Lesi sinqumo asigcini nje ngokuqeda impi mayelana ubunikazi nendawo oya kuyo Lo msebenzi awugcini nje ngokulondoloza leli qembu lesikhathi esiphakathi kodwa futhi uvula isahluko esisha sendlu yezindela yaseMonegros, elungiselela ukwamukela imidwebo endaweni elawulwa yisimo sezulu ehambisana nezindinganiso zamanje zokulondolozwa. Konke lokhu kwenzeka phakathi kwempikiswano ehilela izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe, imizwa yefa, kanye nokungezwani kwezepolitiki phakathi kwezikhungo zase-Aragonese naseCatalan.
Indlu yezindela elinde imidwebo yayo yodonga
Enhliziyweni yeLos Monegros, iRoyal Monastery yase UMariya Ongcwele waseSijena Iqedela ukuguqulwa kwayo ibe yimidwebo yezindlu futhi eyashiya izindonga zayo cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. I-Chapter House, indawo enkulu engunxande ehlanganiswe ngama-arches amahlanu ahambisanayo kanye nezindonga zamatshe ezijiyile, okwamanje ayinazo izihlobiso ezidwetshiwe, kodwa ifakwe ukulawula okuqinile kokukhanya, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama.
Iziphathimandla zase-Aragonese zigcizelela ukuthi ukuhlala manje kungacatshangelwa, ngazo zonke izinhloso nezinhloso, indawo yombukiso efaneleke ngokuphelele ukugcina imisebenzi. Imibiko yobuchwepheshe ethunyelwe enkantolo yaseHuesca ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, ukuzinza kwemvelo kanye nesimo esithile esenziwe ekamelweni, esenzelwe ukuphinda kuvele umongo wokuqala wemidwebo.
Iphrojekthi yemyuziyamu ayigcini nje ekubuyeni okubonakalayo kwemidwebo yodonga. Uhulumeni wase-Aragon ukhuluma ngokuvakasha kwesikhathi esizayo okucishe kube "Ã la carte," kanye amaqembu amancane abantu abayi-10 noma abayi-15 njalo ngemizuzu eyishumi nanhlanu, ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwemidwebo nokukhuthaza okuhlangenwe nakho okukhululekile nokucophelelayo kwesakhiwo se-Romanesque.
Ingxenye yesigodlo sezivele isebenza njengomnyuziyamu, ngamakamelo angaphambilini—njengezindawo zokulala—aguqulwa aba amagalari abonisa izinto ezitholwe endalini noma kwamanye amamyuziyamu. Ukulungiswa, okubiza ama-euro angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha, kuhlose ukubuyisela kancane kancane isigodlo enkazimulweni yaso yangaphambili. ingcebo ehlakazekile futhi izihlanganise njengesikhumbuzo sefa leCrown of Aragon.
Igugu lamaRoma eliphawulwe ngomlilo nokudingiswa
Imidwebo yodonga eSahlukweni Sendlu yaseSijena yenziwa ngekhulu le-13 futhi amakhulu eminyaka yanikeza umhlobiso onemibala eminingi yesikhala. Isithombe samanzi esibhalwe nguValentin Carderera, sango-1848, sifakazela ukuceba kwe-chromatic kanye nobuningi bezithombe zeqembu, okwenza lesi sigodlo saba ngesinye sezindawo zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu zeCrown of Aragon.
Ama-fresco athuthukise uhlelo oluphelele lwezithombe ezinezigcawu ezivela eTestamenteni Elidala eziqongweni zama-arches: U-Adamu no-Eva ePharadesiUkulingwa nokuxoshwa, uMphongolo kaNowa, uKayini no-Abela, umhlatshelo ka-Isaka, imifanekiso kaMose no-Aroni, ukukhulekelwa kwethole legolide, izibhebhe zoMthetho, kanye nokugcotshwa kukaDavide nguSamuweli kwakuphakathi kwezigcawu ezivezwe odongeni oluseningizimu kwakukhona izigcawu ezivela eTestamenteni Elisha, okuhlanganisa nokubethelwa okubonakalayo.
Umlando wale midwebo washintsha kakhulu ngo-1936. Phakathi neMpi Yombango, indlu yezindela yashiswa ngamasosha angama-anarchist futhi iSahluko seNdlu sabhekana nokushisa okukhulu okwathinta isakhiwo samakhemikhali sezinto zokupenda. Ingxenye enkulu yendawo yokuqala yashiswa yaba ngumhlabathi., ngokulahlekelwa okungenakuguqulwa.
