Sekungamashumi eminyaka umlando wezakhi zofuzo zabantu bomdabu baseMelika ufana nephazili elilahlekile iningi lezingcezu zalo. Sasazi, ngokubanzi, ukuthi abantu bokuqala bafika bevela e-Asia ngokuwela iBeringia, kodwa ulwazi oluqondile mayelana ukuhlaliswa kwezwekaziUkuhlukahluka kwayo kwezakhi zofuzo, ukufuduka kwangaphakathi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwezinto eziphilayo kwakusekelwe kumasampula ambalwa kakhulu futhi kwakuthambekele kakhulu kwezinye izizinda.
Leso simo sesiqala ukushintsha kakhulu ngenxa yephrojekthi yamazwe ngamazwe eyakhe isizindalwazi esikhulu kunazo zonke sezakhi zofuzo zabantu bomdabu baseMelika kuze kube manje. Lo msebenzi awugcini nje ngokubhala kabusha izahluko ezibalulekile zabantu bakuleli zwekazi, kodwa futhi uvula umnyango wezokwelapha nge-genomic ezinobulungiswa kakhulu, ezingagxili kakhulu kubantu abavela eYurophu futhi ezizwela kakhulu iqiniso lemiphakathi yaseMelika yomdabu.
Idathabheyisi yezakhi zofuzo engakaze ibonwe yabantu bomdabu baseMelika
Ucwaningo olusha luyingxenye ye Iphrojekthi Yokuhlukahluka Kwezakhi Zofuzo ZaseMelika (i-IAGDP)Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe eholwa yi-Institute of Evolutionary Biology (IBE, isikhungo esihlangene se-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) kanye ne-Pompeu Fabra University) kanye ne-University of São Paulo. Umgomo wayo bekuwukubhekana ngqo nenkinga umphakathi wesayensi obulokhu uyikhomba isikhathi esithile: ukulinganiselwa okukhulu kwabantu bomdabu baseMelika kumaphrojekthi amakhulu e-genomics yabantu.
Kuze kube manje, phakathi kwe Ama-70 kuya ku-80% wamasampula ezakhi zofuzo asetshenzisiwe Ezifundweni zomhlaba wonke, idatha ivela kubantu abadabuka eYurophu noma abanozalo oluqinile lwaseYurophu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ulwazi oluningi kwezokwelapha nge-genomic, i-pharmacogenetics, kanye nokubikezela ingozi yezifo lwakhiwe engxenyeni ethile yokwehlukahluka kwabantu, okukhipha inani elikhulu labantu, okuhlanganisa nemiphakathi eminingi yabomdabu eMelika.
I-IAGDP ishintshe leyo nguquko ngokulandelana Ama-genome aphelele angu-128 anembozo ephezulu kubantu abavela emiphakathini yabomdabu emazweni ayisishiyagalombili aseLatin America: i-Argentina, iBolivia, iBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador, iMexico, iParaguay, nePeru. Lawa ma-genome amelela imiphakathi ehlukene engu-45 kanye nemindeni yezilimi engu-28, okuyisinyathelo esikhulu phambili uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha elinganiselwe etholakalayo kuze kube muva nje, eyayicishe ikhawulelwe emaqenjini amabili ase-Amazon ahlukene kakhulu.
Le database engakaze ibonwe iye yanezelwa ngama-genome avela ku- ikhwalithi ephezulu evela ezifundweni zangaphambilinikuhlanganiswe futhi kwahlaziywa ndawonye. Umphumela wokugcina yiphaneli yabantu bomdabu besimanje abangu-199 abasatshalaliswe ezizweni ezingu-53 kanye nemindeni yezilimi ezingu-31, lapho idatha ye-DNA yasendulo yatholakala khona izinsalela zemivubukulo, isihluthulelo sokubuyela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka emlandweni wabantu baleli zwekazi.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwama-genome anamuhla kanye ne-DNA yasendulo kwenza lo msebenzi ube isithombe sezakhi zofuzo esibanzi nesihlukahlukene kakhulu kwabantu bomdabu baseMelika, imephu ephelele kakhulu kuze kube manje. Akuseyona indaba yezindaba ezimayelana nemiphakathi embalwa, kodwa imephu yezwekazi ehlanganisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene njengehlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, izindawo eziphakeme zase-Andean, ugu lwaseCaribbean, kanye nezindawo eziphansi zeSouthern Cone.
