Ibhethri lemoto kagesi liyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemoto, kanye nebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngokusebenza. Eminyakeni edlule, kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokukhiqiza amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi futhi, nakuba ezinye zibonakala ziphelelwe yisikhathi, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka kwabanye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici ezithile ezibalulekile, njenge. ubude besikhathi, amandla kanye nokusimama kwezinto. Eqinisweni, ukuxazulula inkinga yokutholakala kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokulahlwa kwazo kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukufeza umgomo wokuhamba okuzinzile.
Lisebenza kanjani ibhethri lemoto kagesi?
Ngaphakathi kwamabhethri, ugesi ukhiqizwa ngenqubo yamakhemikhali lapho, endaweni ye-electrolyte ewuketshezi, ukugeleza kwama-electron kukhiqizwa phakathi kwezigxobo ezimbili, i-anode ne-cathode. Le nqubo yenzeka endaweni ngayinye iseli umuntu ngamunye, iyunithi eyisisekelo yebhethri, yona kanye namanye amaseli yakha imojuli. Kusukela inyunyana eziningana amamojula Kutholakala izinhlobo ezihlukene zamabhethri ezihluka ngomthamo, i-amperage ne-voltage, amayunithi amathathu okulinganisa acatshangelwa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwebhethri lilonke:
- amandla: inani lamandla ibhethri elingawadlulisela noma liwagcine ngehora elilodwa, elivezwe nge-kWh.
- amperage: Inani lamandla, kuma-amps, angadluliselwa ngomzuzwana owodwa.
- amandla kagesi: amandla lapho inani lamandla elihambisana ne-1 Ampere lidluliselwa; Ivezwa ngama-volts ngakho-ke ikala isivinini sokudlulisela.
Ngakho singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali awo, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi okwenziwa ngazo i-anode ne-cathode.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zamabhethri emoto kagesi?
Kuze kube manje, ibhethri yemoto kagesi esetshenziswa kakhulu i-lithium ion, enezinga eliphezulu le-lithium ku-cathode ne-graphite ku-anode. Nakuba okwamanje ifakwe i-electrolyte ewuketshezi, amabhethri e-lithium-ion ayisisekelo socwaningo amabhethri esimo esiqinile. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo okusabalele kungenxa yokusebenza okuhle kakhulu abakuqinisekisayo: ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, ukushajwa kabusha okusheshayo, ukukhanya, nempilo yesikhathi eside. Nokho, zikhona ezinye izinhlobo:
- amabhethri okuhola: Njengoba ayesetshenziswa kakhulu esikhathini esidlule, lawa mabhethri ane-anode eholayo kanye ne-cathode ephinde ehlanganiswe ne-lead dioxide. Njengamanje akuvamile ukusetshenziswa, ezimotweni ezincane nezishibhile ngoba, naphezu kokuba nokuphila okuwusizo okude nezindleko eziphansi, zinomthelela omkhulu wemvelo kanye nezikhathi ezinde kakhulu zokushajwa;
- Amabhethri e-nickel-metal hydride: eyenziwe nge-anode yensimbi ye-alloy kanye ne-cathode enezinga eliphezulu le-nickel, lolu hlobo lwebhethri aluzange lusetshenziswe kancane emkhakheni wezimoto, ikakhulukazi iToyota, ebilokhu iyisebenzisela imodeli yayo kagesi edume kakhulu, i-Prius. Amabhethri anomthamo omkhulu wamandla futhi ayashaja futhi aphuma ngokushesha, anesisindo esincane futhi anomthelela ophansi kwemvelo, kodwa alahlekelwa ukusebenza ngokushesha;
- Amabhethri e-Lithium Iron Phosphate: okuhlukile kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion anento ehlukile ye-cathode. Zinezinzuzo eziningana: azidingi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavamile futhi ezibizayo njenge-cobalt, ziphephile, ziphikisana nokushisa okuphezulu, futhi zihlala isikhathi eside. Zisetshenziswa kancane kakhulu ngoba zinenani eliphansi lamandla, nakuba imakethe yazo isanda kukhula, ikakhulukazi e-China.
ibhethri leso sithembiso
Bese kuba namabhethri athe ubuchwepheshe bawo bubukeka buthembisa futhi bungase butholakale maduze kubakhi bezimoto. Phakathi kwalezi kubalwa i-lithium-metal, nge-lithium futhi ku-anode, okwandisa amandla ayo; noma amabhethri i-lithium-sulphur, eyenziwe ngezinto ezigaywe kabusha futhi ngenxa yalokho isimama kakhudlwana futhi iyonga; ekugcineni labo abanayo i-sodium ions, ngisho nalezi zibiza kancane ngoba zenziwe ngezinto ezivamile, njenge-sodium, futhi ezingaqinisekisa ubude besikhathi eside nokumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
Ubude nokuncipha kokusebenza kwamabhethri emoto kagesi ngokungangabazeki yizici ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kuhlolwa ukuthengwa kwalezi zimoto.