Ebhekene nenhlekelele, umakhi wezakhiwo kanye nesazi-mlando uJosep Gudiol waya esigodlweni sezindela njengelungu le-Generalitat's Heritage Rescue Service. Umsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukusindisa okwakusele emjikelezweni wodonga esebenzisa indlela ka- i-strappoLe ndlela ivumela ungqimba lopende ukuthi luhlukaniswe nokusekelwa kwalo kodonga. Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kwafakwa izindwangu zikakotini ezinamathiselwe phezu kwemidwebo, okwathi uma seyomile, yasuswa ngokucophelela yabe isidluliselwa ezisekelweni ezintsha.
Lezi zingcezu, esezonakele kakhulu futhi zisesimweni sokonakala, zaqala ukuthathwa zayiswa endaweni yokusebenzela kaGudiol futhi kamuva, ngo-1940, zayiswa eMuseu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (MNAC). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ziye zaboniswa eqoqweni lobuciko be-MNAC lamaRomanesque, ekamelweni elingaphakathi elingenayo indlela eqondile yokungena ebusweni bangaphandle, eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuzinza okukhulu kwesimo sezulu.
Umsebenzi wokuphanga noma wokusindisa?
Ingxenye enkulu yengxabano phakathi kwe-Aragon neCatalonia yakhelwe phezu kwalolo ngenelelo lwango-1936. Kuziphathimandla zase-Aragonese, idiphozithi yokuqala kanye nelandelayo Ukususwa kwemidwebo eBarcelona kwakuyimpango, ukuthathwa kwefa lomunye umuntu ngokungemthetho. Kodwa-ke, i-MNAC ibilokhu igcizelela ukuthi kwakuyisenzo sangempela sokusindisa esivumele izinsalela ukuba zisinde kuze kube namuhla.
Ngale kokuchazwa kwezombusazwe noma kokuziphatha kwalezo zenzakalo, namuhla kukhona ukuvumelana okuyisisekelo: imidwebo ingeyokuphatha kwe-Aragonese, ikakhulukazi komasipala wase- I-Villanueva de SijenaIzinqumo zenkantolo zakamuva ziphinde zagcizelela lobu bunikazi futhi zachitha ithuba lokuvula kabusha le mpikiswano yobunikazi, ebilokhu iqhubeka kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20.
Nokho, le ngxabano isithathe uhlangothi oluqinile olungokomfanekiso. Kusukela e-Aragon, imikhakha ethile yenhlangano yokuzimela yaseCatalan isolwa ngokuzama... izimpawu ezifanele kanye nempahla ehlobene nomlando ohlanganyelwe weCrown of Aragon neSpain. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli baseCatalan bagomela ngokuthi i-MNAC igcwalise umsebenzi wayo wokulondolozwa amashumi eminyaka nokuthi noma yikuphi ukuthutha kuhilela izingozi ezinkulu zemidwebo ebuthakathaka kakhulu.
Lokhu kungezwani kwefa kwandiswa ukuba khona kweminye imisebenzi evela kuSijena, njengaleyo eyaziwa ngokuthi imidwebo engcolile kanye nefenisha eminingi, phakathi nekhulu lama-20, eyashiya indlu yezindela ngokuthengisa, ukufaka imali, noma ukudluliselwa eminyuziyamu yaseCatalan. Ingxenye yaleli fa isivele ibuyele e-Aragon; enye ingxenye isalokhu iyindaba yezimangalo nezingxoxo.
Isahlulelo sokugcina kanye nesikhathi esiphezulu samaviki angu-56
Ushintsho oluqondile lwafika ngokugwetshwa kuka INkantolo Ephakeme ka-2025Inkantolo iqinisekisile ngokuqinile ukuthi imidwebo yodonga engamamitha-skwele angu-132 kumele ibuyiselwe endaweni yayo yokuqala. Inkantolo ephakeme yasekela izinqumo zangaphambilini futhi yachitha izikhalo ezifakwe yi-MNAC (National Art Museum of Catalonia) kanye nohulumeni waseCatalan, yamisa ukuthi imyuziyamu yaseCatalan kumele ithathe kokubili ukuhlela ukufuduka kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nakho.
Kodwa-ke, isici esisodwa esibalulekile sasasele sichazwe: i uhlelo lokusetshenziswaUhulumeni wase-Aragon ukhuthaze isikhathi samasonto angu-28 sokuqedela inqubo, kuyilapho izikhulu ze-MNAC ziphakamise amasonto angu-64, ziphawula isidingo socwaningo lokuqala, ukuhlaziywa kwengozi, kanye nokungenelela okucophelela kakhulu ezisekelweni zokupenda.
