Ngalokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo uzokwazi ukufunda okwengeziwe ngakho konke mayelana namasiko kanye Ngokwezifiso yesiko lamaMayan nokunye okuningi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi ungene kokungavamile okuyimpucuko yamaMeya ngesiko layo elivuzayo.
Amasiko Amasiko AseMeya
Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi isiko elaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kukaKristu, njengesiko lamaMaya, likhona emiphakathini ethile namuhla, kuhlanganise nezilimi zamaMayan, eziyinhloko noma eziphakeme, ezisakhulunywa abantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha abahlakazekile. amazwe.
Umphakathi wamaMaya wawuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa waba neqhaza elikhulu esintwini. Kulolu shicilelo ungazibhala ngalo mbuso omangalisayo.
Kuyisiko lasendulo laseMesoamerican; enye yezinkulu, ethandwa kakhulu futhi enabantu abaningi. Yayithatha insimu enkulu eyakha amazwe amanje i-El Salvador, iBelize, iGuatemala nezinye izifundazwe eziseningizimu yeMexico, njengeChiapas neYucatan.
Le mpucuko yathuthukiswa kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo; ngoba zazishintshanisa izilimi ezithile, zazigcina izinombolo zikuziro futhi zikwazi ukubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga. Lesi siko saziwa nangokuthi inkathi yezolimo.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi yayikhona cishe iminyaka engu-3.000; kulandela ukuthi yaqala ngo 1000 BC kwaze kwaba ngu 320 AD. futhi okwamanje kukhona amasayithi agcina izici zesiko lawo. Yakhula ngaphambi kokufika kwama-Hispanics.
Phakathi kwamasiko abo aphawuleka kakhulu kwezinye izindawo sina:
Izakhiwo. Lesi sizwe sasinekhono lokwakha amadolobha, futhi nakuba amanye ayeseyincithakalo ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa; Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi bathatha indawo enkulu futhi isiko labo ligcwele kakhulu esifundeni, befunda ukuphila ngezinsiza zehlathi.
Ngaphezu kokuba abakhi abakhulu, baye bazibonakalisa bengabadwebi bezakhiwo abahle kakhulu, njengoba izakhiwo zabo namuhla zinde futhi zembula izici eziningi zesiko labo.
Izakhiwo ezibalulekile zamaMaya:
- Iphiramidi yaseKukulcan "El Castillo"
- Umdlalo webhola
- I-El Caracol Observatory
- Ithempeli likankulunkulu owehlayo
- Ithempeli laseJaguar
- Ithempeli lamaqhawe.
Izembatho. Yayibaluleke kakhulu futhi iphawuleka ngokucushwa, amakhala, amasudi afekethisiwe abesifazane, nama-balaclava afekethisiwe abesilisa, nokho awukho umkhondo wezikhundla ohambisana nezingubo.
Ukudla. Ikakhulukazi kwakuwukudla kwemifino futhi inyama ababeyidla yayivela ekuzingeleni, njengoba ufuyi wawulinganiselwe kakhulu.
Ulimi lwesiMayan Baphatha izilimi zesigodi ezingaphezu kuka-30, ngokophenyo oluthile, ezazinomsuka ofanayo; Kulezi zilimi kwavela iMayan yamanje, esetshenziswa izikhulumi zayo.
Umuthi Ikakhulukazi kwakungamakhambi, nakuba kwakuhambisana nezici zezinganekwane nezici ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezinkolweni zabo, njengemicikilisho.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi. Yayinenzuzo enkulu ngesikhathi sayo, futhi yabavumela ukuba babikezele izenzakalo zezinkanyezi ezifana nokusitheka kwelanga (ngaphambi kwekoloni, kuleli zwekazi, lesi kwakungesinye sezibikezelo ezinembe kakhulu).
Umphakathi wamaMaya. Ikakhulukazi yayigxile ngokwezigaba; Kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amaMayya azi uzalo lwawo, njengoba ngokwesiko lawo kunezindleko eziphakeme ngokulingana kwezwe, futhi mhlawumbe sesimweni senhlalo noma sikahulumeni.
Uhulumeni waseMeya. Ngokwemvelo engokwasezulwini, lapho amandla ayesesandleni somuntu oyedwa, owayejabulela wonke amandla. Namuhla, akwaziwa ukuthi bekukhona yini uhlobo lokuvota noma ukuqokwa kombusi kwakusekelwe ohlwini lozalo noma ubukhosi.
Inkolo Babeqhuba inkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi futhi njengesenzo senkolo. Kukholakala ukuthi bangcwaba abafileyo babo ezindlini zabo.
Nakuba lokhu kwakumane kuwukucatshangelwa okutholakele, kukholakala ukuthi zangcwatshwa ukuze zivikelwe futhi zilondolozwe. Phakathi konkulunkulu babo ababalulekile, siyaphawula:
Buluc Chabtan, Unkulunkulu wempi
chack, Nkulunkulu wemvula
Ah Muzenkab, unkulunkulu wezinyosi
Bolón Dzacab, unkulunkulu wababusi noma amakhosi abo.
Chac Bolay, unkulunkulu wabaphansi
awu mon unkulunkulu wommbila
Izamnaunkulunkulu wemakethe
awu ngane, Nkulunkulu welanga
ixchel, unkulunkulukazi wenyanga
AmaMayya aphinde abe ngabasunguli bezinombolo eziyisisekelo ezingu-20, ezazivele zinenombolo enguziro; Okuthile okwabasiza ukuba benze izibikezelo zabo zezinkanyezi zibe nembe kakhudlwana, ngisho nezibikezelo zabo zazibhekwa njengezinembe kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe angaphambi kweColumbian America.
Indawo
Ubuso bempucuko yamaMaya busabalala esifundeni saseMelika Ephakathi, buthatha indawo engaphezu kwe-350,000 km, ehlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeGuatemala, insimu yaseBelize, enyakatho kakhulu yeHonduras nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-El Savior.
Kanye naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico enezifunda zaseChiapas, iTabasco neYucatán esiqhingini saseQuintana Roo, eCampeche naseYucatán. Bagcwalisa ingxenye yesithathu esempumalanga yeMesoamerica, ikakhulukazi inhlonhlo yaseYucatan.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-Mesoamerica iyitemu lemvelo ye-geohistorical, elakhelwa ukuchaza indawo njengezindawo eziphansi, enkabeni nasenyakatho. Ingxenye eseningizimu yamazwe yawela phakathi kwempucuko ngaphambi kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain.
Itholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu yengxenye yendawo yaseMexico; futhi ihlanganisa amazwe aseGuatemala, El Salvador, Belize nasentshonalanga yeHonduras, Nicaragua kanye, kwezinye izimo, neCosta Rica.
Ukuma kwendawo yesifunda kwahlukahluka kakhulu, kusukela ezindaweni eziwugwadule neziwugwadule, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo namaxhaphozi angatholakala ezintabeni zentaba-mlilo, ezakha izindawo eziphakeme eziseningizimu, ukuya endaweni yesikhulumi se-limestone enezimbotshana, okuqashelwa ukuthi imbozwe amahlathi ashisayo anesilinganiso sokuphakama kwentaba. mayelana namamitha angu-45. Ukuzamazama komhlaba kwakungashintshi.
Izikhukhula nokudilika kwenhlabathi, iziphepho kanye nesomiso kubhaliwe. Ezinkangala eziseningizimu, phakathi kwezintaba zaseSierra Madre, okwamanje kunezintaba-mlilo ezingama-37. AmaMaya asendulo ayengabantu abahlakaniphe kakhulu. I-Highlands kanye ne-Lowlands yazenza izindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhwebeni.
Bakha izindlela eziningi zokuxazulula izinkinga ezehlukene ezezwe indawo yabo nesimo sezulu ukuze baphile kahle. Enye yezinto abazenzayo ukugawula nokususa izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi lemvula ukuze bakhe amagumbi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze abe indawo yokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile. Lokhu kwafezwa ngaphandle kwamathuluzi ensimbi.
Ngokwezifiso
Isikhathi se-Preclassic sabona ukuzalwa kwempucuko yamaMeya. Lesi sikhathi sinwetshwe kusukela ku-2000 a. Ngo-250 AD Kuyo Yonke Inkathi Yangaphambi Kwakudala, amaMaya ayedale izikhungo zasemadolobheni, ezanikeza isiko eliyingqayizivele nelingavamile, elihlanganisa amasiko namaMaya. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, base bembule isimiso sabo senkolo, nakuba intuthuko yangempela yempucuko yayizokwenzeka phakathi nenkathi yasendulo eyayilandela.
Amasiko namasiko amaningi amaMeya ayegxile emiqondweni yenkolo. Phakathi kwezifanekiselo zenkathi yakudala, i-Itzamna kwakuyigama lomunye wonkulunkulu bamaMaya abaphakeme ababehlala esibhakabhakeni futhi ababephethe indalo. U-Itzamna wabamba iqhaza emasikweni nasemikhubeni eminingi yamaMeya.
Ngokwesibonelo, uvame ukumelelwa njengompristi ophakeme futhi ubhekwa njengonkulunkulu wombusi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi u-Itzamná wazibonakalisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zabantu, ngakho abanye ababusi baseMeya njengoDos Pilas, uYaxchilán noNaranjo basebenzisa i-Itzamnaaj njengengxenye yamalungelo abo.
Amasiko amaMeya ekuphileni kwansuku zonke
Laba bahamba njalo emsebenzini, izingubo zokugqoka, nendlela yokuphila. Izimpahla zokugqoka zamaMaya zashintsha kuye ngesimo senhlalo samaMeya, ngakho-ke, labo abangabahlonishwa babegqoka izingubo ezisezingeni elingcono neziphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nezabantu abavamile.
Amasiko nemithetho yamaMeya yayivimbela abantu abavamile ukuba bagqoke izingubo ezifana nezezikhulu. Izigqila zaziyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezicukuthwane, nakuba amasiko amaMeya ayebavimbela ukuba basebenzise abantu bakubo njengezigqila, ngakho iziboshwa ezazivaleleke kwamanye amadolobha zazisetshenziselwa le njongo.
Umthandazo Nenkolo
Laba bahamba njalo emsebenzini, izingubo zokugqoka, nendlela yokuphila. Ingubo yamaMaya yashintsha kuye ngezinga lenhlalo yamaMeya, ngakho-ke, labo abangabahlonishwa babegqoka izingubo ezisezingeni elingcono neziphetho ezingcono uma ziqhathaniswa nezabantu abavamile.
Amasiko nemithetho yamaMeya yayivimbela abantu abavamile ukuba bagqoke izingubo ezifana nezezikhulu. Izigqila zaziyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabahlonishwayo, nakuba amasiko amaMeya ayebavimbela ukusebenzisa abantu bakubo njengezigqila, ngakho iziboshwa ezazivaleleke kwamanye amadolobha zazisetshenziselwa le njongo.
Amasiko abalimi nezigqila
Iningi labantu baseMaya lalingabantu abampofu, njengoba ezolimo kwakuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Impilo yabafokazana yayingelula, ngoba kwakumele basebenze umhlabathi wabanumzane ukuze bathole indlela yokuziphilisa. Abanye abalimi nabo babenezindawo zabo.
