Lolu cwaningo, oluneqhaza elikhulu kososayensi abasebenza eSpain, luqinisekisa ukuthi amadamu akhiwe ngama-beaver Ziguqula usebe lomfula ngendlela yokuthi inani lekhabhoni eligcinwa ohlelweni liyanda futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo indawo yokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba iyaqiniswa, okuyizinkinga ezibalulekile esimweni sesomiso esiphindaphindayo engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu.
Ikhabhoni eyengeziwe engu-26% emifuleni enama-beaver
Umsebenzi, oshicilelwe kujenali Ezokuxhumana Umhlaba Nemvelo (Iqembu lemvelo) futhi eliholwa yiNyuvesi yaseBirmingham, libonisa okokuqala ukuthi izingxenye zomfula ezihlalwa yi-beaver yaseYurophu zingakwazi ukugcina ngokwesilinganiso i-carbon engaphezulu ngo-26% unyaka wonke. Lokhu kwanda kungenxa ngqo yezinguquko ezilethwa yisilwane emfuleni wamanzi.
Ngokusho kwababhali, ikhabhoni eyengeziwe igcinwa ikakhulukazi inhlabathi yombhede nase- izinkuni ezifile okuqongelela ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi ngemva kokwakhiwa kwedamu. Izibalo zethimba zibonisa ukuthi leli dama lingagcina ikhabhoni ebanjiwe isikhathi esifinyelela ku- amashumi amathathu eminyakauma nje izakhiwo zihlala zisebenza.
Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwezemvelo kanye Nezicelo Zamahlathi (i-CREAF), esixhumene ne-Autonomous University yaseBarcelona, ​​​​sigcizelela ukuthi lokhu kunamandla kwenza imifula ihlale ama-beaver izinki zekhabhoni ezisebenza kahle kakhuluKubacwaningi, lokhu okutholakele kunezela esinye isiqephu empikiswaneni mayelana nendima yalolu hlobo ekunciphiseni ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngezinga laseYurophu.
Umbhali-mbhali walolu cwaningo UJosep BarbaUmcwaningi e-CREAF uveza ukuthi idatha isekela umqondo wokuhlanganisa ukuba khona kwe-beaver yaseYurophu kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izixazululo zesimo sezulu ezisekelwe emvelweniNgokusho kwakhe, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yezemvelo efana nale kungaba yindlela ehambisanayo yezinqubomgomo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi.
Indlela ama-beaver akha ngayo amadamu awo nokuthi kungani egcina ikhabhoni
Indlela yokusebenza eyisisekelo yalesi sitoreji esingeziwe ilula kakhulu, kodwa iyasebenza kakhulu. I-beaver yaseYurophu iyasika amagatsha, izihlahla ezincane kanye nezihlahla ezincane kusuka endaweni ezungezile bese ihlanganisa nodaka, amatshe kanye nenhlabathi evela ogwini lomfula uqobo ukuze kwakhiwe izithiyo ezinqamulayo ezinciphisa ukugeleza komfula futhi zidale izindawo ezigcwele amanzi phezulu komfula.
Njengoba umsinga uncipha, amanzi awasathwali amaqabunga, izinsalela zezitshalo, izingcezu zokhuni, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ngamandla amakhulu. Ezinye zalezi zinto zigcina sezihlala phansi, ngaleyo ndlela zibe yingxenye yomfula. izendlalelo zenhlabathi ecebile ngekhabhoniNgesikhathi esifanayo, ukuba khona kwamachibi kanye namaxhaphozi amancane kwandisa indawo lapho lokhu kuqongelela khona.
Ososayensi bachaza ukuthi le nhlanganisela yokugeleza okuhamba kancane, ukwanda kokugcinwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokwanda kwezindawo ezikhungethwe yizikhukhula kuguqula imifudlana ephazamisekile ye-beaver ibe yi-true amasinki e-carbonAkukhona nje kuphela ukubamba ikhabhoni eningi esikhathini esifushane, kodwa futhi nokuyigcina inganyakazi iminyaka eminingi ngesimo sodaka kanye nokhuni olugqitshwe phansi.