Ekugcineni, iJaji uRocÃo Pilar Vargas weNkantolo Yokuqala kanye Nophenyo Lokuqala No. 2 yaseHuesca usebeke isikhathi esiphakathi: amasonto angu-56 kusukela esazisweni sesinqumo. Lesi sikhathi, esiseduze nesiphakamiso saseCatalan kodwa sinciphisa isikhathi esilindelwe ngamasonto ayisishiyagalombili, sibhekwe njenge isikhathi esibanzi ukuze kube lula ukuqala umsebenzi ngokushesha nokuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa okuphephile.
Ijaji likucacisile ukuthi injongo yokubulawa ayinakuncishiswa: iphathelene imbuyiselo esebenzayo yemidwebo eya eMonastery yaseSijena. Esinqumweni sayo, ikhumbula ukuthi ukwenzeka kobuchwepheshe kokudluliselwa kwalesi sithombe sekuvele kuboniswe ezinqumweni zangaphambilini, nokuthi iSahluko seNdlu njengamanje sihlangabezana nezimo ezidingekayo ukuze sisebenze njengendawo efanelekile yokubonisa iqoqo.
Ukwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nesikhathi esibekiwe, noma ngabe kuyingxenye noma kuthinta isigaba esisodwa senqubo, kuzokwenza uHulumeni wase-Aragon akwazi ukuqalisa ukusebenza yedwa, nokho, ngezindleko ze-MNACIjaji liphinde lifune ukuthi imyuziyamu inikeze izizathu ezilandelanayo nezibhalwe phansi zesigaba ngasinye esifakiwe kumugqa wayo wesikhathi, ukuze kugwenywe noma yikuphi ukuzulazula okude noma "ukuhlunga ngenqubo".
Inqubo yobuchwepheshe eyinkimbinkimbi, egcwele izinyathelo zokuphepha
Ngemuva kwezibalo kanye nezinqumo zenkantolo kulele iqiniso elibucayi: imidwebo kaSijena isesimweni isimo sokulondolozwa esibuthakathaka kakhuluImibiko yokulondolozwa kwemvelo evela ku-MNAC kanye ne-International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) ichaza uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezingqimba, umphumela womlilo, ukususwa kanye namashumi eminyaka okungenelela okulandelayo.
Ingqimba yokuqala yopende, encane kakhulu—ephakathi kwama-micron amathathu kuya kwayisithupha, okungukuthi, cishe ingxenye yemilimitha—ihlala ezinsaleleni zobisi kanye ne-calcium glue, isakhiwo se-plaster, kanye nezendlalelo eziningana zendwangu kakotini ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi se-strappo. Izimpawu ze-glue ezivela enkambisweni yokususa ngokwayo zihlala phezu kwayo. Ngayinye yalezi zinto isabela ngendlela ehlukile ngenxa yezinguquko ekushiseni, umswakama, ukudlidliza, noma ukunyakaza komzimba.
Ngokusho kwedatha enikezwe yi-Restoration Department ye-MNAC, cishe Amaphuzu angu-700 anokuphakamisa upende kanye nemifantuLokhu kuhlela umonakalo kudinga ukusebenza cishe isentimitha ngesentimitha, ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezingazinzile nokuqinisa izisekelo ngaphambi kokucabangela noma yikuphi ukufuduka.
Ukuthutha okuhleliwe kubhekwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu, odinga ukungenelela okuhlelekile kochwepheshe kwezobunjiniyela, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, ukubuyiselwa, ikhemistri kanye nefiziksi. Inketho yase-Aragonese ihilela... hlukanisa isethi ibe yizicucu ezingu-72, ukudilizwa okuhleliwe okuzophinda uhlelo okwafakwa ngalo imidwebo emyuziyamu waseBarcelona futhi kuvumele iphaneli ngayinye ukuthi ilawulwe ngokulawula okukhulu.
I-MNAC igcizelela ukuthi inhloso yayo ukuhambisana nesinqumo, kodwa igcizelela ukuthi "indlela" yokwenza kanjalo ngaphandle kokufaka engozini imisebenzi yobuciko ayizange ichazwe ngokunembile. Lesi sikhungo sithi ezinye izitatimende zochwepheshe ezenziwe ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme—lapho kwavunywa khona ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthwe—zihunyushwe ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi umonakalo wawulindeleke ngaphandle kokuthi izinyathelo zokuphepha ziqinisiwe. Naphezu kwalokhu kungabaza, isinqumo sakamuva senkantolo sibheka impikiswano mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokwenzeka kwalesi sinyathelo njengesixazululiwe.