Abalimi babephila ukuphila okulula njengoba babengavunyelwe ukugqoka izingubo ezazigqokwa izicukuthwane. Izigqila zazingamalungelo aqashelwayo, nokho, azizange ziphathwe kanzima.
Isiko lamaMaya lavimbela umkhuba wobugqila emalungwini abantu bawo; Ngale ndlela, izigqila zazivela emadolobheni akwamanye amadolobha athunjwa ngezimpi.
Imikhuba Yomhlatshelo
AmaMayya enza imikhosi eminingi yemihlatshelo ukuze aduduze onkulunkulu futhi athole izibusiso zabo. Ngaphezu kweminikelo yokudla kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo, umhlatshelo wezilwane ngisho nabantu wawuyingxenye yamasiko amaMeya.
Imihlatshelo yabantu yayinikelwa njalo ngezikhathi ezingavamile, njengokufa, ukuvela kombusi, noma isomiso esimangalisayo.
Izindlela ezehlukene ziye zasetshenziswa ukuze kwenziwe umhlatshelo womuntu, okuhlanganisa ukunqunywa, ukusika inhliziyo, ukucibishela umnsalo nemicibisholo, njll.
Umhlatshelo wawenziwa abapristi futhi ngokuvamile wawuwenziwa phezulu kwethempeli noma umbhoshongo. Imihlatshelo yabantu basebukhosini kwakukholelwa ukuthi inenani eliphakeme kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yale njongo amalungu aboshiwe ezikhulu eziphikisayo ayesetshenziswa emikhosini yenkolo nemikhosi.
Imithetho yezikhulu zamaMaya
Imithetho yezikhulu ezibusayo nezicukuthwane yayinezinga eliphakeme emasikweni aseMeya. Ababusi babebhekwa njengezihlobo zonkulunkulu futhi babengcwelise igazi.
Amadolobha ahlukene ebukhosini ayebuswa ababusi abehlukene ababelulekwa yizikhulu zendawo. Izicukuthwane zazikholelwa ukuthi ziyizibulo lamawele angamaqhawe adumile ezinganekwane zaseMayan.
Izicukuthwane zazigcina izikhonzi zazo ziseduze nazo ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ukuze umuntu nje ovamile axhumane nazo, zazikwenza kuphela ngezikhonzi zazo.
Babegqoka izingubo zikanokusho ezazingavunyelwe abantu abavamile. Ngokufanayo, babegqoke ubucwebe obuqedwe kahle kakhulu futhi behlobe imizimba yabo ngemidwebo.
Izembatho
Kochwepheshe bemivubukulo, isiko lamaMayan kwakulula ukulihlukanisa, ngenxa yohlobo lwezingubo ababezigqoka, ezazikhomba ukuhlukaniswa kobulili, umlingiswa wabo we-utilitarian noma isigaba senhlalo.
Ngokufanayo, ingubo yamaMaya yayiklanyelwe ukumboza umzimba kuphela, futhi yayibanjwe amabhande endwangu, noma ivele ivikelwe izingxenye zangasese. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzise imihlobiso eminingi emakhanda abo, njengemiqhele, izigqoko ze-conical, izikhafu kanye nezesekeli, ubucwebe obuthile.
Ngokuqondene nezicathulo, okuvame kakhulu kwakuyikilasi lezimbadada ezenziwe ngezinyamazane, futhi zihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso eyenziwe ngamathambo noma izingcezu zesikhumba, kuye ngokuthi ukuhlobisa kwe-social stratum.
Izingubo zamaMeya ngokuya ngocansi kanye nesigaba senhlalo
Izingubo zaseMayan zekilasi elikhandlayo zazilula futhi zihambisana nezithako ezenziwe ngethambo noma ngokhuni. Nakuba izicukuthwane zazigqoka izingubo ezinezintambo zamatshe noma zezimpaphe, ezihlotshaniswa namabhande amakhulu, ama-slippers esikhumba, zonke izinhlobo zegolide noma amagugu namagugu anezimpaphe namakhanda.
Abesifazane babegqoka isiketi noma i-huipil ene-toga esifubeni ngokwezikhundla zabo; iziketi zazinemibala efekethisiwe ekhazimulayo futhi nezitayela zezinwele zase ziqedwe kahle, ngaphandle kokwelapha imizimba yabo nokufaka imibala ebusweni babo.
Nakuba amadoda ayegqoke kuphela uhlobo lwendwangu ekhalweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-patí, eyayihlotshiswe ngokwezigaba zomphakathi, nakuba ukugqoka kwabo kwaba ngcono njengoba amakhono abo ebonakala.
Enye into engavamile yamadoda aseMeya ukuthi agcina isikhumba sawo simnyama kuze kube umshado wabo. Isici sobuhle esikweni lamaMayan kwakuwukuguqulwa kogebhezi kanye ne-visual strabismus, zombili ezikhiqizwa kusukela ebuntwaneni.
Izingubo zamaMaya emicikilishweni
Emikhosini yemikhosi, izingubo zamaMayan zazihlotshiswe ngezinto ezimele inhlalakahle, njengezinsuku zokuvuna, imijikelezo yenyanga, noma imicimbi yamadlozi.
Lezi zisusa zaveza incazelo ethile kuleyo naleyo mikhuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvunulo yaphinde yaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi enesizotha, futhi abahlonishwayo bathatha ithuba lokugqoka izingubo zabo ngemihlobiso eminingi, izimpaphe, namatshe ayigugu.
AmaMeya aphethe umdanso ayegqoke izingubo ezilula nezihlotshisiwe kanye nomsila wezimpaphe ngemuva kwengubo.
Njengesipho esivela kunkulunkulukazi u-Ixchel, abesifazane babeqeqeshelwe ikhono lokwenza izindwangu, ngakho-ke izimpawu ezihlotshiswe ezingutsheni zamaMayan zazinomqondo ongokomoya. Ngakho-ke, isiko lamaMaya lakha isici esihlukile ezingutsheni zabo ezazibahlukanisa kwamanye amasiko esifundeni esifanayo.
Ulimi
Izilimi zezigodi eziningana ziye zatholakala ngolimi lwesiMayan, okungamagama phakathi kwazo isiQhuche, isiCakchiquel, isiKekchi nesiMam; lezi zisakhulunywa ngabantu abangaba ngu-300,000, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabo zingamaMayans ahlanzekile kanti bonke abanye abantu baseYurophu nama-mestizos, nokho, iningi lamaMayans likhuluma iSpanishi okwamanje.
Cishe izizwe ezingamashumi amabili zakha ifa lezilimi zamaMayan, ezikhuluma izilimi zesigodi ezihlobene eduze, futhi zihlala ezindaweni eziseduze zaseChiapas, eTabasco, naseNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan.
Isifunda esikhulu saseGuatemala kanye nengxenye encane yeHonduras ne-El Salvador (ngaphandle kwaseHuasteco enyakatho yeVeracruz naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSan Luis Potosí). Abakhi basendulo bamadolobha amanxiwa aseCopán nasePalenque babenomsuka ofanayo.
Izimpawu Zolimi
Izilimi zamaMayan zazihlanganisa iqoqo lezilimi ezikhulunywa eMesoamerica, kusukela eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico kuya enyakatho yeCentral America naseningizimu yeHonduras. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhokho wabo oyedwa, owaziwa ngokuthi i-Proto-Maya, useneminyaka okungenani engu-5,000 futhi wakhiwe kabusha ngokwengxenye.
Yize iSpanishi siwulimi olusemthethweni emazweni amaningi esifundeni namuhla, amaMayya omdabu angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisi-6 axhumana ngezilimi zamaMayan njengesisekelo noma sesibili (izigidi ezine eGuatemala, cishe izigidi ezimbili eMexico, izinkulungwane zezinkulungwane eBelize nezincane. izinombolo kwenye indawo.)
Ngonyaka ka-1996, iGuatemala yaqaphela ngokomthetho izilimi zamaMayan ezingu-21 ngamagama, futhi iMexico ibona ezinye ezingu-8 ezingakhulunywanga eGuatemala.
Kuyo yonke inkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian yomlando wase-Mesoamerican, okungenani ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda okungu-2 kwezilimi zesiMayan kwavela kumbhalo we-hieroglyphic wamaMayan.
Ngemibhalo yamaMayan esukela engxenyeni yokugcina yenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, le ndlela yokubhala ye-logosyllabic yahlala isetshenziswa isikhathi eside, ngisho nasekupheleni kwekhulunyaka le-XNUMX.
Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngesikhathi esibizwa nge-Classic stage sempucuko yamaMeya (250-900 AD). Ngenani lemibhalo yesandla yamaMayan engaphezu kuka-10,000 eye yalondolozwa kuze kube manje, iqashelwa ezikhumbuzo, izitsha zobumba, izakhiwo kanye nemibhalo yesandla yephepha lamagxolo.
Izilimi zamaMayan ezikhonjwe ekubhalweni kwe-hieroglyphic zinikeza isisekelo sokutolikwa kwesimanjemanje komlando wangaphambi kwe-Columbian ongenakuqhathaniswa emazweni aseMelika.
Umphakathi
Ingxenye eyinhloko yomphakathi wamaMaya kwakuwumndeni, kokubili umndeni wenuzi kanye nomkhulu, okwakuyiqembu lezindawo zokuhlala ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Impilo yomuntu yathuthukiswa lapho, ikakhulukazi, kanye nakwamanye amaqembu angomakhelwane kanye nengqophamlando yemikhosi ehambisana nayo.
Eqenjini lomkhaya nasezindaweni ezizungezile, amaMayya azalwa, akhula, anda futhi afa; ngamanye amazwi, bachithe umjikelezo wabo wempilo lapho.
Lesi sibopho esiseduze nomndeni savela ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuqhathanisa kwekilasi okwakukhona emphakathini oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, nenhlangano ebusayo kanye nenhlangano engokwasezulwini njengomphakathi wamaMeya, lapho, ngokujwayelekile, kwakukhona imikhakha emibili yezenhlalakahle: i-elite kanye nalabo abangazange. .babhalelana.
Ngokohlelo olujwayelekile lokuhlukanisa ngokwesayensi, umphakathi wamaMaya wawuhlelwe uzungeze izigxobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: abapristi nabalimi.
Izikhulu eziphakeme ezingokwasezulwini zaziphethe izikhungo zemikhosi, futhi isixuku esikhulu senhlalo esihlakazekile esizinikele emsebenzini wezolimo sasivame ukuvakashela lezi zikhungo ukuze sihlanganyele emikhosini yenkolo nasezimemeni zezombangazwe noma ukukhonza njengezisebenzi.
Muva nje, abalandeli baseMeya baphethe ngokuthi umphakathi wamaMaya ugcotshwe emindenini emikhulu, okumele iphathwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho yokuzalwa kwe-patrilineal (uhlu lozalo lukababa). Le mindeni yaqhubeka nokukhula, ngokuzalana nokushada, kwaze kwaba yilapho yenza izizukulwane.
Ngesikhathi esinembile, izingqimba zomphakathi zazalwa, ezihambisana nemizi eyinkimbinkimbi yenkathi yakudala (250-900). Okwamanje, kusengakabi lula ukwazi ukuthi umbuso omdala wabapristi wathathelwa nini isikhundla umphakathi ohlukene, owawuzohlanganyela ekusakazeni igazi langaphambili.
