Imidwebo yomlando yodonga UJohn waseBurgundy Imidwebo ehlobisa ihholo lokungena noma igumbi elingaphambili leSahluko seNdlu Yesonto laseToledo manje ingathandwa futhi ngobuhle bayo bokuqala. Ngemva kokuvuselelwa okubucayi okuthathe iminyaka eminingana, le ndawo esontweni elikhulu lasendulo ivule iminyango yayo kubakhulekeli nezivakashi, manje abathola igumbi eliguquliwe ngokuphelele, elingenazo izikhabethe ezazifihla ingxenye enkulu yobuciko amakhulu eminyaka.
Le phrojekthi, ekhuthazwe yi-Primate Council ngokusekelwa yi- Isisekelo se-ACSLe phrojekthi, emele utshalomali oluphelele lwama-€390.000, iyingxenye yohlelo olubanzi lwemisebenzi ehlelelwe iminyaka engu-800 yeToledo Cathedral. Ukulungiswa kwehholo lokungena kuqedela ukuvuselelwa kwelinye lama-ensembles aseSpain ayingqayizivele kakhulu eRenaissance yakuqala, axhumene noCardinal Cisneros kanye nephrojekthi enkulu yobuciko yeSahluko House.
Ingadi engokomfanekiso ephinde yatholakala enhliziyweni yeCathedral
Imidwebo, eyenziwe ngamafutha ku-plaster phakathi kuka-1508 no-1511Bakha kabusha lokho okwakwaziwa ngokuthi iNsimu noma iSivande seNcasakazi, indawo efanelekile lapho imihlangano yokulungiselela yezahluko zesonto elikhulu yayibanjelwa khona ngaphambi kokungena eSahlukweni seNdlu. Lolu hlelo lokuhlobisa, olwaklanywa ngaphansi kwesiqondiso esingokomoya sikaKhadinali Cisneros, luphefumulelwe yisihloko se Isiphetho sikaHortus kusukela ku-Song of Songs, isithombe sesiko elide lasendulo elihlotshaniswa nezimfanelo zikaMariya.
Umlondolozi-umvuseleli weKhathedrali, U-Antonio Sánchez-BarrigaUchaza ukuthi amafasitela apendiwe avuleka phezulu kwezindonga, lapho izinyoni ezindiza ekuseni kanye nendawo ekhanyayo kungabonakala khona, ngokungafani nendawo evalekile engezansi. Lokhu kuxhumana phakathi kokusondelana nokuvuleka kuqinisa isimo esingokomfanekiso sendawo, esenzelwe ukuzindla kanye nokubusa kweSonto laseToledo.
Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu imininingwane yemvelo yezitshalo, lapho ngisho Izinhlobo ezingu-18 ezahlukene zezihlahla nezimbaliNjengamanje ocwaningwa ngochwepheshe bezitshalo nomlando wobuciko, lo msebenzi uzophetha nge-monograph ehlaziya izitshalo ezivezwayo kanye nencazelo yazo engokomoya, ngokuhambisana nokuzwela kwemvelo okuphawuleka endaweni yaseFranciscan yaseCisneros.
Ukulungiswa kwembule nokuthi kuleli hholo lokungena, uJuan de Borgoña wakhetha ukupenda ngqo kuplasta, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umdwebo wokulungiselela njengoba enza eSahlukweni Sendlu. Lokhu kukhetha kwenza izigcawu zibe zintsha ngendlela engavamile ekudwetshweni kwezindonga zangaleso sikhathi futhi kubonisa ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe yomculi ekusebenziseni uwoyela esisekelweni esingeyona imidwebo yendabuko.
Iqembu le-Renaissance elifihliwe ngemuva kwezingubo zokugqoka zekhulu le-17
Ithonya eliyinhloko elibangela ukungenelela kube yisinqumo, hhayi ngaphandle kobunzima baso, sokuthi susa amakhabethe amakhulu ezinkuni Lezi zingcezu, ezazimboze iningi lezindonga kusukela ngekhulu le-17, zifaka ifenisha evela eTabernakele elidala elisukela cishe ngo-1550. Zaguqulwa ngaleso sikhathi ukuze zigcine ingobo yomlando ekhulayo yamaminithi eSahluko, kodwa zagcina ziphambukise ngokuphelele ukufundwa komhlobiso wokuqala.