Ikhomishini yobuchwepheshe, izinsuku zokugcina kanye nokulawulwa kwezomthetho
Ijaji eHuesca lishiya umnyango uvulekele ukudalwa kwe- ikomidi lobuchwepheshe elihlangeneLokhu kwakuyinto eyayicelwe yi-Villanueva de Sijena Town Council kanye ne-MNAC uqobo. Lo mzimba kufanele wakhiwe ochwepheshe abavunyelwene ngawo yizinhlangothi zombili, kanye nabameleli boMnyango Wezamasiko noma ezinye izinhlangano ezizimele, futhi umgomo wawo kuzoba ukuchaza ngokunembile izindlela nezinqubo zokudiliza, ukuthutha, kanye nokuhlanganisa kabusha.
Kunoma ikuphi, umsebenzi waleyo khomishini awukwazi ukwelula isikhathi esiphezulu samaviki angu-56. Isinqumo senkantolo sinquma ukuthi i-MNAC kumele ibonise, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ukuhambisana nesigaba ngasinye sesikhathi sayo, kusukela ku- ukuhlolwa kwengozi yemvelo kanye nesakhiwo kuze kufike ekukhetheni izinhlelo zokupakisha, zokuthutha kanye nezokuhlanganisa eSahlukweni Sendlu.
Ngaphambi kokubeka lolu hlelo, imyuziyamu yaseCatalan iphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi iSpanish Cultural Heritage Institute (IPCE) ikhiphe umbiko mayelana nokwelulekwa kokufuduka. Ijaji, okwamanje, likubona kungafanele ukuthola umbono onjalo, njengoba i-IPCE iyi-ejensi encike kuMnyango Wezamasiko, oyingxenye yebhodi labaphathiswa be-MNAC, ngakho-ke ingabhekwa njenge- isikhungo sengxenyeKodwa-ke, akakushiyi ukuthi uzoya kwi-IPCE kamuva.
Ephendula ukubhukha kwamaCatalan, uHulumeni wase-Aragon uthi unemibiko yawo esekela ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali Isimo samanje semidwebo kanye nekhono layo lokubekezelela ukuthuthwa okuhleliwe kahle. Ngokusho kwemithombo ese-Aragon, le mibhalo isezandleni zenkantolo futhi kubikwa ukuthi ichaza umonakalo okhona kanye nokwenzeka kwalokhu kusebenza, uma nje amaqembu akhethekile esebenza ndawonye.
Lapho imidwebo ifika e-Aragon, kuzoqala isigaba esisha: ukuqinisekisa isimo sayo lapho ifika nokwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa noma wokulungisa ohambisanayo ngaphambi kokufakwa kwayo kokugcina esigodlweni sezindela. Iziphathimandla zesifunda zigcizelela ukuthi ngeke zikwenze lokho. "gijima ngaphambi kokuba uhambe" nokuthi okubaluleke kakhulu kuzoba ukuphepha kwemisebenzi ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi isikhathi sokuvulela umphakathi.
Umthelela wendawo, ezokuvakasha kanye nokulondolozwa kwamagugu
E-Villanueva de Sijena, le nqubo ibhekwa ngenhlanganisela yentshiseko evinjelwe kanye nokuqapha. Kumeya, uJosé Jaime Castellón, ukubuyisela imidwebo yodonga endaweni yayo yokuqala kuzomelela ukukhuphuka kwekhwalithi ekukhangeni kwezivakashi kamasipala, onabantu abangamakhulu ambalwa kuphela. Kuthenjwa ukuthi ukuthutheleka kwezivakashi kuzothuthukisa imisebenzi emisha yezomnotho futhi kuqinise ubuwena bendawo obuzungeze ifa labo.
U-Ildefonso Salillas, iMeya iminyaka engama-24 kanye nesandla esishukumisayo ngemuva kwezicelo zokuqala zokuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi, naye uke wazibonela mathupha lolu hambo. Izinkumbulo zakhe zixhumene nendlu yezindela egcwele izingcezu ezihlakazekile manje: ukhumbula, isibonelo, isigcawu sokuzalwa kukaJesu esinamakamela esiliva okusele imbeleko encane kuphela enomntwana uJesu. Lo muzwa wokulahlekelwa uchaza, ngokwengxenye, ukuphikelela umphakathi oye wafuna ngakho ukubuyiselwa kwefa lawo.