Ngale ndlela, iqembu elinamandla lokuzalana lalingathola amandla futhi lilawule iziphetho zesikhungo somkhosi womphakathi.
Njengoba yayingamandla ofuzo, kwamiswa imibuso yobukhosi. Isigaba esivelele kunazo zonke, esihlanganisa uhlu lozalo olubusayo, sagcwalisa izigodlo eziseduze nezindawo ezingcwele, sibanika isimilo sobunkulunkulu.
Ngokuhlobene eduze ngokuzalana nezikhulu ezibusayo, isigaba esikhulu sokuphatha senziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubuswa kombuso.
Isigaba senhlalo esiphansi, kodwa esidume kakhulu nedumela elibi, sakhiwe ngochwepheshe nezihlakaniphi. Izikhundla eziphansi zazihlanganisa ababumbi, abadwebi, izingcweti, kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza izingubo.
Amazinga aphansi omphakathi, abalimi kanye nezigqila, kwakudingeka benze izinsalela ezidingekayo ukuze bondle izigaba ezibusayo futhi basebenze ekwakhiweni kwezikhungo zemikhosi.
Ukuzalwa eqenjini lenhlalakahle elichaziwe kusungula isigaba umuntu ayingxenye yaso: kunikeza ubulungu ohlwini lozalo lwe-patrilineal, okuthi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, lunikeze isigaba senhlalo nokukhethekile emsebenzini, kanye nokuba umuntu omncane, isisebenzi sezandla, isikhulu noma ungqondongqondo.
Ngalesi sizathu, inhlangano yezenhlalakahle yayilinganiselwe emazingeni aphezulu; Izazi-mlando zazikholelwa ukuthi impi kungenzeka ibe nengxenye kulokhu.
Iziphathimandla zabusa enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaMayan. Esifundeni ngasinye sedolobha, wayenegunya eliphakeme, ifa ngokwemvelo, elibizwa ngokuthi i-halach-uinic noma indoda yasebukhosini, eyalulekwa umkhandlu wezicukuthwane, owakhiwa izinduna nabapristi abakhulu. Ama-Almehenoob ayeseqala amandla.
Ikilasi lakhe lakhiwe izicukuthwane zofuzo ezazilawula izikhundla eziyinhloko zokuphatha nezempi.
Phakathi kwe-Almehenoob (izicukuthwane, imindeni ehloniphekile) kwavela ababusi baseMaya "halach-uinic". Izihlobo eziqondile zomndeni zahlala endaweni ephakeme kakhulu embhoshongweni womphakathi wamaMayan.
Uhulumeni waseMeya (halach-uinic) kanye nezicukuthwane
I-halach-uinic yakhetha izinduna zedolobha ngalinye (bataboob), ezenza imisebenzi yomphakathi, yezempi neyezenkolo. Iziphathimandla zezempi eziphezulu (i-nacom) zaziqokwa njalo eminyakeni emi-3.
Ezinye izikhundla ezibalulekile bekungezabagadi be-tupiles (izikhulu zikahulumeni ezincane) kanye nabeluleki (ah holpopoob). Izikhulu zamaMaya zazihlanganisa zonke lezi zikhulu ngaphandle kwabapristi, amaqhawe nabathengisi abakhulu.
Izingcweti nabalimi
Bakha isigaba esiphansi (ah chembal uinicoob), bephethe imisebenzi yezolimo nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, bakhokha izintela ezikhulwini zomphakathi nakubefundisi.
Engxenyeni yokugcina yephiramidi yezenhlalakahle kwakuyizigqila (pentacoob), ezakhiwe iziboshwa zempi noma izigebengu noma izephulamthetho zentela, zigwetshwe ukusebenza ngempoqo kuze kube yilapho umonakalo odalekile ulungiswa.
Abalimi babehlala emaphethelweni amadolobha, bekhokha intela, besebenza ezakhiweni eziyisikhumbuzo, futhi behlanganyela emikhosini yasemadolobheni aseMeya.
Izigqila zaseMeya
Isihlalo sokugcina somphakathi sasihlala izigqila noma i-Pentac-Ob. Iningi labo laliyiziboshwa zempi ezivela kwamanye amadolobha, kuhlanganise nezigebengu nabantu ababezithengisa ukuze bakhokhe intela. Ngokuvamile zazinikelwa emicikilishweni yegazi.
iminikelo
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ikhalenda elinembe kakhulu nelicebe ngokwezibalo elake lakhiqizwa emhlabeni ngumsebenzi wesiko lasendulo lamaMaya, elibhekwa njengelinye lamagalelo alo amakhulu esintwini.
Inezinyanga eziyi-18 zezinsuku ezingama-20 iyinye, kanye ne- Wayeb, yezinsuku ezinhlanu ezingcwele; kuphawula i-solstice elandelayo, u-December 21 eNtshonalanga, ukuphela "kwesibalo eside" (kwakuyiminyaka engu-5,200 ubudala), isizathu semikhosi enemikhosi yokhokho, kodwa futhi nezibikezelo ze-apocalyptic.
Isazi se-anthropologist saseGuatemala u-Álvaro Pop, ilungu le-United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, uyasiqinisekisa ukuthi "ikhalenda lamaMayan aliyona nje indaba yokubala imizuzwana, imizuzu namahora, kodwa liyisibonelo sokuthi yiziphi izinkanyezi eziguqukayo nokuthi lokhu kuthinta kanjani umjikelezo. impilo yomuntu.”
Ngokubheka nokuhlaziya isibhakabhaka, amaMayya asakaza umbono wokuthi izinkanyezi azithinti lutho; amagagasi ekuzalweni kwezingane.
U-Ana Cecilia Arias, uprofesa wezifundo zemiphakathi yasendulo, waseCosta Rica, uvumelana noPop lapho ebonisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungavamile kolwazi lwezinkanyezi lwamaMayan, ethi “Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ngisho nangaphambi kukaKristu, amaMayya aye azuza impumelelo enkulu. inqubekelaphambili yezenhlalo namasiko abakwazile ukukhohlisa izibalo zezibalo ukuze bachaze umjikelezo weVenus. «
I-astronomy iphinde yabasiza ukuba bathole ukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana komthelela wezinkanyezi empilweni yezitshalo, okuzivumele ukuba zithuthukise ulwazi lwazo lwe-agronomic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaMeya anikeza umhlaba inqwaba yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu ku-topography, ubuciko bendwangu, ukupheka, izakhiwo, izibalo; eziye zabonakala emakhulwini eminyaka esikweni lanamuhla laseMesoamerica, elihlanganisa izingxenye zaseMexico, eGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador.
Amadoda ommbila
E-Mesoamerica, umsebenzi wokupheka ubonakala ngommbila njengento eyinhloko, kodwa futhi unezimpande zawo emasikweni aseMayan, asebenzisa lesi sitshalo eminyakeni engu-3000 edlule futhi asenza esinye sezici ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwabo.
AbakwaMayans baphinde baba ngabokuqala ukutshala ukhokho, lo mkhiqizo otholakala emhlabeni wonke ojabulisa futhi uphase izigidi zolwanga emhlabeni jikelele.
ukuhlafuna uswidi
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkomba zokuthi bangase babangele umkhuba wokuhlafuna ushingamu, okuwushingamu otholakala ocinini lwesitshalo esibizwa ngesayensi ngokuthi iManilkara zapota, edabuka eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi.
Ithishu
Ukukhohliswa komklamo nemibala ezindwangu zomdabu zaseGuatemala, okwaziwa emhlabeni wonke, kuwukubonakaliswa okujwayelekile kwalesi siko. Isazi se-anthropologist saseGuatemala u-Álvaro Pop sathi "ngaphezu kwakho konke, umbala walezi zindwangu uwukubonakaliswa kwempilo okuqhumayo nokuhle kakhulu okungatholakala."
Ulimi nezincwadi
AmaMayans adale futhi aba kahle izilimi ezingama-36 ezisabalele kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica, eziningi zazo ezisasebenza, nenhlangano ethuthuke kakhulu yohlelo kanye nezinkulumo zemibhalo eziyisici.
Ezingeni lemisebenzi emikhulu yama-epic yezincwadi zomhlaba wonke, njenge-Hindu Ramayana noma i-Greek Iliad kanye ne-Greek Odyssey, kuvela i-Popol Vuh, incwadi engcwele yamaMayans, umsebenzi onomlando omangalisayo nokuqukethwe kwezinganekwane kanye nezimfanelo zemibhalo ezingavamile. ; okwakha ifa lemibhalo eliyigugu, lapho umbono wezwe kanye nengokomoya lalaba bantu kugqama khona ngokucacile.
Lo msebenzi obalulekile ubonakala njengohlobo lwesitatimende esitholakala emhlabeni wonke mayelana nesimo somhlaba kanye neqhaza umuntu okufanele alibambe kuwo.
Ngokuqondene nokubhala, okufana namasiko aziwayo esintu, amaMayans athuthukisa umbhalo owahunyushwa ukwazi umlando wabo, obonakala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-stelae", okuyizikhumbuzo zamatshe ezibaziweyo ezigcina irekhodi leziqephu ezikhumbulekayo.
Isiko lama-Mayan libe nokuqagela okukhulu esikhathini sakudala esaziwayo (250-900 AD) laze langena esigabeni sokuwohloka esikhathini se-postclassic esathatha amakhulu amathathu eminyaka ngaphambi kokufika. abahlali endaweni.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki
Isici esiyinhloko senhlangano yayo yezombangazwe ukuthi igxile ekugunyazweni kumbusi oyedwa, owathola amandla akhe ngokuqondile konkulunkulu ngemilayezo ethunyelwe evela endaweni yonke.
Ngakho-ke, amandla acishe afane naphezulu amakhosi ayelawulwa phakathi kwezwe eliphathekayo nelikamoya, futhi edinga ukulondoloza lesi sixhumanisi esiyimfihlakalo, ayejabulela amasiko anjengokudansa, imihlatshelo ngisho nokuphupha ngezinto ezidakwayo.
Indlela inhlangano yezombangazwe esebenze ngayo
Inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaMaya ayizange ibunjwe njengombuso, kodwa njengokulandelana kwezifunda zamadolobha ukusebenzisana kwazo kwakuhlukahluka phakathi kwezikhathi, phakathi kwemifelandawonye nokungqubuzana.
Igunya eliphakeme kunawo wonke esifundeni ngasinye sedolobha lalisetshenziswa iHalach Uinic, eyayibusa ngosizo loMkhandlu Omkhulu, owakhiwa amakhosi nabapristi besigodi.
Inkosi ephakeme kunazo zonke yayihlala esigodlweni, esasinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho, ukuphatha ezohwebo kanye nokulamula phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenezikhulu eziqokwe nguyena, njengokuthi:
- U-Ah Holpop, njengommeleli wenkolo, wenza amalungiselelo emikhosi engcwele nemikhosi.
- U-Nacom, umholi wezempi wesifunda-dolobha, owayephethe imisebenzi yempi nama-battalion noma ama-Holcans
- U-Ahuacán, umpristi ophakeme owayephethe ikhalenda lamaMaya, ama-codex, ulwazi, izibikezelo nokuphathwa kwemihlatshelo.