Izinhlobo ezintsha zofuzo ezingaphezu kwesigidi kanye nokwehlukahluka okuyingqayizivele
Omunye wemiphumela ehlaba umxhwele kakhulu yocwaningo ukuhlonza izinhlobo zofuzo ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezazingafakwanga ohlwini kuma-database amakhulu omphakathi. Lezi izinguquko ku-DNA ezingazange zivele ngoba, njengoba kuye kwavezwa, iningi lezinhlelo ezibekiwe zazingezabantu abanozalo lwaseYurophu ikakhulukazi.
Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi abantu bomdabu baseMelika banesiphephelo ingcebo yezakhi zofuzo eyingqayizivele, engenakwehliswa kuya kweminye imindeni. Akuyona nje indaba yezici ezincane: eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ezintsha zitholakala ezindaweni ze-genome ezihlobene nezinqubo zebhayoloji zokuqala, njengokusabela komzimba ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane, ukwakheka kwezakhi zomzimba, ukukhula komzimba, noma izici ezahlukene zokuzala.
Ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwezwekazi kusiza ukuchaza lokhu kuhlukile. Kusukela ku- Amahlathi emvula ase-Amazon Kusukela eziqongweni zase-Andean kuya ezingwadule, emahlathini anesimo sezulu esifudumele, kanye nasezindaweni ezishisayo, uhlelo ngalunye lwemvelo luye lwaletha izinselelo ezithile kubantu abahlala kulo. Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, lezi zinselelo ziye zasebenza njengesihlungi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, zikhetha izinhlobo ezithile zezakhi zofuzo futhi zilahla ezinye.
Ngokuhlaziya ama-genome, ithimba lithole izimpawu ezicacile ze- ukukhethwa kwemvelo ezindaweni ezahlukene ye-DNA. Lezi zimpawu zembula ukuzivumelanisa nezifo zasendaweni (isibonelo, kuma-genes esimiso somzimba sokuzivikela), ekudleni okuthile (okunomthelela ezindleleni ze-metabolic) noma ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njenge-hypoxia ephezulu noma ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo ezimweni ezishisayo kakhulu nezinomswakama ezivamile e-Amazon basin.
Konke lokhu kugqamisa ukuthi ukuthembela cishe kuphela kudatha yabantu baseYurophu ukwenza izibikezelo zezokwelapha kusho ukuthi cabanga ngokubandlulula okuhlelekileUkuguquka okufanayo kungaba nemiphumela ehluke kakhulu kuye ngesizinda sofuzo esivela kuso, futhi lesi sizinda siyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu. Ngaphandle kokufaka ukuhlukahluka kwabantu bomdabu baseMelika kulesi sibalo, amamodeli amaningi emitholampilo anephutha kusukela ekuqaleni.
Izicelo ku-biomedicine kanye nenselele yemithi yokwelapha ngokulingana kwezakhi zofuzo
Lo mzamo omkhulu wokulandelana awugcini nje ekufuneni isayensi: uye imiphumela eqondile yemithi enembile Futhi nganoma yiliphi isu lezempilo yomphakathi elifuna ukuthembela kudatha yezakhi zofuzo. Uma imiphakathi yabantu bomdabu eMelika ingafakwanga ezifundweni, ama-algorithms engozi, ama-biomarker, kanye neziqondiso zokwelapha kuzokwenziwa ngendlela efanele ukuze kuhambisane namanye amaphrofayili ezakhi zofuzo.
Njengamanje, eziningi zezimpawu zisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa izingozi zezifo eziyinkimbinkimbi (njenge izinhlobo zesifo sikashukelaIzifo ezifana nezifo zenhliziyo noma izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza ziye zachazwa kusetshenziswa amaqembu avela eYurophu. Kunjalo nangezinhlobo eziningi ze-pharmacogenetic ezihlotshaniswa nokusebenza kahle kwemithi noma ingozi yemiphumela emibi. Kubantu bomdabu base-Amazon, e-Andean, noma e-Mesoamerica, lezi zindlela zingase zingabi nembile futhi zingase ziholele ekuxilongweni noma ekwelashweni okungalungile.