Ibhethri lemoto kagesi lihlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Ukuphila kwamabhethri emoto kagesi kuxhunywe ekusebenzeni kwawo, okuncipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yemijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha, ikakhulukazi esheshayo noma enamandla amakhulu. Kodwa ebhethri yemoto kagesi, umthamo oxhashaziwe awulokothi ufinyeleleke; njalo ilinganiswa enanini eliphansi. Lokhu kwenza umehluko, kusuka ku-5% kuya ku-12-15%, phakathi umthamo olinganiselwe kanye namandla asebenzayo. ukuguga kwebhethri Kuthinta ukumbozwa kwe-anode ne-cathode, okunciphisa nomthamo wabo wokugcina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuncipha komthamo akuphazamisi ukusebenza, njengamandla, ahlala engashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Abakhiqizi balinganisela ibanga elimaphakathi ibhethri elingahamba ngalo ngokushajwa okuphelele, libanika inani eliphelele lenani lemijikelezo yokushajwa kanye nokukhipha imoto. Ngale kwaleli nani elilinganiselwe, ukusebenza kuqala ukwehla kakhulu futhi umkhawulo uvame ukumiswa phakathi 70% kanye 80% we umthamo wokuqala osebenzayo.
Ngakho, ngokuvamile, abakhiqizi baqinisekisa ibhethri yemoto kagesi a Impilo ephelele yeminyaka eyi-8 noma amakhilomitha ayi-160.000, abanye bafinyelela ku-240.000. Ibhethri elingasafanele ukusetshenziswa emotweni lisengasetshenziswa njengebhethri lesitoreji esimile lamandla angaphazamiseki namasistimu afanayo.
Isiqinisekiso esihlukile sebhethri lemoto kagesi
Ngokuphathelene nesiqinisekiso sebhethri yemoto kagesi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kuzimele ku-generic eyodwa yemoto. Eqinisweni, ibhethri iyodwa imele ingxenye yesithathu yenani eliphelele lemoto..
Umkhiqizi ngamunye uqinisekisa ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo noma imayela, okungukuthi, cishe iminyaka engu-8 noma amakhilomitha angu-160.000, umthamo webhethri ngeke wehle ngaphansi komkhawulo womkhawulo wama-70-80% womthamo osebenzayo. Ngaphansi kwewaranti, ibhethri lemoto kagesi lingalungiswa noma lishintshwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yedizayini noma iphutha lokukhiqiza.
Ingabe zikhona izimo ezidala ukuthi iwaranti iphelelwe yisikhathi ngaphambi kokuthi iphelelwe yisikhathi?
Ngokusho kwe-ADAC, iklabhu yezimoto enkulu kunazo zonke eYurophu, lezi zingaba:
- ukukhishwa kwebhethri okujulile. Abakhiqizi abaningi bezimoto bayeluleka ngokumelene nokugijima komile, njengoba kungenampilo yebhethri, futhi kufakwe ezimweni zokukhishwa kwewaranti;
- Ukukhishwa okujulile ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwemoto. Ikakhulukazi ukuthengwa kwezimoto zikagesi ezisetshenzisiwe, kuhle ukuhlola inani lebhethri le-SOH (State Of Health);
- Ukufakwa kwezisekeli noma ukuguqulwa okulandelayo ekubhalisweni kwemoto (isb. ukuhitshwa kwe-trailer akuhlinzekwanga ekuqaleni);
- Izibuyekezo zesofthiwe eziphuthelwe. Wonke amaseli akha iphakethe lebhethri kufanele aphathwe uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi - Uhlelo Lokulawulwa Kwebhethri - olubalulekile ekuphepheni kwemoto;
- Plan yokugcinwa kwemoto kagesi engenziwanga kahle noma engenziwanga kunethiwekhi esemthethweni.
Enye indaba esematheni yokuhamba kukagesi ukulahlwa kanye nokugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri, lapho umsebenzi wenziwa khona ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswayo.