- Tupiles, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela ukuhleleka komphakathi nokuhlonipha umthetho.
Kulesi sigaba samandla, kwakukhona nababusi bamadolobhana amancane noma i-Bataboob, nezinduna zamadolobha azungeze amadolobha noma i-Ah Cuch Caboob.
Ukwehlukana kwezombangazwe nezokuphatha
Eminyakeni AD 300 kanye AD 900, izwe ngalinye ledolobha lalizimele futhi linombusi noma iKinich. Nokho, ngemva konyaka ka-990, kwamiswa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iNhlangano YaseMayapán, ehlanganisa amadolobha aseChichén-Itzá, Mayapán nase-Uxmal, kwashiya umbuso owakhiwa umfelandawonye wababusi bala madolobha amathathu, owaziwa ngokuthi iMultepal.
Kwabe sekwengezwa izindawo zase-Izamal, zase-Ikhapatun naseTulum. Ekugcineni, yahlakazwa ngo-1451, ishiya insimu yenhlangano yezombangazwe yamaMaya ihlukaniswe yaba imibuso eyi-16 ezimele noma iKuchkabal, eyabelana ngezinkolelo ezifanayo zenkolo nezinkulumo zobuciko.
Ngokwalokhu, izwe lamaMeya lakhiwe ngo-Ah Canul, u-Ah Kin Chel, u-Ceh Pech, u-Can Pech, i-Chactemal, i-Chakán, i-Chakán Putum, i-Chikinchel, i-Cochuah, i-Cupul, i-Ekab, i-Hocabá-Homún, i-Sotuta, i-Tases, i-Tutul Xiúes ne- Uaymil.
Akuwona wonke amaKuchkabal ayeholwa yiHalach Uinic, kodwa ngeBataboob; Lokhu kushintshile kuye ngezintshisekelo zesifunda nezohwebo.
Uma kwenziwa ukuhlaziya isimo, siyabona ukuthi ukwakheka kwenhlangano yesiko lamaMaya, esikhundleni sombono ovelele, kwafuna ukulawula imvelo nomnotho, ngohlelo lwezombangazwe olusabalalise.
Umnotho
Ngokuhlela ngokucophelela kanye nesiko, umnotho wamaMaya wahlelwa ngesisekelo sokwakheka phakathi kokuthuthukiswa kohwebo kanye nemisebenzi yokukhiqiza eyinhloko.
Ngakho-ke, njengenethiwekhi yokuxhumana eyinkimbinkimbi, isiko lamaMaya lalinenani elikhulu lamanethiwekhi okuhweba lapho bethengisa khona umkhiqizo wezolimo, ukuzingela, ukudoba kanye nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yamaminerali.
imisebenzi yokuqala
Umhlaba wawungowabantu abaphakeme bomnotho wamaMaya, nokho, lezi zabiwa ngokwezidingo zomphakathi, ukuze zisetshenzwe futhi ngokukhiqizwa kwazo kuhlonishwe umbusi ophakeme noma uHalach Uinic.
Njengoba ikakhulukazi babengabalimi, basebenzisa indlela ye-milpa, okungukuthi, bagawula indawo yehlathi ukuze balime, kuze kube yilapho izinsiza zenhlabathi seziphelile, base belandela isu elifanayo. ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ngale ndlela, batshala izithelo ezihlukahlukene njengommbila, umdumbula, ithanga, ubhontshisi, utamatisi, ukwatapheya, ukhokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge-copal, irabha, ukotini, ugwayi namahlamvu esundu, benza imisebenzi yezandla.
Ezinye izenzo ezisemqoka zomnotho kwakuwukuzingela onogwaja, izingwejeje, izimfudu, izinyamazane kanye nokudoba izinhlobo ezithile zasolwandle. Kuyafaneleka ukuveza ukuthi babuye bafuya izinyosi, okwaqhuma uju lwazo kanye nengcina.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzise ngokunenzuzo ukucebile komhlabathi ukuze basebenzise imithombo yamaminerali efana ne-jade, i-obsidian, i-hematite, i-flint, i-iron pyrite nobumba, abenza ngayo izikhali nezinsiza. , amathuluzi ngisho namadayi.
Ukuhweba
Njengoba umnyakazo oyinhloko womnotho wamaMaya ugcina ukuzimela, ukuhweba okushesha kwasungulwa emadolobheni amakhulu aseMeya, nakwezinye izimpucuko.
Ngokwalokhu, imikhiqizo yokuqala edayiswayo yayiyi-cocoa, i-obsidian, izitsha zobumba, izindwangu, amathuluzi, ummbila, inhlanzi, ubucwebe, izinkuni, izikhali, ithusi, igolide, uju, usawoti, ubhontshisi kanye nokwatapheya.
Ngokuvamile, lesi senzo sokuhweba sasisetshenziswa ngokuhwebelana, nakuba ubhontshisi wekhofi wawuvame ukusetshenziswa njengohlobo lwemali phakathi kwezakhamuzi ezimakethe zedolobha noma i-p'polom.
Ngokuqondene nohwebo lwangaphandle, amaMayans athutha izinto ezithengiswayo amabanga amade esebenzisa i-mecapal, okuwumdweshu obekwe ebunzini, lapho umthwalo ulenga emhlane wabo.
Ngale ndlela, bawela izindlela ezimhlophe ezibizwa ngokuthi i-sacbe'ob. Ngokufanayo, basebenzisa izikebhe ukuze bahambe phakathi koxhaxha lwemizila yamanzi, begqamisa uMfula iLa Pasión njengomunye wemizila emikhulu.
Ukuhwebelana ngaleso sikhathi kwathuthukiswa ngendlela yokuthi amachweba anjengeSanta Rita eBelize, iTikal eGuatemala, iRoatán eHonduras naseTulum eMexico, phakathi kwamanye, adalwe. (Bheka futhi: Calakmul)
Njengoba lokhu kucushwa kwezomnotho, okugxilwe kakhulu kwesiko lamaMaya, kungenzeka ukuthi lapho iwa yabangela ukushabalala kwayo okumangalisayo.
Inkolo
Kwakuwukuhlonipha imvelo ezinsukwini zayo zakuqala kanye namandla emvelo lapho ababehlala khona njengabahambi. Njengoba ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kwakuqhubeka, isidingo sokuhlela ngokusemthethweni lenkolo sakhula, kanye nesidingo sokuba nendikimba ekhethekile yabapristi.
Ukuqala kwemisebenzi yezolimo kwaholela ekuhlalisweni kokugcina kanye nencazelo yesimo senhlalo, okwadala inkimbinkimbi enkulu yenhlalo, okwaholela ebukhosini kanye nokuhlukahluka konkulunkulu nabapristi, okwakudingeka ngaphambili bacacise inani labantu intando yamabutho onkulunkulu.
Ekuqaleni, amasiko ayenziwa ezindlini, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwakhiwa ezinye izindawo zokukhulekela nezindawo ezinkulu zemikhosi. Lolu shintsho enkolweni yamaMaya lwenzeka kancane kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nokufika kwezolimo (okugxilwe cishe ngo-2000 BC), ukudalwa kwekhalenda lamaMaya kanye nokubhala kwe-hieroglyphic (353 no-235 BC).
Kodwa-ke, lapho ikhalenda nokubhala sekusunguliwe, inkolo yaba nezinguquko ezinkulu, mayelana nokwanda kwenkimbinkimbi kanye nokuhlelekile.
Ekhulwini lesine, e-El Petén (eGuatemala), le nkolo yayihlangene nefilosofi ye-animist eyinkimbinkimbi (yonke inokuphila), esekelwe ekubunjweni kwezidalwa zasezulwini.
Le nkolo, esabalele phakathi kwabantu abavamile, iye yaqondwa futhi yenziwa abapristi bezibalo, abaprofethi, izazi zezinkanyezi nezingcweti zemicikilisho; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusebenza kwawo kwakwenganyelwa ngabaphathi nohulumeni, ababekwazi ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zabo zezombangazwe nemibono.
Inkolo yamaMaya, efana nanoma iyiphi enye inkolo, yayinemishini yokufeza futhi yagunyaza ukuba khona komphakathi ohlelwe ngokwezigaba, onomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene. Izinkolelo zenkolo zahlanganisa inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaMeya, zavikela igunya lezigaba ezivelele ezazibusa ukuphila kwabantu futhi zazisekelwe ekukhulekelweni kokhokho.
Inkolo, ngokufanayo, isikhanyisela kukho konke umuntu angeke akucabange noma akuqonde: imvelaphi yakhe, amashwa akhe emvelo, ukugula nokufa kwakhe.
Uphawu oluphawulekayo lwesifunda saseMesoamerica ngokujwayelekile ukuxhumana okuseduze kwenkolo yamaMaya nolwazi lwesayensi olunjengokubhala, ikhalenda kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi, okuhlobene ngandlela thize nokulinganisa isikhathi. Kusayensi yamaMaya, isikhathi bekuwuchungechunge olumangalisayo nolumangalisayo lwemijikelezo, engenasiqalo noma isiphetho.
Ngakho-ke, zonke izikhathi zokusakazwa kwekhalenda kwakungonkulunkulu abaningi amaMaya ayehlonipha ngazo isikhathi.
i-cosmogony
AmaMeya ayenomqondo wokujikeleza wesikhathi nendawo, awabelana ngawo namanye amasiko aseMesoamerican. Babekholelwa ukuthi kunemihlaba edlule eyanqotshwa inhlekelele yemvelo efana nozamcolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, babekholelwa ukuthi izwe lamanje lilindele ukuphela okufanayo. Amathonya amabi avala iningi leziphetho zama-katuns ahlukahlukene, okwakuyizikhathi zekhalenda zeminyaka engamashumi amabili noma eyishumi nantathu.
Ukufundwa kwencwadi yenkolo yamaQuiche ethi Popol Vuh kanye nomsebenzi wangekhulunyaka le-XNUMX onesihloko esithi Relation of things in Yucatan, eyabhalwa umbhishobhi waseSpain u-Diego de Landa.
Siphetha ngokuthi amaMayya ayecabanga ukuthi umhlaba lapho ayekhona wandulelwa imihlaba emithathu edlule. Ngayinye yale mihlaba yangaphambili yayihambisana nohlobo oluhlukile lwesintu, olwenziwe ngomhlaba, ukhuni nommbila.
KumaMeya, okuwukuphela kukankulunkulu kwakunguHunab Ku, umninimandla onke noyise ka-Itzamná, unkulunkulu womlilo nomhlaba futhi, njengabanye onkulunkulu bamaMeya, ababenezinguqulo ezine ezihambisana namaphuzu amane ayinhloko, futhi ngokuvamile ayefanekiselwa. ngesilo sasezulwini noma iguana enamakhanda amabili esesimweni sikadrako.
Inguqulo ngayinye ye-Itzamná yayihambisana nombala ohlukile: omhlophe enyakatho, ophuzi eningizimu, obomvu empumalanga, nomnyama entshonalanga. Umbala oluhlaza wawuhloselwe isikhungo. Ngokuxhunyaniswa nalokhu ngakunye kwalezi zimo, onkulunkulu abane abathwali (ama-bacabes) baphakamisa isibhakabhaka.