Ucwaningo oluholwa yi-IAGDP lunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuqala ukulungisa lokhu kubandlulula. Ngokuqonda kangcono ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezivamile noma ezingavamile kulezi zizwe, nokuthi zihlangana kanjani, ososayensi bangathuthukisa amamodeli e- imithi eyenzelwe wena uqobo evunyelaniswe nomongo wezakhi zofuzo womphakathi ngamunye. Lokhu kuthinta kokubili ukwakheka kwemithi emisha kanye nendlela yokulungisa imithamo, ukuqapha imiphumela emibi, noma amasu okuklama ukuvimbela.
Lo msebenzi ulandela uchungechunge lwezifundo zangaphambilini ezenziwe yiqembu elifanayo, njengocwaningo mayelana ukumelana kwezakhi zofuzo nesifo seChagas emiphakathini yase-Amazon noma iphrojekthi ethi “DNA do Brasil”, ehlaziya ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yezakhi zofuzo zabantu baseBrazil banamuhla. Zonke zikhomba ohlangothini olufanayo: ngaphandle kwabantu baseLatin America nabendabuko abamelelwe kahle, izithembiso zokwelapha ngezakhi zofuzo ngeke ziphumelele futhi zizozuzisa abantu bomhlaba ngokungalingani.
Ukuhlanganisa lokhu kuhlukahluka akuyona nje indaba yobulungiswa besayensi noma bokuziphatha, kodwa futhi nokusebenza kahle okusebenzayo. Izinhlobo eziye zabunjwa yizindawo eziyingozi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule zingakwazi ukufihla izihluthulelo zokuvimbela nokwelapha izifo ezithathelwanayo, ezithinta umzimba noma ezithinta amasosha omzimba ezithinta izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke namuhla, ngale kwemingcele yaseMelika.
Amagagasi amathathu okufuduka kanye nokuhlala okuyinkimbinkimbi kweMelika
Ngaphezu komthelela wezokwelapha, isizindalwazi esisha se-genomic sivumela ukuthuthuka okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kwe- ukwakhiwa kabusha kokufuduka kwabantu ukuya nangaphakathi kwezwekazi laseMelika. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, indaba evelele ikhuluma ngamagagasi amabili amakhulu avela e-Asia edlula eBeringia: okubhalwe okokuqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-15.000 eyedlule kanye nokwesibili eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana kamuva, okwakuzothatha indawo yezinye zezindawo zokuqala ngokwengxenye noma ngokuphelele.
Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwama-genome omdabu angu-199 esimanje, kuhlanganiswe namasampula e-DNA asendulo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi cishe bonke abantu bomdabu banamuhla baseMelika —ngaphandle kweminye imiphakathi yase-Arctic — ivela kulokho kufuduka kokuqala okwafika eNyakatho Melika cishe eminyakeni eyi-15.000 eyedlule. Lokhu kwanda kokuqala kwakushesha, amaqembu abantu ehlakazeka esuka ezindaweni ezisenyakatho kakhulu kuya esicongweni saseningizimu yezwekazi ngesikhathi esifushane ngokwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Idatha iphinde isekele ukuba khona kwe- igagasi lesibili lokufuduka cishe eminyakeni engu-9.000 eyedluleLokhu kwanda kwesibili kwathatha indawo yabantu ababevele behlala ezindaweni ezithile. Kwashiya uphawu lwezakhi zofuzo olubonakalayo emaqenjini amaningi omdabu asakazeke ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseMelika, okuphakamisa izinqubo zokufaka esikhundleni, ukuxubana, kanye nokunyakaza kwabantu okufinyelela kude.
Intuthuko enkulu yalolu cwaningo ukuhlonza, okokuqala, kwe- igagasi lesithathu lokufuduka muva njeNgokusho kwamamodeli ezakhi zofuzo, lokhu kuhamba kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-1.300 eyedlule futhi kwaqala [endaweni engekho]. isifunda saseMesoamericaUkusuka lapho, amaqembu abomdabu athuthela eNingizimu Melika naseCaribbean, adala ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi hhayi isiqephu esisodwa.
