Ukuthola nje idiphozithi enkulu yomhlaba ongavamile akwanele ukuqala umsebenzi wokumba.Isiphakamiso se-Quantum Mining sase sivele senqatshwe kakhulu ngo-2017 yi-Junta de Castilla-La Mancha, eyamisa lo msebenzi ngemuva kokugqugquzelwa yizakhamuzi, izinhlangano zezemvelo kanye nengxenye yomkhakha wezolimo.
Izimpikiswano zamaqembu aphikisanayo ziyahlukahluka, kodwa zigxile emaphuzwini amathathu ayinhloko. Okokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okulindelweKwalinganiselwa ukuthi umsebenzi wezimayini ungadinga phakathi Amamitha ayi-cubic angu-310.000 kanye nama-cubic metres angu-500.000 ngonyaka endaweni enemithombo yamanzi ehlungiwe kanye nezigameko zesomiso eziphindaphindayo. Okwesibili, ingozi yezinto eziphilayo, njengoba ipulazi liseduze nezindawo ezibalwe njenge Izindawo Ezikhethekile Zokuvikela Izinyoni (ZEPA) kanye nokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezisengozini njenge-Iberian lynx.
I-axis yesithathu ingase ibe khona Umthelela wemfucuza kanye nenqubo yokuhlukanisa umhlaba ongavamile, okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nemikhiqizo enobuthi futhi, kwamanye amazwe, nokungcoliswa kwemisebe, yize inkampani iqinisekisa ukuthi kulokhu amasu angenazo izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezinamandla azosetshenziswa kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba.
Amaqoqo anjenge Isazi semvelo en Acción noma ipulatifomu yezakhamizi Yebo ku-Living Earth Bebelokhu bekhuthele kakhulu, behlela imikhankaso, imibiko kanye nezinsolo ukuze bagcizelele ukuthi, ngokombono wabo, Izingozi zemvelo kanye nalezo ezithinta isisekelo senhlalo-mnotho yasemakhaya zidlula izinzuzo.Ingcindezi yomphakathi yayiyisici esinquma ukwenqatshwa kokuqala kwalo msebenzi.
Ukuphendula kulezi zikhundla, i-Quantum Mining ithi indlela yayo izofaka phakathi ukususwa kwesikhashana kwengqimba yezitshalo, ukuxhashazwa ngezigaba kanye nokuvuselelwa okulandelayo ukubuyisela ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo, ngaphezu kokungabikho kwamakhemikhali athile enkambisweni yokuhlukanisa i-monazite. Le nkampani igcizelela ukuthi, ngaphandle kwamaphrojekthi alolu hlobo, Ushintsho lwamandla aseYurophu luzoncika ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezikhishwe emazweni angaphandle anezindinganiso zemvelo eziqinile kakhulu..
Impikiswano, ekugcineni, iphikisana ngemibono emibili: omunye obeka phambili ukuzimela kwamasu kanye namathuba ezomnothokanye nenye ethi ukuqapha okukhulu kanye nomodeli osekelwe ekusetshenzisweni okuncishisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kabusha kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezinto kunokuba kube sekuvulwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokumba.
Ukuvuselela kabusha, izinqwaba zemfucuza kanye nezimayini ezilahliwe: enye indlela yokuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa
Ngempela, enye yezindlela zokuthola ukuthandwa enkulumweni yezemfundo neyezepolitiki yilena yokuthi sebenzisa imfucuza yezimayini ekhona kanye nezikweletuISpain inayo Amachibi ayi-21.673 kanye nezinqwaba zemfucuza, kokubili okusebenzayo nokulahliwe, lapho udaka, izinto ezihlanzekile nezinye izinto ziqongelela khona, ezimweni eziningi eziqukethe amazinga asebenzisekayo ezinsimbi kanye nezinto zomhlaba ezingavamile akukalulami ngaleso sikhathi.
Izinyathelo ezifana nephrojekthi Isiyingi eHuelvaBeqhutshwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqinile kwangasese, bafuna ngokunembile ukuguqula imfucuza kagesi kanye nemfucuza yezimboni ibe umthombo omusha wezinto zokusetshenziswaokuhambisana nokumbiwa kwezezimayini zendabuko. Lezi zinhlobo zezindawo zicatshangwa njenge amapulatifomu okusebenzisa kabusha athuthukisiwe ekwazi ukubuyisa ithusi, izinsimbi zobuchwepheshe, futhi kwezinye izimo, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqembu ocwaningo afana nalawo aholwa yi- U-JoaquÃn Delgado no-Antonio Romero Baena eNyuvesi yaseSeville basebenza ku- ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zezimayini ezilahliwengokunaka okukhethekile isigodi sase I-Rio Tinto (i-Huelva)ukusebenzisa amasu ukuvuselelwa kwehlathiLapho, ukugeleza kwe-asidi okubangelwa imisebenzi yakudala yokumba kuye kwehlisa ikhwalithi yamanzi amashumi eminyaka.
Umgomo walaba ososayensi ukabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukisa isimo semvelo semigodi yezimayini futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubuyisa izinsimbi nezinto ezithakazelisayo kulezi zimfucuzaNgokusho kukaDelgado, izakhi ezithile zingagxila esiqinileni okufanele kukhishwe kuso umhlaba ongavamile kanye nezinye izimbiwa ezibalulekileokubanika "impilo yesibili yezimboni".
Le phrojekthi isesesigabeni sayo sokuqala, ngombono wokufaka i- isitshalo sokuhlola emayini yasePeña del Hierro, enye yezindawo ezivamile zaseRÃo Tinto. Ngokusho kwabagqugquzeli bayo, lolu hlobo lwesinyathelo luvumela ukuxhumanisa ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo nokuphepha kokuhlinzekwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswaukuvula umnyango wokulinganisela okwamukelekayo emphakathini.
Indima ekhulayo yeSpain ekuzimeleni kweqhinga laseYurophu
Ngale kokubala kwama-tonnage kanye nama-reserve, okusengozini yisikhundla saseSpain ku umnotho omusha wezembiwa ezibalulekile. Ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezingavamile zomhlaba njengeCampo de Montielamandla e-Variscan Massif, amandla ayo ku-strontium kanye nethusi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi ku ukuvuselelwa kabusha kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezimayini Ibeka izwe njengenye yezinsika zesu lokuzimela laseYurophu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphikiswa okunamandla kwezenhlalo kwezinye izindawo, ukuhlolisiswa kwe- umthelela wezimayini kwezemvelo Futhi isidingo sezinqubo eziqinile sikhumbuza ukuthi ayikho indlela elula. I-European Union kanye nohulumeni waseSpain bazama ukuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kumadiphozithi amasha, ukukhuthazwa kokusetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nemithetho eqinile yezemveloOkwamanje, isidingo samaminerali amabhethri, izinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nezinto zikagesi siyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Kulokhu kungqubuzana phakathi kokuphepha kokuhlinzekwa kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, iSpain isibe ilabhorethri esezingeni laseYurophuUmphumela wamaphrojekthi afana namaphrojekthi omhlaba ongavamile eCiudad Real, amaphrojekthi e-lithium eCáceres, noma izimboni zokuvuselela kabusha eHuelva ngokuyinhloko unquma izinga izwekazi elizokwazi ngalo... ukunciphisa ukuthembela kwabo emazweni esithathu ngaphandle kokulimaza ngokungenakuguqulwa izimiso zemvelo zabo.