I-cosmos yahlelwa yaba yimihlaba eyishumi nantathu, ngokusho kwe-cosmogony yamaMaya, okwakukhona emhlabeni, njengezinye izigqoko. Ngayinye yalezi zingqimba zasezulwini, eyengamele omunye weshumi nantathu oxlahuntiku noma onkulunkulu bezwe elingaphezulu kwe-13, yayibanjwe emhlane wayo ingwenya noma isilwane esihuquzelayo.
Ngaphansi komhlaba kwakunemihlaba engaphansi komhlaba eyisishiyagalolunye, ngalinye libuswa omunye wezithixo zaseBolontiku, ezinezimpawu ezibalulekile zasemanzini.
Izwe elingaphansi elijulile, uMbuso Wabafileyo, kwakunguMitnal noma i-Xibalbá (njengoba ibizwa kanjalo emazweni aseYucatecan noma eQuiché Highlands).
Lapho kwabusa u-Ah Puch ("inkosi yokufa"), futhi amaMeya ayecabanga ukuthi nsuku zonke kwakunempi echitha igazi yeLanga, ohambweni lwakhe losuku, enezidalwa nonkulunkulu besihogo, ayesabusa. Ngemva kokunqoba, i-Star King yaqala uhambo lwayo lwansuku zonke lwezinga eliphezulu lomkhathi.
Imimoya yomufi yenza uhambo olufanayo, olufana namawele angcwele enganekwane, u-Hunahpú kanye no-Xbalanqué, njengoba kulandiswa kuyi-Popol Vuh, umsebenzi we-quiche wenganekwane-inkolo ekudalweni obhalwe ngombhalo weSpanishi kakade ngesikhathi sekoloni.
Onkulunkulu
Iqembu lonkulunkulu bamaMaya lalilingana namandla omongo wasemhlabeni wangaleso sikhathi, futhi yilokhu kanye okwavumela unkulunkulu ofanayo, kuye ngokuthi isimo sesikhashana, abhekwe njengomuhle noma omubi, ngisho nowesifazane noma owesilisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona okuthakazelisayo okugqamayo, ngoba ukucatshangwa njengezinkulumo ezibonakalayo zengcwele akukhululi leli qembu lonkulunkulu ekwambuleni izimo zengqondo, ukuveza intando ethintwa uhlobo lokuziphatha kwabantu.
Isidingo sokuthakatha onkulunkulu bawo saba kangangokuthi imihlatshelo yabantu kwaziwa ukuthi yayizamile ukugwema ulaka lonkulunkulu.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lezi zidalwa ezingaphezu kwemvelo ezazihlala ezulwini, emhlabeni nangaphansi azikwazi ukutholakala ngendlela elula yokucabanga, njengoba ziqondiswa nakanjani izimiso ezisenkimbinkimbi ukuba ziqondwe namuhla.
Okungaboniswa ngokuqiniseka okuphelele umuzwa wobuhle ongavamile walaba nkulunkulu, njengoba ukubonakaliswa kwabo ngakunye kunikezwe ingcebo yobuciko engavamile efakazela inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuqoshweni nasekudwebeni.
Onkulunkulu bamaMaya
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abanye abahlaziyi baphikelela besho ukuthi onkulunkulu bamaMaya bangaqondwa njengezingelosi ebuKristwini, izinganekwane zamaMaya zibhekisela kunkulunkulu oyinhloko nabanye abahlukanisa isiqu salowo obaluleke kakhulu futhi owaziwayo; okuboniswa ngezansi
Impela baningi onkulunkulu abangabalulwa; Kukhona, isibonelo, abadali ababambe iqhaza emizamweni emithathu yokudala umhlaba, abanye ababonwa kancane futhi, vele, labo abanohlangothi olumnyama abahlala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi abaqashelwa njengamaKhosi e-Xibalbá.
hunab ku
Ifanekisela unkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu wesiko lamaMaya, ngoba iyisithombe esiyinhloko sezinkolelo ngenxa yokuthi iqinisekile ukuthi yiyona kuphela engokoqobo futhi ephilayo.
Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi zonke izinto zizalwa nguye, njengoba ephethe zonke izinto ezimbili, futhi bayaqinisekisa ukuthi unguyise wabo bonke onkulunkulu nokuthi uchazwa njengomuntu ongaphili.
Izamna
Inkosi yesibhakabhaka, unkulunkulu wamaMaya wolwazi futhi oqanjwe ngabathile baseZamná, waziwa njengomdali wesayensi nolwazi. Kuye ngendiza lapho ethulwa khona, angabonakala njengekhehla ngisho nesilwane.
ixchel
Unkulunkulukazi wenyanga, ohlobene eduze nokuzala kanye namanzi. Inkolo yakhe yayithandwa abefundisikazi, futhi bacelwa ukuba bamsize ekubelethweni nasezifweni ezihlobene nezitho zabesifazane.
Yum Kax
UNkulunkulu wommbila, umvikeli wezolimo kanye nomqaphi wezilwane. Ukukhulekela kwakhe izithombe kwakungaphezu kokubalulekile, njengoba kwakuhlobene ngokuqondile nemisebenzi eyisisekelo yale mpucuko.
kawuil
Unkulunkulu womlilo wamaMaya futhi omunye obaluleke kakhulu esikweni lamaMaya. Kwakuhlotshaniswa ngokucacile nababusi, njengoba ngokwayo ilingana namandla, futhi ifanekisela ukuphana kwesivuno, okwakubhekwa futhi njengobunkulunkulu bokuchuma emithethweni yakudala.
mythos
Ukuqaphela izinganekwane kanye nezinganekwane zesiko lamaMayan kuyithuba elihle lokusondela endleleni yokucabanga yalesi siko lasendulo. Kubonakala kumangalisa ukuthi lezi zindaba zigcinwe kanjani ziphila ngokukhulumisana ngomlomo, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kuze kube manje.
Izinganekwane zabo, izinganekwane kanye nonkulunkulu babonisa umbono ogcwele wenkolo wezwe lamaMaya. Izinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu esingase sizithole zisebenza emapaki emvelo kanye nezwe lonke laseMexico zibhekisela ekubunjweni komhlaba kanye nomuntu njengomsebenzi wePopol Vuh; nakuba, futhi, zikhona ezinye izindaba ezidumile ongazisho:
Inganekwane yendalo yamaMaya. Popol Vuh, noma Incwadi Yabantu
Cishe ngonyaka wezi-2000 a. C. Impucuko yamaMaya yadabuka eMelika Ephakathi. Babonisa isitayela esiyingqayizivele sobuciko, izakhiwo kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi ngisho nolimi oluxoxwayo nolubhalwayo. Nakuba imibhalo yakhe, kuhlanganise nekhalenda elidumile lamaMeya, akuyona eyakhe (kodwa i-Olmec), iye yacwengwa nakakhulu.
I-Popol Vuh, noma incwadi edumile. Kuyiqoqo lezindaba ezihlanganisa izinganekwane zamaMayan namaqiniso omlando, futhi kusekelwe embhalweni wesandla womfundisi waseDominican uFrancisco Ximénez.
Ngeshwa, iningi lezincwadi nemibhalo yalo yacekelwa phansi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kweSpain ngekhulu le-XNUMX, okwenza iPopol Vuh ibe umsebenzi onenani elikhulu. Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi igama elithi "inganekwane" aliveli Maya. I-Popol Vuh, ngokusho kwamaMeya, iqukethe umlando wabo.
Kule ncwadi, inganekwane yendalo idlala indima emangalisayo. Onkulunkulu baqala benza umhlaba nesibhakabhaka, base belandela izilwane nezidalwa eziphilayo, njengezinyoni nezinye izinhlobo ezindizayo. Onkulunkulu babefuna ukubizwa, ukukhonzwa nokukhunjulwa, kodwa izilwane azikwazi ukukhuluma. Ngale ndlela, onkulunkulu bahluleka ngomzamo wabo wokuqala.
I-Popol Vuh, noma i-Popol Wuj ngolimi lwesi-K'iche, indaba yendalo ngokusho kwamaMeya. Abameleli bozalo lwasebukhosini baseKichen, abake babusa izindawo eziphakeme zaseGuatemala, babhala umlando ngekhulu le-XNUMX ukuze bawulondoloze ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni waseSpain.
I-Popol Vuh, ebizwa nangokuthi "incwadi yabantu," ilandisa ngendalo yamaMayan, yamawele angamaqhawe, kanye nezizukulwane zamaK'iche, nelungelo lomhlaba.
Kule nganekwane, Onkulunkulu BoMdali, Inhliziyo Yezulu, nabanye onkulunkulu abayisithupha, kuhlanganise neNyoka Enezimpiko, babefuna ukudala abantu abanezinhliziyo nezingqondo ezikwazi "ukusindisa izinsuku."
Kodwa ukuhlola kwakhe kokuqala kwehlulekile. Lapho laba nkulunkulu ekugcineni bephumelela ekudaleni abantu ngommbila ophuzi nomhlophe, owawunekhono lokukhuluma, baneliseka yikho. Kwesinye isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando emlandweni, i-Lords of Death of the Underworld imema Amawele Eqhawe ukuthi adlale umdlalo webhola wokudlulela lapho Amawele ahlula izimbangi zawo.
Amawele afika esibhakabhakeni aba yilanga nenyanga. Ngemisebenzi yawo, Amawele Eqhawe asungula indlela yokutshala ummbila, ukuphila komuntu eMhlabeni, kanye Nendalo Yesine YamaMaya.
Umhlaba Oyisicaba kanye namaJaguar
AmaMeya ayeqiniseka ukuthi umhlaba wawuyisicaba unamakona amane, okwakufanekisela isiqondiso sikakhadinali. Indawo ngayinye kwezine yayinombala ohlukile: obomvu-empumalanga, omnyama-ntshonalanga, omhlophe-enyakatho, ophuzi-oseningizimu; kuyilapho isikhungo sihlala siluhlaza.
Ekhoneni ngalinye kwakukhona i-jaguar enemibala eyahlukene ebizwa ngokuthi ama-bacabe, eyayiphakamisa isibhakabhaka. AmaMayya nawo ayekholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke ihlukaniswe yaba izingqimba ezingu-13 nokuthi ngayinye inobunkulunkulu bayo.
Inganekwane yama-aluxes
Babeyizidalwa ezincane ezenziwe ngobumba. Lapho sebedaliwe, bathola iminikelo nemithandazo ukuze baphile. Lezi zidalwa zihlala zifihliwe ukuze zivikele inkosi yazo ngale ndlela. Ayeshesha futhi elula njengomoya, ngakho-ke ayengabonakali. Ama-Aluxe ayethembekile kumakhasimende awo, kodwa enonya futhi ecasulwa abantu angabazi.
Lapho impahla yabanikazi bazo idlulela kwabanye, kwaphuma ama-aluxe athusa izingane. Ngakho, ukuze behlise umoya, abanikazi abasha babanika ukudla, uju, ummbila nogwayi.
Ama-Aluxe manje kukholakala ukuthi alondoloza amadolobha aseMeya, futhi abanye abantu babheka ama-aluxe ukuze anikeze ukukhanya emhlabeni. AmaMayya nawo ayekholelwa ukuthi uma ehlonipha ama-aluxe, nawo avikela abantu nempahla yabo.