Inselele yaseYurophu yokususa amabhethri emoto kagesi
La ukuhlelwa kwebhethri yemoto kagesi kufanele kwenziwe ngaphakathi izitshalo ezikhethekile zokwelapha izingxenye zayo. Lezi zikhungo zokuhlakaza ibhethri ye-lithium-ion kanye nezindawo zokugaywa kabusha zikwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ikakhulukazi iJalimane, iFrance, iBelgium neSpain, futhi izindleko ziphezulu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwe-BBC, ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri kukhuphuka ngesilinganiso esingu-25% unyaka ngamunye, futhi eminyakeni eyi-10 noma engu-15 inani lezinto ezizolahlwa ezingozini eziba yisimo esiphuthumayo, uma amaphrojekthi okugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha aqaliswanga. amabhethri ngokwawo.
Isinyathelo esiya phambili sathathwa ngoDisemba 2022, lapho UMkhandlu WaseYurophu kanye nePhalamende LaseYurophu babeka imithetho yokuthi, kusalindwe isishayamthetho sokugcina, lawula wonke umjikelezo webhethri, kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuya ekulahleni, ukuze uqinisekise ukuphepha kwakho, ukusimama kanye namazinga aphezulu angashintshi.
Isivumelwano sesikhashana sizosebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamabhethri futhi, mayelana nalawo aphakela izinto zokuhamba, Abakhiqizi kumele babhekane nokutholwa okungenani kuka-51% wemfucuza yokukhiqiza. Amazinga amancane ayisibopho wezinto ezihlukene asevele ebekiwe ukuze kuqale ukusebenza kwesivumelwano: 16% we-cobalt; 85% lead, 6% lithium kanye 6% nickel.
Kodwa-ke, ukulahla kukodwa akwanele, inselele yangempela ye-Europe ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwebhethri lemoto kagesi kanye namaphrojekthi okugaya kabusha.
Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa kabusha amabhethri kagesi
Enye indlela yokulahla ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri emoto kagesi, okuvumela ukwandisa izinsiza futhi ukhuthaze indlela esimeme. Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa kabusha amabhethri e-lithium, ikakhulukazi, akuvumela ukuthi:
- vimbela ukukhishwa okusha kanye nokucubungula (ukuze kukhishwe ithani le-lithium, amanye amathani ayi-1.900 amanzi adingekayo);
- ukunciphisa isidingo sempahla eluhlaza, okubangela ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 okusha;
- gcina izinsiza ezinsimbini eziyisisekelo nasemafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, nezindleko zamandla amancane.
Futhi, amabhethri asetshenzisiwe asaqukethe cishe umthamo oyinsalela ongu-75%., engasanele ukunika amandla imoto kagesi, kodwa ingasetshenziselwa ezinye izinjongo. Isibonelo, zingaba izinhlelo zokugcina izitshalo ze-photovoltaic, noma zakha indawo yokugcina izimboni, njengomthombo wamandla.
Amabhethri angaba nokuphila okungaphezu kokukodwa
Umqondo we ibhethri lempilo yesibili, "ukunikeza impilo yesibili" kubhethri, kungasetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganisa amaphrojekthi amasha: JapanIsibonelo, amabhethri amadala kagesi ama-elevator amandla, indawo yokugcina amandla ewusizo kakhulu uma kwenzeka kucinywa ugesi, njengoba kuboniswa ukubambisana phakathi komkhiqizi wezimoto uNissan kanye nenkampani yezinhlelo zokwakha i-Hitachi.
I-Europe iphinde izibophezele ekusetshenzisweni kabusha kwebhethri ngephrojekthi ye-Acrobat, ehlose ukubuyisela ngaphezu kwe-90% yezinto ezibalulekile (ikakhulukazi i-lithium, i-phosphorus, ne-graphite) equkethwe kumabhethri e-lithium-iron-phosphate ngokusebenzisa isizinda esisha, nezindleko eziqukethwe kanye nomthelela oncishisiwe kwemvelo.
Iphinde ibe yingxenye yohlelo, futhi imelwe yi-Enea, i-National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. "Thina kwa-Enea - kuchaza umcwaningi u-Federica Forte, umqondisi wephrojekthi we-'Agency - uzobhekana, ikakhulukazi, nenqubo yokukhipha kanye nokubuyiswa kwezinto zokwenziwa kwe-electrolytic, ezifana nosawoti oqhubayo kanye nama-organic solvents".