Uhulumeni wase-Aragon ugcizelela ukuthi iqoqo lemidwebo yodonga lingaqondwa ngokugcwele kuphela uma libukwa ngaphakathi komongo wezakhiwo ze-Chapter House. Ngokusho kwezikhulu zamasiko, ulwazi olutholakale eSijena alunakulinganiswa nokubuka izingcezu kumaphaneli kugalari yemyuziyamu, noma ngabe ukwethulwa kwalo kungaba okunembile kangakanani. isethulo semyuziyamu eBarcelona.
I-MNAC, yona, iphinda ithi umgomo wayo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kwemisebenzi eyivikelayo. Kusukela kulo mbono, ibilokhu igcizelela ukuthi indawo yamanje inikeza izimo ezinhle kakhulu nokuthi ingozi enkulu ayisemthethweni, kodwa iyinto ebalulekile: a ukudluliselwa okuhleliwe kahle Kungabangela ukulahlekelwa okungenakuguqulwa kupende osevele ushiswe, uqhekeka, kanye nokuguqulwa okujulile kwamakhemikhali.
Ukungezwani phakathi kwale mibono emibili kuphakathi kwesifiso somphakathi esisemthethweni sokubuyisa ifa lawo kanye nokuhlakanipha kwabalondolozi bemvelo kwesikhungo esikhulu semyuziyamu. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangothi zombili ziyavumelana ngephuzu elilodwa: umgomo wokugcina ukuthi imidwebo ifinyelele izizukulwane ezizayo zisesimweni esihle kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zikuphi indawo yazo yokugcina.
Uphawu lomqhele wase-Aragon kanye nokubambisana okulindile
Ngaphandle kobuciko bayo obuhle, imidwebo yaseSijena eqoshiwe inomfanekiso ophawulekayo. I-Chapter House ihlotshaniswa ne- ubuhle bezikhungo weCrown of Aragon kanye nemvelaphi yesifundazwe sanamuhla e-peninsula. Kuhulumeni wase-Aragonese, ukuhlanganisa kabusha imidwebo kuleso simo sezakhiwo kuzovumela ukuqonda okuphelele ngenani layo lomlando nelezepolitiki.
Isinqumo senkantolo esibeka amasonto angu-56 sigcizelela nokubaluleka kokuhlonipha amalungelo amasiko emiphakathi ezimele kanye nokubusa komthetho ekuphathweni kwezimpahla ezabiwe. E-Aragon, isinqumo sihunyushwa njengokuvunyelwa kweminyaka yomsebenzi wezomthetho nobuchwepheshe, kanti eCatalonia, kumenyezelwe izicelo zokucatshangelwa kabusha. Lezi zikhalazo azimisi ukwenziwa kwesinqumo kodwa zifuna ukucacisa izici ezithile zenqubo.
Okwamanje, icala elifakwe yiziNgqongqoshe eziningana zamasiko ze-Generalitat eNkantolo Ephakeme Yobulungiswa yase-Aragon ngokumelene nejaji eHuesca kanye nezikhulu ezahlukene zase-Aragonese liyaqhubeka, lisola ukuthi ukudluliselwa kungaba yi- ubugebengu obuphikisana namagugu omlandoIsicelo sihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuqapha zokumisa izenzo ezihlobene nokuqaliswa, yize okwamanje uhlelo lwesikhathi olumisiwe lusasebenza.
Naphezu kwalezi zingxabano, uHulumeni wase-Aragon ugcizelela umyalezo wokubambisana: I-Catalonia izibheka njenge- "umphakathi wodade" ababelana nabo umlando, okwamanje, kanye nekusasa. Iziphathimandla zase-Aragonese zimemezela ukuthi zizimisele ukubambisana eduze ne-Generalitat kanye ne-MNAC emsebenzini wezobuchwepheshe, njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka olusungulwe yizinkantolo futhi ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ubuqotho befa likaSijena.
Uma isikhathi esibekiwe yizinkantolo sesidlulile, futhi uma kungekho okungahambi kahle, imidwebo yasodongeni iphinde ilengiswe eSahlukweni Sendlu, isigodlo sezindela sizobe sesivale isahluko esicishe sibe yikhulu leminyaka esiphawulwe ukungabikho, imililo, ukuthengisa, kanye nezimangalo zomthetho. imidwebo yodonga kaSijena Ngeke nje kushintshe ukunikezwa kwamasiko kwedolobha elincane eLos Monegros, kodwa futhi kuzoshiya njengefa isifundo esiyinkimbinkimbi sendlela iYurophu namuhla ebhekene ngayo nokubuyiselwa, ukulondolozwa kanye nokuphathwa okwabiwe kwefa layo lomlando elibuthakathaka kakhulu.