Ukudalwa kokuphila emhlabeni
Ngemva kokuba onkulunkulu uTepeu uMdali noGucumatz the Feathered Spirit bedale umhlaba, benza ukuba izidalwa zibone indalo yazo futhi zizidumise. Babumba zonke izidalwa ezihamba emhlabeni kuze kube namuhla.
Nokho, lezi zilwane zazingakwazi ukukhuluma kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zizama kangakanani. Babekwazi kuphela ukuhhewula, ukubhavumula, ukukhonkotha, ukubhonga noma ukububula. Onkulunkulu abadumele benza isinqumo sokudala izidalwa ezingcono, ezinganikela ngokukhonza izithombe okufanele.
Badala isigaba sokuqala samadoda odakeni olumanzi futhi babanikeza ukuphila, kodwa bahlukana kancane lapho benza sengathi bayakhuluma. Kudalwe umugqa wesibili wamadoda, oqoshwe ngokhuni.
Lo mjaho ubunamandla futhi ukwazi ukuhamba, ukukhuluma, nokuzalana. Nokho, la madoda ayenganikezwanga ingqondo; izinhliziyo zabo zazingenalutho futhi abazange bakhumbule indalo yabo.
Futhi, lapho bekhuluma, amazwi abo ayengenalutho, engasho lutho, ngakho babengakwazi ukudumisa onkulunkulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, uTepeu noGucumatz bathumela uzamcolo omkhulu ukubabhubhisa, futhi wathumela izilwane ukuba zibahlasele futhi zibachoboze.
Abanye babo bakwazile ukubalekela ehlathini. Baba ama-primates futhi onkulunkulu babashiya lapho njengesibonelo sohlobo olulandelayo lwabantu. Isikhathi eside, onkulunkulu bahlaziya, kodwa abakwazanga ukudala izinto ezifanele zokubumba umuntu ngamakhono abo. Izilwane zazibalethela inqwaba yombila, onkulunkulu bawagaya baba amadoda amane. Ngokusobala, babephelele, benamandla, futhi benesimo sengqondo esicebile emizweni nemicabango.
Ukubulawa kwakhe kokuqala ngemva kokudalwa kwakhe kwaba ukukhombisa ukubonga kwakhe kubahlomuli bakhe uTepeu noGucumatz ngempilo yakhe. Onkulunkulu banelisekile. Umugqa omusha womuntu ungabona izihlahla, izintaba ngisho nemikhawulo yoMhlaba. Babekwazi ukubuka futhi baqonde ingqikithi yendalo yonkulunkulu. Onkulunkulu bahlaziya ukuthi abantu bazi okuningi, ngakho bacindezela ingxenye yamehlo abo.
Ngale ndlela, abantu babekwazi ukubona izinto eziseduze nabo kuphela, futhi ngale ndlela, incazelo yabo enkulu yomhlaba yancipha. Naphezu kwalokhu, amadoda asadumisa onkulunkulu. Onkulunkulu badalela lamadoda abesifazane aba-4. Laba bantu abangu-8 babengokhokho bawo wonke amadoda angamaQuiche namuhla.
Izulu, Umhlaba kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi
AmaMayya ayekholelwa, njengabantu abaningi, ukuthi amazulu angaphezulu nezihogo ezingaphansi, nokuthi izwe labantu liphakathi nendawo. Kunezingqimba eziyishumi nantathu eziqoqwe Emhlabeni: amazulu. Umhlaba uhlezi phezu kofudu noma isilwane esihuquzelayo esintanta olwandle.
Izelamani ezine ezaziwa ngokuthi amaBacabs ziphakamisa amazulu. Ngaphansi Komhlaba kunombuso obizwa nge-Xibalbá, umhlaba wangaphansi onezingqimba eziyisishiyagalolunye ezibekwe phezulu. Imibuso emithathu ihlala ihlangene ngomuthi omkhulu, amagatsha awo afinyelela ezulwini futhi izimpande zehlela esihogweni. Onkulunkulu nemiphefumulo yabashonile bawela imihlaba endleleni yalesi sihlahla esikhulukazi.
Inganekwane ye-dwarf in Uxmal
Owesifazane osekhulile kakhulu wayehlala edolobheni lasendulo lamaMeya esikhathini eside esidlule. Wenza izibikezelo zedolobha. Akakwazanga ukuzala. Ngakho-ke, wacela unkulunkulu uChic Chan ukuba amlethele ingubo yokulala yofudu olukhulu. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, kwazalwa into encane eluhlaza enezinwele ezibomvu.
Ngolunye usuku, i-dwarf yanquma ukwakha ukhamba olukhulu oluzokwenza inhlebo. Kwakukhona isiprofetho sokuthi abantu ababezwa ithuluzi elifanayo babeyoba umbusi omusha. Lokhu kwayithukuthelisa inkosi eyayiphethe ngaleso sikhathi, kwayibangela ukuba iphonsele inselelo inselele.
Inkosi yacela idlozi ukuthi inselele izivivinyo ezintathu. Kwesokuqala, inkosi yabuza umncanyana inani lezihlahla zesigodlo sakhe, futhi umncanyana waphumelela esivivinyweni. Ngenselelo yesibili, watshela i-dwarf ukuthi uzoletha i-turkey wesilisa ekwazi ukubeka amaqanda.
Ngakusasa, kwakhuliswa indoda okwakusobala ukuthi ikhulelwe yathi kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza lokhu nge-turkey. Uthole amaphuzu kumajaji.
Esivivinyweni sokugcina, inkosi yacela uSeiya ukuba afake i-hickory ekhanda lakhe futhi ayibhoboze ngomkhonto. Umdlwembe naye waphumelela kulesi sivivinyo futhi wabekela inkosi inselele ukuba yenze okufanayo. Inkosi ngeshwa yashona izama lokho ngenxa yokuziqhenya kwayo. Ngenxa yalezi zenzakalo, lo mncane wabizwa njengenkosi.
Kusukela esihlalweni sobukhosi njengenkosi, wayephethe ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elidumile elibizwa ngokuthi "indlu yombusi". Ngokufanayo, wakhela unina umuzi, awubiza ngokuthi "umuzi kamama omdala." Zombili lezi zakhiwo zingabonakala emanxiweni aseMayan e-Uxmal.
Inganekwane ka-Ixtab, unkulunkulukazi wenyanga
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, lapho onkulunkulu besaphila, kwakukhona intokazi enhle ebizwa ngokuthi "Ixchel". Uma ucabangela ubuhle bakhe obukhulu, wayenabasheli abaningi; phakathi kwalaba ababili kwagqama; insizwa egama layo lingu "Itzamná" nenye insizwa enegama elingaziwa; Laba abasha abakaqedi ukuxabana ngothando abaluzwayo ngaye.
Ngelinye ilanga, udadewabo ka-Ixchel obizwa nge-"Ixtab" ucela abakhongi ababili ukuthi balwele uthando lukadadewabo, kuze kusele oyedwa omile bese ehlala owinile. nge "Ixchel".
Ngemva kwempi enegazi "Itzamná", owayesecishe wayinqoba imbangi yakhe, wafela ezandleni zalaba bamuva ngemuva kokuthola ithuba lokunganaki kwentsha "Itzamná".
Ebona ukushona kwesithandwa sakhe "u-Ixchel" ugijimela eceleni kwakhe, afunge udadewabo ukuthi umphefumulo wakhe uyohlale umshushisa futhi uzozibulala. Ngemuva kokubona ukuzibulala kukadadewabo, "Ixtab" ithuka indoda eyabulala "Itzamná", ngoba isola yena ngokufa kukadadewabo.
Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu, u-"Itzamná" waba uNkulunkulu weLanga futhi "u-Ixchel" wakhe othandekayo waba unkulunkulukazi weNyanga, kanti udadewabo, owayekade engunkulunkulukazi weNyanga, manje usezoba unkulunkulukazi wokuzibulala. unkulunkulukazi wogodo.
Ngendlela efanayo, kunenkolelo yokuthi emlilweni ngamunye ovuthayo unkulunkulukazi u-Ixchel uzalwa kabusha emlilweni, ovumela amantombazane ukuba athole uthando futhi ngenxa yalolu thando abafana bazalwa. Ngalesi sizathu, unkulunkulukazi u-Ixchel ubuye akhonjwe njengonkulunkulukazi wenzalo noma wokuzalwa.
Inganekwane yezikhova
Lokhu kuvela esikhathini lapho izinyoni zaseMayab zazilungiselela khona idili lokuhlonipha inkosi yazo ipigogo. Zamenywa zonke izinyoni zombuso kulomcimbi. Isikhova sasingumeluleki omkhulu wenkosi, kodwa kwathi singavelanga sathunywa ukuyofuna udwendwe lwasebukhosini, nakuba sazi kahle ukuthi asiyena umuntu othanda amaholide.
Ekugcineni bamthola futhi bamyisa edilini, kodwa lapho ababekhona bejabulela, akazange azizwe ekhululekile kakhulu; wama wahamba. Lokhu kwenze inkosi ingakhululeki kwaze kwaphoqa ukuthi ibuyele emcimbini idanse phambi kwawo wonke umuntu njengesijeziso sokwephula imiyalelo yenkosi.
Kusukela ngalelo langa, isikhova saba namahloni kangangokuthi asizange siphume isikhathi eside. Kuso sonke isikhathi eboshiwe, wazinikela ekuhlaziyeni incwadi engcwele yamaMayans futhi wathola lapho ukuthi ipigogo, eqinisweni, laliqambe amanga kuPahuy.
Wathi ezama ukuphuma ekhuluma iqiniso kwezinye izinyoni zombuso, wabona ukuthi emini akasaboni ngoba wayesebujwayele ubumnyama.
Kusukela lapho, isikhova asibange sisakwazi ukuphuma emini, njengoba onkulunkulu babemjezisile kuso sonke lesi sikhathi, wayesehalalisela inkosi yamanga futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wayekwazi ukuphuma ebusuku kuphela.
Inganekwane yejuba lezinkuni
Abathandi bokuzingela, ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwakukhona iqhawe elinesibindi elishisekela ukuphuma liye emasimini liyofuna izilwane ezaziba inyamazane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni. Wayevame ukuzulazula ezintabeni ukuze azivocavoce futhi esesebenzise zonke izindlela zokuzingela umuntu ayengase azazi. Kwesinye sezigemegeme ezingaphumelelanga, futhi ngethemba lokuba nenhlanhla engcono, wanquma ukuya ogwini lwechweba elicwebezelayo, lapho ayeqiniseka khona ukuthi izilwane zazivame ukucisha ukoma kwazo. .
Nokho, kulokhu, akazange athole zilwane. Amehlo akhe ayejabulile ngowesifazane omuhle kunabo bonke emhlabeni, ephazamisekile egwedla isikebhe esidala. Baphawula ukuthi leli qhawe lamangazwa ubuhle balo wesifazane, laze laphelelwa ubuthongo futhi ukuzingela kwathatha indawo yesibili empilweni yalo.