Ubufakazi balokhu kufuduka kwesithathu butholakale kokubili kubantu baseNingizimu Melika banamuhla kanye nabantu basendulo abavela eCaribbean, okuphoqele ukucabanga kabusha ngesithombe esidala sendawo yokuhlala "evaliwe" elandelwa isikhathi eside sokuzihlukanisa. Imiphumela ikhomba ku- isimo somlando esishintshashintshayo kakhulungamanethiwekhi okuxhumana, ukushintshana ngamasiko kanye nokuhlangana okulandelanayo phakathi kwezifunda ezazibhekwa njengezingaxhumene kangako kuze kube muva nje.
Umthelela wobukoloni baseYurophu kanye nobunzima bezakhi zofuzo
Nakuba i-DNA isivumela ukuthi silandelele ukufuduka emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, iphinde iveze ngokucacile imiphumela yomlando wamuva. Ucwaningo luqinisekisa i- umkhawulo omkhulu wabantu ohlobene nokubuswa kwamakoloni aseYurophu Kusukela ngekhulu le-16 kuqhubeke, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezalethwa eYurophu, izimpi, ukuphoqelelwa kwabasebenzi, ukuphucwa umhlaba kanye nokubhujiswa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi kwabangela ukuwa kwabantu okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Izilinganiso zofuzo zisikisela ukuthi ezinye izindawo zibhekane nobunzima ukunciphisa kufika ku-90% wabantu bomdabuLe nhlekelele yabantu ngokungenakugwenywa yabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo. Lokho esikubonayo namuhla emiphakathini eminingi yabomdabu kuyingxenye encane nje yokwehlukahlukana okwakukhona ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu.
Noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwembula ukuthi ezindaweni ezithile zezwekazi ukuqhubeka kwezakhi zofuzo okusukela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-9.000 edluleNgamanye amazwi, naphezu kobudlova, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokufuduka nokuhlanganiswa, izizukulwane ziye zasinda ezixhuma ngqo nabantu basendulo kakhulu. Lokhu kuqhubeka kwenza le miphakathi ibe yizingobo zomlando zezinqubo ezinde kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ngokombono wesayensi, le nhlanganisela yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokuhlukahluka kanye nokusinda kwezizukulwane zasendulo inikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokufunda indlela abantu ababhekana ngayo nezingcindezi ezinkulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokombono womlando nowezenhlalo, kugqamisa ukuqina kwabantu bomdabu, abaye bagcina ubuntu babo buphila, izilimi nolwazi naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka yokubuswa kwamakoloni nokubandlululwa.
Ngalo mqondo, isizindalwazi esikhiqizwe yilolu cwaningo ngokwalo siba ithuluzi ukwenza kubonakale futhi kuqashelwe ukuqhubeka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye namasiko balaba bantu, ngokungafani nezindaba eziye zabaveza njengezinsalela zesikhathi esidlule noma njengabantu abazonyamalala.
Izimpawu zama-hominid asendulo kanye nohlu lozalo oluyimfihlakalo lwama-Ypykuéra
Lo msebenzi awugcini nje eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, kodwa futhi uhlola izingqimba zasendulo kakhulu zomlando wesintu. Njengoba kuye kwabonakala kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, ama-genome amaNdiya aseMelika aqukethe phakathi kuka-1% no-3% we-DNA evela kuma-hominid asendulo njengamaNeanderthal namaDenisovans. Lesi silinganiso sifana nalesi esibonwa ezizweni eziningi zase-Eurasia, yize iphethini ethile yezinhlobo ezizuzwe njengefa ihlukile.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zemvelaphi yasendulo zibonakala zithandwa yi- ukukhethwa kwemvelo kumongo waseMelikaNgamanye amazwi, lezi zakhi zofuzo azizange zilondolozwe ngengozi nje kuphela, kodwa ngoba zinikeze izinzuzo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo lapho zibhekene nezimo ezizungezile, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kanye nokudla abantu bokuqala abahlangana nakho lapho behlala kuleli zwekazi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba, impendulo yokuvuvukala, kanye nekhono lokuphatha izimo ezithile zemvelo.
Kodwa-ke, okunye okutholwe okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuba khona kwe- isakhi sofuzo esabiwe nabantu abavela e-Australasianjengalezo zase-Australia, eNew Guinea, noma eziQhingini zase-Andaman. Cishe u-2% we-genome wabanye abantu baseMelika Bomdabu ubonisa ukufana okucacile nala maqembu, into engahambisani kahle namamodeli okufuduka avamile asekelwe kuphela emizileni enqamula eBeringia.