USánchez-Barriga uchaza ukuthi, ukuze kugwenywe umonakalo emsebenzini wokhuni obalulekile womlando, ukudilizwa kwenziwa ngendlela ejwayelekile, ingxenye ngayinye, ngokubhala ngokucophelela kanye nokuqapha kobuchwepheshe. Ngemva kokususwa kwawo, amakhabethe athuthwa futhi afakwa kabusha endaweni. Imyuziyamu Yezindwangu Zesonto LamaKatolika, lapho manje zingavakashelwa khona endaweni efaneleke kakhulu.
Kuze kube muva nje, imidwebo eyayisengxenyeni engenhla yegumbi kuphela, ezingxenyeni lapho ifenisha yayingambozi khona izindonga, yayaziwa ngokuqiniseka. Kodwa-ke, akekho owayenombono oqondile ngesimo sayo sokulondolozwa noma ububanzi obugcwele bezithombe ezingase zifihlwe ngemuva komsebenzi wokhuni. Isimanga senzeke lapho, ngesikhathi sokulungiselela iminyaka engu-800, ithimba lokuvuselela lithola izindawo ezintsha zemidwebo yeBurgundy ezazingabonakali nhlobo kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Lokhu kutholakala kwenezela kwezinye izinto ezisanda kutholakala zemisebenzi yombhali ofanayo eCastilla-La Mancha, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Albacete, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bokuba khona kukaJohn waseBurgundy endaweni kanye nokubaluleka kokuqhubeka nokubuyekeza izindawo ezibonakala ziseceleni emathempelini omlando.
Ububanzi bokulungiswa: imidwebo, upende kanye nophahla oluhlanganisiwe
Le phrojekthi ayikhawulelwanga ezigcawini zodonga, kodwa ihlanganise lonke ihholo lokungena njengeyunithi yobuciko. Sekukonke, cishe Imidwebo yodonga engamamitha ayi-150, cishe amamitha ayi-10 omsebenzi wokuhlobisa we-plaster kanye namamitha angaba ngu-75 ophahla olune-polychrome coffered, okubuyisela ukufundwa okuphelele kwalesi sikhala sokufinyelela eSahlukweni Sendlu.
Ukuze kufezwe umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka, kwakudingeka ukuhlanganisa ithimba elihlanganisa imikhakha ehlukahlukene yochwepheshe abayishumi nane: abalungisi bezinto, amakhemikhali, abaplasta, abenzi bezingilazi, abagcini bezinto ezigciniwe kanye nezazi-mlando, ngaphezu kwezinkampani ezizinikele ku- ukwakhiwa, i-scaffolding kanye nokukhanyisaLokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamaphrofayili kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubhekana nezinkinga zobuciko kanye nezinkinga zokulondolozwa kwesakhiwo kanye nezokuvimbela.
Ukuvuselelwa kohlelo lwe-plaster kubuyisele ivolumu kanye nokufundeka kwemidwebo yokuhlobisa eyayifihlwe kancane uthuli, ama-varnish amadala, kanye nokupenda ngokweqile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uphahla olunezinsika zokhuni, olugcina iminonjana ye-polychromy yalo yokuqala, luye lwahlanzwa ngokucophelela futhi lwaqiniswa ngenhloso yokuvimba ukuwohloka kwesendlalelo sopende.
Umphumela uba yindawo evulekile, lapho okokuqala ngqa emakhulwini eminyaka umuntu angakwazi khona bazisa ukwakheka nokuhlobisa kweRenaissance njengoba nje zazicatshangwa: isethulo esinohlonze kodwa esinobungane ngaphambi kokungena eSahlukweni Esikhulu, ukuvuselelwa kwaso okuphelele kwase kuqediwe esigabeni sangaphambilini sohlelo olufanayo.
Inselele yobuchwepheshe: izendlalelo ezifika kwezingu-17 zokungenelela kwangaphambilini
Enye yezinselele ezinkulu eqenjini kube yisimo semidwebo, ephawulwe amakhulu eminyaka yokungenelela okuhambisanayo. Abalungisi bezinto bahlonze izendlalelo ezihlukene ezingu-17 zezengezookwakuhlanganisa ukupenda kabusha, ama-wax, ama-rosin varnish nezinye izinto ezashintsha ngokuphelele ukufundwa kwe-brushstroke yokuqala kaBurgundy.