Into eyayifunwa nguQhawe kwakuwukubuyela ephindelela kuleli chibi ayofuna isithandwa sakhe. Futhi-ke, ngethemba, wavakashela isayithi ukuze ahlale ezithola enamanzi afanayo acwebile. Ekhathele futhi elahlekelwe ngandlela-thile, wacela usizo kumthakathi omdala owayehlala eduze nehlathi. Wabikezela ukuthi wayengeke aphinde ambone, ngaphandle uma evuma ukuba ijuba, angabe esakwazi ukuba umuntu futhi.
Libhekene nale nkinga, iqhawe lavuma ukuba ijuba unomphela. Ngaleyo ndlela, umthakathi wafaka iva entanyeni yakhe futhi iqhawe laguqulwa laba ijuba.
Ngokushesha wandiza waze wathola isihlahla lapho efika khona; Ngaleso sikhathi kuqhamuke isithandwa sakhe. Khona-ke, umphumela obulalayo waba lapho owesifazane esusa iva lejuba futhi wafa ngenxa yokopha. Intokazi enhle, idabukile ukufa kwejuba layo, yafaka iva entanyeni yayo, yaphenduka ijuba futhi yakhala unomphela ijuba layo elithandekayo.
ubuciko be-mayan
I-Classic Mayan art (200 kuya ku-900 AD) ihlonishwa ngobuciko bayo obuhle kakhulu. Imifanekiso eqoshiwe nemidwebo kakhonkolo evela e-Palenque, kanye nesithombe esibaziwe esivela e-Copán kuhle kakhulu, kwethula umusa nokubhekwa ncamashi komuntu okwakhumbuza abavubukuli bakudala ngezibalo zempucuko ye-Old World.
Isikhuhlu
Ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokuqopha emithonjeni ephansi, imidwebo ephezulu kanye ne-stelae, basebenzisa izinkuni, ukhonkolo kanye ne-limestone; ngezinye izikhathi embozwe nge-plaster (impushana ye-limestone, amagobolondo kanye nokuhlanganisa izitshalo) ezinemibala ehlukene. Izibonelo ezivame kakhulu ekuqoshweni:
- Ukhozi: isilwane esingcwele. Ngokuphindaphindiwe ubonakala ngenhliziyo eluzipho lwakhe njengomhlatshelo womuntu.
- I-Chaac (unkulunkulu wemvula): efanekiselwa njalo isiqu eside, amehlo, izindlebe ezinamacici azo kanye nomlomo ovulekile onamazinyo abukhali.
- I-Chac Mool (uphawu lwenkolo): Mhlawumbe kwakuyindawo yokubeka iminikelo (eyomuntu noma cha) noma isihlalo sobukhosi. Iveza umfanekiso wendoda enamehlo ezinhlangothini, ilele, imilenze igobile (ukuma okujwayelekile kokuzivocavoca kwesisu) nezandla ezibambe ipuleti esiswini. Lezi zithombe zingamelela iziboshwa zempi.
- Isiphambano: zifanekisela izinkomba ezine noma ama-engeli omhlaba, kanye nendawo emaphakathi; Iphinde imele isitshalo sommbila.
- Ukwehla kukaNkulunkulu u-Ah Muken Kaab: UbuNkulunkulu bukhona kakhulu eTulum. Igama lakhe lichazwa ngokubona ukuthi izinyawo zakhe zisemoyeni, izingalo nekhanda phansi, nomsila omise okweminyovu.
- I-Stelae: izingcwecwe zokhuni noma zamatshe eziqondile eziqukethe imidwebo, imibhalo namakhalenda, ukukhumbula imicimbi noma iziqephu ezikhethekile.
- I-Phalluses (umthondo): ifanekisela inkolo yokuzala. Zitholakala kakhulu ku-Uxmal. Isikhundla abakuso singahunyushwa ngokuthi isidoda singena emhlabathini siwuvundise.
- Izimbali: zimelela ukuzala kanye nobulili.
I-Greca: ifanekisela umoya, amafu, imvula, njll. - Inyoka Enezimpiko: Lena enye indlela yokumelela unkulunkulu uKukulkan.
- Indoda enentshebe: Lokhu ukumelelwa okungenzeka kukankulunkulu uKukulkan. Izincazelo ezivame kakhulu zibonisa ukuthi ifanekisela Lahun Uva Kan wax impi inyoka.
- Ama-Jaguars: iyisilwane esingcwele kakhulu esimelela inkanyezi yosuku, okungukuthi, ilanga, ngenkathi siwela esihogweni; Kwakuyisihlalo sobukhosi okungenzeka.
I-Kukulcan: Inkolo yakho isekela izici ezimbalwa. Umelelwe inyoka enezimpaphe.
Iplanethi ye-Venus: ezihlobene nokuba yimpinda kwenkolo yamaMaya nezinye izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nempi.
Amafulegi: izithombe zabantu abaphethe amafulegi anamathiselwe phakathi kwezandla zabo.
Ama-Rattlesnakes: wethula izimfanelo. Ziphuma emzimbeni, zimelela igazi nokuzala ngokuphenduka zibe izimbali; Uma zihluma ezitsheni, zifanekisela amanzi.
umculo
Yayisekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zamathuluzi: izinsimbi zomoya (amakhwela, imitshingo namagobolondo e-conch) nezinsimbi ezishaywayo ezifana nexylophone (itshe nokhuni). Izinti zinezigodi futhi zinemigudu yangaphakathi emincane enyakazisa imbewu ngaphakathi.
Umculo wawuyisinyathelo esikhulu kubo, njengoba bathola uchungechunge lwezinsimbi, ngaphezu kokuzidlalela bona futhi kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu emphakathini wabo, umculo ubulokhu udlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni, ubulokhu ukhona.
Umculo okhiqizwe izinsimbi zomculo ezinezintambo awurekhodwa. Izinsimbi eziningi zokhuni ezilahlekile ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi nomswakama akwaziwa.
Ukudweba
Babenza inqubo ye-fresco futhi ngezinye izikhathi babemelela umbono (imidwebo evela eBonampak, eChiapas, izigcawu zabafel' ukholo zempi), ngoba isikhathi esiningi babependa izibalo ohlangothini. Amanani amancane ayemelela abantu abahlala ezindaweni eziqhelile, abasezingeni eliphansi emphakathini, noma izigqila.
Kwakukhona izingqimba ezihlukene ze-stucco (upulaseti) enezithombe zasezindongeni ezingaphindanga umhlobiso. Ngokufanayo, izandla zibonakala zihle noma zingalungile ezindongeni zezakhiwo ezinokubaluleka okungaziwa. I-shades ethandwayo yayibomvu futhi iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Izakhiwo
Ukuvela kwezakhiwo zayo kushiya imikhondo engenakuphikwa emisebenzini yayo eyisikhumbuzo, esaziswayo njengamanje. Le mpucuko yayithatha izifunda ezinkulu, ezitholakala engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico.
Ezifundeni zaseQuintana Roo, eTabasco, eCampeche, eChiapas (idolobha elikhulu) naseYucatán; yazungeza izindawo zase-Central America njenge-El Salvador, iBelize, iGuatemala neHonduras; enomlando osondele ku-3000.
Ukuqagela kwezikhungo zemikhosi yamaMaya kwachazwa ngokuma kwendawo kanye nezimo zomhlaba, ezasungula izinhlobo nezakhiwo ezahlukene zezakhiwo.
Izakhiwo zamaMeya zaziyingxenye yezakhiwo ezijwayelekile zamasiko aseMelika, nokho, zazinezici ezikhethekile, kufaka phakathi isitayela sazo esithile ("i-arch yamanga", i-vault yamaMayan, ama-crests, ama-stelae nama-altare).
Izitayela ezahlukene zezakhiwo zaziwa ngokuthi "isitayela sikaPeten" ngesi-Uxmal, "isitayela se-Usumacinta" ngesiPalenque, isitayela sePuuc ngesi-Uxmal, ukusho ezimbalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaqoshwa omunye umniningwane wenani elikhulu, njengomdwebo odongeni onamathiselwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo.
Ngaphansi kwalesi simo, singathola ukuthi isiko lamaMaya likhiqize izakhiwo ezinkulu, lapho amanxiwa amakhulu abalulekile ePalenque, Uxmal, Tikal, Quiriguá, Tajín, Copán, phakathi kwabanye.
izinkundla zemikhosi
Ayemancane (amamitha amane ubukhulu), ezinhlangothini ayenemifanekiso eqoshiwe. Ayesebenza njengezindawo zemikhosi yomphakathi; Phezulu, babenamafulege, izitsha zomlilo, ama-altare, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-tzompantli okwakuwumugqa wezinti ezinogebhezi lwamathambo agwaziwe.
I-Pirámide
Zakhiwe ngokuphakamisa amapulatifomu amaningana, ngaphandle komphumela oqondile wevolumu yejometri ye-pyramidal. Yasebenza njengesisekelo sendlu engcwele, yayisisondeza ezulwini ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa yayinomsebenzi wesibili wokusebenza njengendawo yomngcwabo.
Ithempeli
Ngohlelo lwesitezi sesikwele, izindonga eziqondile ezinomnyango owodwa, emithathu noma emihlanu eholela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ngokuqondile noma nge-portico, lapho kuneminyango eminingana. Iminyango yayivalwe ngamakhethini amakhulu noma ngomata aboshelwe ngaphakathi, emasongweni abophene, amathathu ezinhlangothini zomnyango.
Amathempeli awanawo amafasitela, kodwa kwezinye izimo angaba nezimbobo ngesimo sikanxande noma alingise uphawu lwe-IK, okusho umoya. Indawo yangaphakathi yamathempeli ishintsha kakhulu, kusukela ezindaweni ezingcwele ezincane ePetén kuya kwezinkulu kunazo zonke ePalenque.
cresting
Isici esikhethekile sezakhiwo zamaMayan, ezihlala esakhiweni eside esibekwe ophahleni lwethempeli, olugqamisa ukuma kweqembu elibalulekile lamapiramidi namathempeli kanye nomuzwa wokusondela esibhakabhakeni. I-crest yayisetshenziswa ezintweni eziningi zokuhlobisa ezingokomfanekiso.
I-Orientación
Ukwakhiwa kwenkathi yakudala kuhambisane namaphoyinti abalulekile. Kwakuyinto engavamile ngoba kwakungenzeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isakhiwo ngasinye sasihambisana nala maphuzu.
I-Vaulted
Kuye kwabizwa ngokuthi amanga, anosawoti, noma ama-maya nje; Lokhu kwenziwa ngokusondela ezindongeni ekuphakameni okuthile (khona-ke ngenhla kwezinsika zomnyango), ukweqa imigqa yamatshe ukuze umugqa ngamunye uphume phansi, uze uphele phezulu ngegebe elincane. ivinjwe i-slab encane.
Isici esenze ukusebenza kwalolu hlobo lwe-vault kwenzeke kwakuwulwazi lwe-lime mortar oseluvele lusetshenziswe ekwahlukaniseni, oluhlangene nomgogodla futhi luvumela amatshe epharamitha ukuba ahlanganiswe. Ngakho-ke uphahla lwakhiqizwa lufana, engxenyeni yalo yangaphakathi, yeqhugwane futhi lwakha ingxenye ephambanayo ngendlela yonxantathu noma i-trapezium.