Umcwaningi wase-University of Birmingham UJoshua LarsenUmbhali oholayo wocwaningo uphinde aveze ukuthi lezi zinguquko zibonisa amandla okubuyisela imisebenzi yemvelo ejwayelekile yemifula yaseYurophu, njengomsebenzi we-beaver, ukuze kuqiniswe ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu semvelo. Kuye, isihluthulelo sisekuqondeni indima yesakhiwo salolu hlobo endaweni yomfula.
Ngamazwi eqembu uqobo, ngokunciphisa ijubane lamanzi, ukubamba inhlabathi kanye yandisa izindawo ezimanziLezi zinhlelo zemifula zisuka ekubeni yimizila yezokuthutha nje ziye ekubeni yizindawo zokugcina ikhabhoni ezizinzile, into ebaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni ezinemifula elawulwa kakhulu noma eyonakele.
Ukuhlolwa esigodini saseRhine
Ukuze kulinganiswe ngokunembile lo mphumela, iqembu lamazwe ngamazwe lilinganise umjikelezo wonke wekhabhoni unyaka wonke esigabeni se- Amamitha angu-800 omfula Le ndawo, ese-Rhine basin eSwitzerland, ibilokhu ibona ubukhona obuqhubekayo bama-beaver kusukela cishe ngo-2010, okuhlinzeka ngendawo ekahle yokuhlaziya umthelela ohlangene wamadamu awo.
Umklamo wocwaningo wawusekelwe ekuqapheni amaphuzu amathathu abalulekile komfula: ingxenye engenhla komfula wamadamu, indawo eguqulwe ngqo ngumsebenzi we-beaver, kanye nengxenye engezansi komfula, idlule izakhiwo. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuvumele ukuhlolwa okuqhathanisayo kokufakwayo kwekhabhoni kanye nemiphumela.
Abacwaningi bahlanganise izilinganiso zokugeleza besebenzisa izinzwa ezizenzakalelayoUkuthatha amasampula amanzi ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagumbi egesi kwasetshenziswa ukubala ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide (COâ‚‚) kanye ne-methane emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqoqwa amasampula e-sediment kanye ne-biomass ukuze kulinganiswe ukuthi i-carbon egcinwe ohlelweni ingakanani.
Ngalolu lwazi, ithimba likwazile ukuvala cishe ibhalansi yekhabhoni yesigaba esifundwe, into engavamile ezifundweni zalolu hlobo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi indawo ephazanyiswa yi-beaver iqoqa izinto eziphilayo eziningi kunezingxenye ezibhekiselwe kuzo nokuthi lokhu ukugcinwa okwengeziwe Lokhu kuchaza ingxenye enkulu yokwanda okungu-26% kwesitoreji esiphelele.
Abalobi baveza ukuthi indlela esetshenzisiwe ingasetshenziswa kweminye imifula yaseYurophu enezinhlobo zama-beaver ukuhlola izinga iphethini ebonwe kulesi sigodi saseSwitzerland ephindaphindwa ngalo ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezahlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba, okuyisisekelo sokuhlola ukubaluleka kwayo ngezinga elikhulu.
Imiphumela emanzini: ama-aquifer aphinde ashajwe
Ucwaningo luphinde lugxile kwesinye isici esithakazelisa kakhulu emazweni aseMedithera njengeSpain: indima yamadamu e-beaver e- umjikelezo wamanziNgokunciphisa ugesi kanye nokwandisa isikhathi amanzi asele ngaso esigabeni ngasinye, ingxenye yokugeleza inendawo enkulu yokungena enhlabathini engaphansi esikhundleni sokuqhubeka ngokushesha phansi komfula.
Lokhu kungena okukhulayo kuhumusha kube yi- ukushaja kabusha okukhulu kwama-aquifer kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba ezingaba yinto ebalulekile ngesikhathi sesomiso. Nakuba ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale sengathi umfula uthwala amanzi amancane ngezinye izikhathi, iqiniso liwukuthi ingxenye enkulu igcinwa ngaphansi komhlaba, itholakala esikhathini esiphakathi nesikhathi eside.