Lesi siginali, esitholwe kokubili kubantu baseNingizimu Melika banamuhla futhi siseneminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.000 ubudala, sikhomba ithonya le- inani labantu basendulo base-Asia elingakathathwa isampulaAbalobi baqambe lo mnikelo wezakhi zofuzo ngokuthi i-Ypykuéra, noma u-Y okhokho. Kungaba uhlu lozalo "lwezipoki", okungakaze kutholakale ummeleli walo oqondile wanamuhla, kodwa umkhondo walo uhlala njalo ku-DNA yamaqembu athile aseMelika.
Imininingwane efanele ukuthi lo mndeni wakwa-2% we-Ypykuéra awusatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe kulo lonke i-genome. Ama-allele afanayo aphindaphindwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ezinezikhathi ezifanayo, okuphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi atholakele. uhlobo oluthile lwenzuzo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimweni ezithile. Nakuba imisebenzi eqondile yezinto eziphilayo ehilelekile ingakaziwa okwamanje, iqiniso lokuthi ihlala izinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi libonisa ukuthi kufanelekile ukuyihlola ngokujulile.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kweminikelo yasendulo (amaNeanderthal namaDenisovans) kanye nozalo olungaziwa njengoYpykuéra kwenza indaba mayelana imvelaphi nokwanda kwezinhlobo zethuKunokuba umlando oqondile, idatha ikhomba endabeni yezingxube, ukuxhumana kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo obekulokhu kudala ukuhlukahluka kwabantu.
Imodeli yokusebenzisana ngqo nemiphakathi yendabuko
Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesayensi, ucwaningo luvelele kakhulu indlela yokuziphatha kanye nokubambisana nemiphakathi ebambe iqhazaIthimba locwaningo licacile ukuthi livela kwamanye amazwe, linabantu abaningi bososayensi baseLatin America kanye nokubandakanyeka kwezikhungo ezivela emazweni lapho umsebenzi wenziwe khona.
Esikhundleni sokuqoqa amasampula ebhayoloji bese enyamalala, abacwaningi bakhethe ukubambisana okuqhubekayo nabantu bomdabuNgokusekelwe engxoxweni, imvume enolwazi, kanye nempendulo yemiphumela, le ndlela iyaqaphela ukuthi i-DNA akuyona nje insiza engaziwa, kodwa ihlobene kakhulu nobunikazi obuhlangene, umlando womuntu siqu, kanye namalungelo ngaphezu kwalezo zinto zofuzo.
Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwamaqembu ahlukene omdabu kube yisisekelo hhayi nje kuphela ekwenzeni umsebenzi wasensimini, kodwa futhi ukuhlanganisa idatha ye-genomic nemibono nolwazi lwendabuko womphakathi ngamunye. Kunokuba icabangele izakhi zofuzo njengomthombo weqiniso eliphelele, le phrojekthi iyiphathe njengenye nje ithuluzi elingahlanganyela engxoxweni nezinye izinhlobo zolwazi, okuhlanganisa izindaba zomlomo kanye ne-cosmologies yomdabu.
Esimweni esiphawulwe yiziqephu ezedlule zokukhishwa kwesampula ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa noma izinzuzo ezicacile zemiphakathi, lolu hlobo lomkhuba luphakanyiswa njenge- imodeli yocwaningo enobulungiswaAbantu abahlolisisiwe abasabi “abahloli” nje kuphela futhi baba ngabalingani ekwakhiweni kolwazi, ngezwi kanye namandla okwenza izinqumo mayelana nendlela idatha esetshenziswa futhi edluliselwa ngayo.
Umphumela wokugcina uwukuba yisizindalwazi esingagcini nje ngokuguqula lokho isayensi eyayikwazi mayelana nokuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nomlando wabantu bomdabu baseMelika, kodwa futhi kuqinisa indima yabo njengabalingisi abaphambili endabeni yaboNgezakhi zofuzo zabo, kodwa futhi nangokuhlanganyela kwabo ngenkuthalo, le miphakathi inikela ekuqondeni kangcono ukuvela komuntu futhi ibeka izisekelo zokwelapha izakhi zofuzo zomhlaba wonke, lapho kungekho muntu oshiywa ngaphandle ngenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha.