Ukungalungi kwayo kwakuwukuthi ivumela kuphela ukumboza izikhala ezincane, ngoba izikhala ezinobubanzi obukhulu, ukuphakama okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza kwe-vault bekuyoba ihaba. Nokho, lokhu kwenziwa ezimweni ezithile ezingavamile, njengalapho kungcwatshwa khona Ithempeli Lemibhalo Eqoshiwe.
Estela
Kuyi-monolith eqala njengereferensi yekhalenda futhi iphetha ngomsebenzi wobuciko. Ezinsukwini zayo zakuqala, i-contrail yayimane nje "imaka." Umgomo wayo kwakuwukusebenza njengencwadi yokurekhoda, injongo yayo enkulu kwakuwukurekhoda usuku. Inombolo, kancane kancane, isiphenduke uphawu lobunkondlo.
Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. C., umdwebo ohlobene neziqephu zenkolo uyavela, owenziwe "enkathini" ngayinye yekhalenda lapho ukulandelana kwezikhathi kanye namazinga omlando wesiko lamaMayan manje sezingabuyekezwa khona.
i-glyph
Umhlobiso ozungeza umbono oyingcaca othuthukiswe ngokucophelela okukhulu. Igama le-glyphic lanikezwa ezimpawini eziqukethwe emibhalweni, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukucacisa incazelo yazo yangempela ngokunembe kakhudlwana.
Ukuphrinta ezinhlangothini ze-Palenque sarcophagus kuye kwachazwa njengama-glyphs okuzisholo, nokumelwa kwabantu okucatshangwa izihlobo zomuntu ongcwatshwe.
Ama-glyphs ayesetshenziselwa ukukhombisa igama, onkulunkulu bokufundisa bendawo, ubukhosi obubusayo noma isici esinqumayo. Ngokufanayo, kwakunamanye ama-glyphs ahlotshaniswa nempilo yababusi abahlukahlukene bedolobha: ukuzalwa, ukuthunjwa nomhlatshelo, namagama abalingiswa, kanye nokukhuphuka kwamandla, ubudlelwano bozalo okungenzeka, ukushada, ukukhulunywa ngamadlozi nezihlobo .
Amasiko amaMeya
Ukubusa kwamakoloni okwenziwa abaseSpain kwakungagcini nje ngokunqotshwa kwezindawo nezombangazwe. Ngakho, ababusi abasha bamazwe anqotshiwe baqala inqubo yokukhulisa abantu bomdabu. Lokhu kwakuwukuphoqa amasiko, izinkolelo namasiko abanqobi ukuze kube lula ukulawula ezombangazwe.
Endabeni yamaMayans, ochwepheshe bakhomba isimo esingaqondakali nesingokomoya samasiko awo. Izici eziningi zokuphila kwakhe, kusukela ekuzalweni kuye ekufeni, zazibuswa izinkolelo zakhe ezingokwenkolo, ezazibonakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
– Ngiletha ngokwamasiko amaMeya kanye nomkhosi wakwaHetzmek.
Uma sekuba nengane, amaMayya alandela inqubo emisiwe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle. Ngakho, izandla zowesifazane zaziboshwe ngentambo, yona eyayiboshwe ogoqweni. Owesifazane owayebeletha kwadingeka aqukule phansi egobile imilenze yakhe.
Uma isikhathi sifika, indoda kufanele igone owesifazane ngemuva ngenkathi imphephetha ekhanda. Lokhu kuphefumula, ngokwezinkolelo zabo, kwasiza ingane ukuba iphume.
Lapho umntwana esezelwe, enye yemikhuba ebaluleke kakhulu yesiko lamaMaya yenzeka: umkhosi weHetzmek. Okokuqala, abapristi benza amabika ngekusasa lomntwana, bahlale bekhumbula usuku lwe-tzolkin azalwa ngalo emhlabeni.
Ezinyangeni ezintathu kamuva, endabeni yamantombazane, noma amane, endabeni yabafana, umcimbi kaHetzmek waqala. Kwakumayelana nokuwafaka okokuqala okhalweni lomuntu wobulili obufanayo, owadlala indima efana neyonkulunkulu banamuhla.
- Yenza imihlatshelo yabantu
Ngokwesiko lamaMeya, imihlatshelo yayidingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwendawo yonke, ukudlula kwezinkathi zonyaka, ukukhula kommbila kanye nokuguquguquka kwesikhathi. Zazihloselwe ukuvikela izimpilo zabantu futhi, ngokulandelayo, zigcine ubukhona bonkulunkulu buphila. Ngokwezinkolelo zabo, igazi lomuntu liyisibopho esihlanganisa onkulunkulu nabantu, yingakho ukwenziwa kwemihlatshelo kondla onkulunkulu futhi kwakhokha izikweletu abantu abanazo.
Futhi ukuthi amaMayya ayekholelwa ukuthi akweleta ukuphila kwawo konkulunkulu, futhi indlela yokubajabulisa kwakuwukubanikela ugwayi, impepho, ukudla kanye negazi lawo siqu kwakuyindlela yokubonisa lokho.
- Ukubukeka ngokomzimba
AmaMeya ayelandela amasiko ahlukahlukene ahlobene nokubukeka kwawo. Ezimweni eziningi, nabo babenokubaluleka okungokwenkolo. Enye yazo kwakuwumkhuba wokwelula ugebhezi lwekhanda. Ukuze benze lokhu, babeka amapulangwe phezu kwamakhanda ezingane ngosuku lwesine ngemva kokuzalwa kwabo. Elinye lamapulangwe lalibekwe ngaphambili elinye endaweni engemuva.
Ngokufanayo, amaMaya nawo abangela i-strabismus noma i-strabismus enzalweni yawo. Omama babelenga amabhola amancane e-resin ezinweleni zezingane zabo. Izingane, zikhangwe yile nto, zazama ukugxila kuzo ngamehlo agwegwile ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukubhoboza ikhala kwakungesinye isiko lamaMaya. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, lokhu bakwenza ngokubhoboza le ndawo ebusweni ngetshe lenhlaka. Isizathu singaba ubuhle noma uhlobo oluthile lokuhlonishwa okuhlonishwayo. Ekugcineni, amadoda nabesifazane baseMeya bashumeke amadiski amancane e-obsidian noma i-jade emazinyweni abo. Kwezinye izimo, ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinyo abo afakwe ngendlela yesaha.
- Umshado
Ngokwesiko lamaMeya, kwakukhona isibalo somxhumanisi, owayebizwa ngokuthi atanza hab. Umsebenzi wawo bekuwukuthola izingxabano ezingase ziqubuke kwabashadile ukuze bazixazulule ngaphambi kokushada.
Ngokuphambene, abazali bomakoti bathola ilobolo lendodakazi yabo. Futhi, isoka laphoqeleka ukuthi lisebenzele uyise ongamzali isikhashana. Lezi zici ezimbili, ilobolo nesikhathi sokusebenza, zanqunywa yi-atanzahab.
Njengoba imishado eminingi yayihlelwa imindeni, kwakuyinto evamile ukuthi abashadile bahlangane okokuqala ngosuku lomshado. Ezikhathini eziningi babekwazi ukukhuluma kuphela ngemva komkhosi.
- Inkolo yama-cenotes
Ama-cenotes ayimithombo yamanzi emvelo evelele ngobuhle bayo obukhulu. Nakuba zingatholakala kwezinye izindawo, kusendaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-Riviera Maya lapho zingatholakala khona ngobuningi. Lezi zinhlobo ze-geomorphological zifana nemigede emincane, enemifula emikhulu engaphansi komhlaba ngaphakathi.
AmaMeya anikeza la ma-cenotes umlingiswa wenkolo. Kubo, lezi kwakuyizindawo ezingcwele futhi ngenxa yalokho zazisetshenziselwa ukwenza amasiko enkolo, anjengomhlatshelo womuntu.
Ngokwezinkolelo zamaMaya, ama-cenotes ayewumnyango we-Xibalbá, indawo yasenganekwaneni lapho imiphefumulo yabashonile ihamba khona lapho iya epharadesi. Ngale ndlela, ama-cenotes ayeyiminyango eya phakade kanye nenjabulo yokuphila kwangemva kokufa.
- Ukufa nokungcwatshwa
AmaMeya ayekholelwa ukuthi abanye bokhokho bawo babeyozalwa kabusha bengonkulunkulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imingcwabo nezindawo zokungcwaba zazibaluleke kakhulu. Ababhali bemilando baseSpain baphawula ukuthi amaMayans ayekhumbula okhokho bawo emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, ebonisa ukuthi ayebahlonipha abafileyo bawo.
Ngaphezu komcimbi womngcwabo ngokwawo, imindeni yamaMeya yenza amasiko emathuneni okhokho bayo ngomzamo wokuthola usizo lwayo.
Abafileyo bangcwatshwa nesinkwa nommbila, ukuze babe nokudla okwanele ukuba bahambe endleleni eyayizobayisa epharadesi.
Amasiko amaMeya
Amanye amasiko amaMeya alahlekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanti amanye, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, alahliwe. Nokho, ukunqoba okungokomoya okwakuholwa abaseSpain akuzange kuyiqede yonke imikhosi yakhona. Kuzo, amaMeya agcine ezinye izici zenkolo yawo yasendulo, nakuba exutshwe nezakhi zobuKristu.
- Ukuzijwayeza umdlalo webhola weMayan
Okuphinde kubizwe ngokuthi “Pok a Pok”, ngenxa yomsindo okhiqizwa ibhola uma lishaywa ezindongeni zezinkundla noma ezingalweni nasezinqulwini zabadlali.
AmaMeya ayedlala ibhola, futhi ukuba khona kwezinkundla zebhola zasendulo eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan kufakazela lokho.
AmaMeya ayebheka lo mdlalo njengento yaphezulu, lapho inhloso eyinhloko kwakuwukufaka ibhola emasongweni amatshe ahlelelwe wona.
Umdlalo ubuthathwa njengomzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kokukhanya nobumnyama, yingakho iqembu eliwinile limele ukukhanya namandla alo phezu kobumnyama. Ngokuvamile iqembu elihluliwe lalinikelwa futhi linikelelwe konkulunkulu.
– Imikhosi yokunikela ngegazi
Ngokwezinganekwane zesiko lamaMaya, onkulunkulu bachitha igazi labo ukuze bakhe umzimba womuntu. Lo mhlatshelo wawuhlonishwe ngeminikelo yegazi eyenziwa abantu baseMeya.
Ngaphezu kokusebenzisa iziboshwa zempi, ababusi baseMeya ngokwabo banikela ngegazi labo emicikilishweni, kodwa ngaphandle kokufa.
Umnikelo wegazi, ngaphezu kokuhlonipha isenzo sonkulunkulu bawo, kufanele uvumele amaMeya ukuba afinyelele emazingeni aphezulu okuqaphela futhi akwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu bawo. Ngokuvamile, lezi zinhlobo zemikhosi zazigujwa ezenzakalweni ezibalulekile, njengosuku lokuzalwa, ukufa noma izikhulu.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko se-Mayan Culture sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:
- Inhlangano Yezombangazwe yamaInca
- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec
- Inhlangano Yezombangazwe yama-Aztec