Omunye umphumela omuhle ophawulwe yithimba ukuthuthuka kwe- ikhwalithi yamanziNjengoba ihlunga kancane kancane phakathi kwezihlabathi, usebe lomfula ngokwalo lusebenza njengohlobo lwesihlungi semvelo, lugcina ezinye zezinhlayiya nezinto ezithwalwa umfula. Lokhu kuhlunga okuhlala isikhathi eside kungazuzisa kokubili impilo yasemanzini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu ngezansi komfula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadamu kanye namaxhaphozi ahlobene nawo enza usebe lomfula lube ngcono kakhulu ezahlukenengemidwebo yamachibi amancane, amabhange agcwele amanzi, kanye nezindawo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene. Lokhu yinkimbinkimbi kwesakhiwo kuvame ukuhambisana nokwanda kokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, njengoba kunikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene zezinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, izinyoni, kanye nezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla.
Abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi yonke le misebenzi—ukugcinwa kwekhabhoni, ukushaja kabusha amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi—kubonakala sengathi kuhlobene ingqalasizinda yemvelo yadalwa yi-beaver uqobo, ngaphandle kwesidingo semisebenzi emikhulu yobunjiniyela, okuvusa isithakazelo phakathi kwabaphathi bamanzi kanye nalabo abanomthwalo wokuvuselelwa komfula.
Ukubuya kwe-beaver yaseYurophu eSpain naseYurophu
El I-beaver yaseYurophu (i-castor fiber) Kuwuhlobo lwendabuko lwe izilwane zasendle zaseYurophu okwacishe kwanyamalala engxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi ngekhulu le-19, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzingela kakhulu uboya balo, inyama, namafutha. Kuyo yonke ikhulu lama-20, amazwe amaningana, okuhlanganisa neSwitzerland, asebenzisa izinhlelo zokubuyisela izilwane ezivumela ukululama kancane kancane kwabantu balo.
ESpain, lolu hlobo lwavela kabusha ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, lapho iqembu lezishoshovu ezivela eBelgium lilukhipha. okungagunyaziwe Kwakhishwa amasampula ayishumi nambili eNavarre, esigodini sase-Ebro. Lokho kukhishwa, okwenziwe ngaphandle kokubambisana neziphathimandla, kwadala impikiswano enkulu mayelana nendlela yokuphatha ukwanda kwawo.
Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala, iziphathimandla zakhetha ukuzama ukubamba ama-beaver, ngokusekelwe embonweni wokuthi angase abe uhlobo oluhlaselayo nolwangaphandle. Ngokuthuthuka kolwazi lwesayensi, indima yawo yacaca. umlingiswa wendabuko e-peninsula futhi kwashintsha umbono wesikhungo oqondene nesu lokuvikela nokuqapha.
Njengamanje, i-beaver yaseYurophu ibhaliswe eSpain ngaphakathi kwe- Uhlu Lwezinhlobo Zasendle Ngaphansi Kokuvikelwa Okukhethekile (LESRPE)Lokhu kwenqabela ukuzingela nokubamba kwayo, ngaphandle kwasezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu zokulawulwa okugunyaziwe ngokusobala. Selokhu yasungulwa okokuqala, isakazeke kuzo zonke izigodi zemifula eziningana, okuhlanganisa i-Ebro, i-Tagus, ne-Guadalquivir.
Amarekhodi akamuva abonisa ukuthi lolu hlobo luyaqhubeka nokufuduka kwalo phezulu komfula nokuthi ezinye izinhlobo seziseduze kakade nokuhlangana kweMequinenza, okwenza ochwepheshe bakholelwe ukuthi lufika e- izindawo ezifana neCatalonia Kuyindaba yesikhathi kuphela uma inqubo yokukhulisa yemvelo ingaphazanyiswa.
Imiphumela yendawo kanye nezingxabano endaweni
Ukubuya kwe-beaver yaseYurophu akuzange kube ngaphandle kwempikiswano emikhakheni eyahlukene. Ingxenye yokukhathazeka ivela ku- abanikazi bezitshalo Njengoba beseduze kakhulu nomfula, besaba ukulimala kwezihlahla kanye namahlathi, kanye nezikhukhula ezingase zivele ezindaweni zezolimo.