Inqubo yokuhlanza yenziwa kancane kancane, kuhlanganiswa amasu angokomzimba namakhemikhali afanele indawo ngayinye. Inhloso kwakuwukususa izendlalelo ezingezona ezobuciko ngaphandle kokufaka uwoyela ku-plaster engozini, ukusekelwa okubucayi kakhulu. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa nokulungisa amabala angenalutho kanye nezikhala kupende ezibangelwa amaphuzu okusekela amakhabethe amadala, kanye nemigodi ebholiwe yokuqinisa ifenisha.
Lapho izinto ezingafanele sezisusiwe futhi ukwesekwa sekuzinzile, kwasetshenziswa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-chromatic ngokusebenzisa indlela yokudweba amanziLolu hlelo luvumela izivakashi ukuba zibe nombono ohlangene wento yonke, ngaphandle kokulingisa izingxenye ezilahlekile nokugcina umkhondo wokudlula kwesikhathi ubonakala, ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso zamanje zokulondolozwa kwefa.
Ucwaningo ngamasu kaBurgundy luveze nokuthi, ngokungafani neSahluko seNdlu, kule vestibule umdwebi wayeka imidwebo yokulungiselela noma ama-sinopias. Isinqumo sokubhekana ngqo nombala kanye nokwakheka kuplasta sihunyushwe ochwepheshe njengophawu lokuqiniseka ebuchwephesheni bakhe kanye nokuzibophezela ku- umdwebo ozenzakalelayo nowemvelo.
Umbono weCabildo: ifa, ukuvakasha kanye neKhulu lesi-8
UDean weToledo Cathedral, UJuan Pedro Sánchez GameroUgcizelele ukubaluleka kwalokhu kulungiswa, akubheka njengengqophamlando yefa lamasiko laseSpain. Ngamazwi akhe, ihholo lokungena elivuselelwe lembula “isici sobuhle be-Renaissance yasekuqaleni eSpain,” okwakunzima ukuyiqonda ngaphambili ngenxa yokuba khona kwamakhabethe kanye nomonakalo oqongelelwe emidwebweni.
Lesi sikhala manje sesiyingxenye yohambo olujwayelekile lweCathedral, ukuze izivakashi nabakhulekeli bakwazi ukufinyelela ekamelweni lokuhlala futhi babuke iNsimu yeNkosazana yaseBurgundy eduze. Lokhu kuvulwa kuhambisana nomkhosi... Iminyaka eyikhulu nesishiyagalombili yeToledo CathedralLokhu kunikeza ukuvulwa kwesikhumbuzo inani elengeziwe elingokomfanekiso ngaphakathi kohlelo lokukhumbula.
Phakathi kwemicimbi ehlelelwe lo mkhosi, umbukiso omkhulu onesihloko esithi “Primate” uvelele. Uzovulwa ngoMeyi 25, uzobonisa ezinye zezimpahla zobuciko ezinkulu kakhulu zesonto elikhulu, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezihlale zifihliwe emphakathini amakhulu eminyaka. Ngakho-ke ukuvuselelwa kwehholo lokungena kuyingxenye yesu elibanzi lokuthuthukisa inani lempahla yomlando yesonto elikhulu.
Okwamanje, iCabildo imemezele ukuthi umsebenzi wokulondoloza uzoqhubeka kwezinye izindawo zesakhiwo, kugxilwe kakhulu emidwebweni yesakhiwo. Ukubonakala kweKhathedralilapho i-scaffolding isivele yakhiwe khona ukuqala imikhankaso emisha yokungenelela. Ulwazi olutholakale kuphrojekthi yehholo lokungena luzosebenza njengesisekelo sendlela yokusebenza yalezi zenzo zesikhathi esizayo.
Ngokuvuselelwa kweNsimu yeNcasakazi nguJuan de Borgoña, iToledo Cathedral inezela ukukhanga okusha efeni layo elivele libanzi futhi inikeza umbono ophelele wokuguquka kusuka enkathini yokugcina yeGothic kuya eRenaissance e-Iberian Peninsula. Ukuhlanganiswa kocwaningo lomlando, ukuvuselelwa okuqinile, kanye nokufinyelela komphakathi kwenza lo msebenzi ube lula. indlela yokubuyisela impilo ezindaweni ezibonakala zingesesibili okuthi, uma sezikhululiwe futhi zafundwa, zizembule njengezingcezu ezibalulekile zokuqonda umlando wobuciko baseYurophu.