Nokho, abacwaningi baveza ukuthi iningi lomsebenzi we-beaver ligxile endaweni eyodwa. umugqa omncane kakhulu eduze komfulaNgokuvamile, imiphumela yenzeka ngaphakathi kwamamitha okuqala angama-20 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imiphumela emasimini akude ivame ukuba mincane kakhulu futhi itholakala endaweni ethile, yize kungase kube nezimo ezithile eziyinkinga.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa nokungabaza mayelana nomthelela wayo emahlathini asezindaweni eziseduze nogu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho izitshalo sezivele zingaphansi kwengcindezi yokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba noma izinguquko zamanzi. Bephendula kulezi zinkathazo, ochwepheshe abanjengoJosep Barba baveza ukuthi Izitshalo zasezingwini zomfula zaseYurophu zavela eceleni kwe-beaver futhi ilungiselelwe ukumelana nezinga elithile lokubuka nokusika izihlahla.
Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile ukungadidanisi i-beaver yaseYurophu ne- I-beaver yaseMelika (i-Castor canadensis)Lolu hlobo lubangele imiphumela emibi kakhulu lapho lufakwa ngaphandle kwendawo yalo yemvelo, njengoba kubonakala ezindaweni zasePatagonia. Ukuziphatha, ubukhulu bezinyamazane, kanye nobukhulu bomonakalo wehlathi akufani phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili.
Ososayensi bagcizelela ukuthi noma yikuphi ukubuyiselwa noma ukufuduswa kwama-beaver amasha kumelwe kwenziwe ngendlela ephephile neqhubekayo. okuhleliwe, okusemthethweni nokusekelwe ebufakaziniukugwema ukukhishwa ngakunye ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokulondolozwa ezisemthethweni kanye nokucabangela izici zesitsha ngasinye.
I-beaver njengethuluzi lokuvuselela isimo sezulu kanye nemifula
Okutholakele kocwaningo kubeka i-beaver yaseYurophu njenge- umngane ongaba khona emasu okuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu kanye nokunciphisa isimo sezulu eYurophu. Amandla ayo okuguqula imifula, ukwandisa isitoreji sekhabhoni, kanye nokuqinisa izindawo zokugcina amanzi kuhambisana nezinhloso zokubuyiselwa kwemvelo ezikhuthazwa yi-European Union kanye nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke.
Abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi inhloso akuyona ukwethula i-beaver njengesixazululo somlingo, kodwa ukuvuma ukuthi umsebenzi wayo ungenza gcwalisa izinqubomgomo zokuphathwa kwamanziUkulondolozwa kwezindawo ezinamanzi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi. Ezindaweni ezibhekene nesomiso esinzima, njengezindawo eziningi zaseSpain, ukuba nemifula egcwalisa amanzi amaningi futhi igcine ikhabhoni eningi kuyakhanga kakhulu.
Isihluthulelo, bakhomba, kuzoba ukuhlanganisa lezi zinhlobo zezinqubo zemvelo ekuhleleni kwamanzi kanye nezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwendawo evikelwe, kugwenywe izingxabano ezingadingekile nokusetshenziswa kwezolimo namahlathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, baphakamisa ukwenza intuthuko ku amaphrojekthi okulinga ukuthi endaweni bahlole izinzuzo kanye nezindleko ezingaba khona zokuba khona kwe-beaver yaseYurophu.
Ngakho-ke impikiswano mayelana nokwanda kwayo eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ishintsha phakathi kokuxwayisa kwalabo abesaba imiphumela ekusetshenzisweni okuthile kanye nesithakazelo esikhulayo salabo ababona kulesi silwane esincelisayo esinye isici ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zomfula. ukumelana kakhudlwana noshintsho lwesimo sezulu.
Konke kusikisela ukuthi, njengoba idatha nolwazi kuqongelela ezindaweni ezahlukene, kuzoba lula ukukala izinzuzo zesimo sezulu, zamanzi kanye nezemvelo ye-beaver yaseYurophu ngokumelene nemiphumela yendawo engase iyidale, futhi ilungise ngokufanele izinyathelo zokuvikela nokuphatha ezamukelwe eSpain nakulo lonke elaseYurophu.
