Ukukitaza kungenye yezinto zansuku zonke esizibonile izikhathi eziyinkulungwane, kodwa kusalokhu kuyimfihlakalo yangempela. Kusenza sihleke kakhulu, sinyakaze, sicele ukuthi kume, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, sinxuse ukuthi kuqhubeke. Ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlanya okubonakalayo kulele izindlela zobuchopho ezicashile kakhulu, imizwa enamandla, ngisho nemithetho yezenhlalo esibe nayo izigidi zeminyaka.
Uma wake wazibuza ukuthi kungani ezinye izingxenye zomzimba zithinta kakhulu, ukuthi kungani kuncike kakhulu esimweni sakho sengqondo, noma ukuthi kungani kungenakwenzeka ukuzithinta, isayensi inezinkomba eziningi. Namuhla siyazi ukuthi izifunda ezithile kakhulu ziyasebenza ebuchosheni, ezibandakanya uhlelo lwe-somatosensory, i-hypothalamus, kanye nohlelo lwe-limbic, nokuthi lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuthinta , ukulindela, ukudlala, ukwesaba, kanye nenjabulo yikho ekugcineni okuletha ukumamatheka (noma ukuhleka) ebusweni bakho.
Kuyini ngempela ukuthinta futhi kungani kusenza sihleke?
Uma sikhuluma ngokukitaza, empeleni sibhekisela kokuhlangenwe nakho okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwa okuhlanganisa izinto ezithinta isikhumba, imizwa emisipheni, kanye nempendulo enamandla yemizwa . Akuyena nje umuntu osithintayo: uhlobo oluthile lokuxhumana, ezindaweni ezithile zomzimba kanye nangaphakathi komongo othile wezenhlalo (ukudlala, ukwethembana, ukusondelana, njll.).
Udokotela wezokwelapha kanye nesazi se-endocrinologist uMaría Alejandra Rodríguez Zía uchaza ukuthi uma othile esithinta, izimpawu ezahlukahlukene zifinyelela ebuchosheni ngemizwa yokuzwa. Okokuqala, imizwa yokuthinteka esikhumbeni iyabhalwa, bese kwengezwa imizwa ezingeni lemisipha. Lolu lwazi lucutshungulwa yi-cerebral cortex, yona ethumela izimpawu ezindaweni ezijulile njenge-hypothalamus, i-hippocampus, kanye ne-limbic system , izindawo ezibalulekile ekulawuleni imizwa, ukwesaba, injabulo, nobuhlungu.
Lokhu kuhlangana kwezinzwa kanye nezinzwa kudala impendulo ehlanganisiwe: umzimba uchaza ingcindezi esikhumbeni kanye nemisipha njengento engacacile, endaweni ethile phakathi kosongo nokudlala, futhi kulokhu kuxhumana kuvela ukusabela okuvamile njengokuhleka, ukubonakaliswa kobuso benjabulo, ukunyakaza okugwemayo, noma ukukhala . Ngakho-ke, yize ukuhleka kungase kubonakale kuzenzakalelayo, akuyona into elula yokuziphendukela, kodwa umphumela wenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhumana kwezinzwa.
U-Aristotle wacabanga ngokukitaza eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili edlule, kanti uCharles Darwin wazibuza ukuthi kungani kuvusa ukuhleka nokuthi kudlala yiphi indima ezinhlotsheni zethu. Namuhla, naphezu kwezinzwa zesimanje, abacwaningi bayaqhubeka nokubuza imibuzo efana nalokhu: kungani ukuzwela kushintsha ngokwemizwa, kungani izindawo ezithile zomzimba kuphela ezisabelayo, kungani singenakukitaza thina, nokuthi lokhu kuhleka kuhluke kanjani ekuhlekeni okubangelwa amahlaya.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zokukhahlela: i-knismesis kanye ne-gargalesis
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, abacwaningi abaningana baqala ukuhlukanisa ukuthi akuwona wonke ama-tickling azizwa ngendlela efanayo. Kusukela lapho, kwachazwa izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-knismesis kanye ne-gargalesis . Nakuba igama lizwakala lingavamile, lesi sipiliyoni sijwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu.
I-Knismesis ibhekisela kulezo zikhafu ezithambile nezilula, njengomuzwa woboya obuthinta isikhumba, isinambuzane esikhasa engalweni, noma uboya obuwela entanyeni. Umuzwa ufana nokulunywa, ungaba yinto ecasulayo noma engathandeki, futhi awuvamile ukuvusa ukuhleka. Ngokuvamile uvusa imikhuba yokuzivikela emnene, njengokunyakazisa indawo ethintekile, ukudonsa isandla, noma ukuklwebha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Gargalesis yilokho esikuhlobanisa nokukitaza okuvamile okusenza sihleke kakhulu lapho othile esithinta ngokuphikelela ezingxenyeni ezithile zomzimba: amathe ezinyawo, amakhwapha, intamo, izinhlangothi, isilevu… Lolu hlobo ludala ingxube yokuhleka , ukungakhululeki, injabulo kanye nomuzwa omncane wokulahlekelwa ukulawula , futhi ngokuvamile lubangela ukunyakaza okungazelelwe ukuze kuphunyuke.
Izifundo eziningana ziphakamisa ukuthi, ngokuvamile, sibona uhlobo olulodwa lokukhahlela noma olunye, kodwa hhayi kokubili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lokhu kukholakala ukuthi kwenzeka ngoba ama-sensor receptors esikhumbeni kanye nezindlela zemizwa ezihilelekile zihlukile esimweni ngasinye. I-Knismesis izovuselela ama-receptor ahlobene nokulunywa kanye nokutholakala kwezinto ezincane ezishukumisayo, kuyilapho i-gargalesis izobandakanya ama-receptor okucindezela okukhulu kanye nokunyakaza, kanye nokubandakanyeka okukhulu kwezindawo zobuchopho ezixhumene nemizwa kanye nokudlala.
Ukukhafula njengokuziphatha komphakathi: ukudlala, ukubusa, nokuzithoba
Ukukitaza okukhulu, njengalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-gargalesis, akuyona nje indaba yokuthintana. Kunobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi ukuhleka okubangelwa yilolu hlobo lokukitaza kunengxenye eqinile emphakathini , ikakhulukazi ekuxhumaneni kukamama nomntwana, ebudlelwaneni bezelamani, ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwabangane abaseduze, noma njengengxenye yokudlala ngocansi kubantu abadala.
Kulezi zimo, ukukitaza kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengendlela yokuxhumana ngokomzimba, ukwakha ukwethembana, nokuqinisa izibopho . Ngokwesibonelo, ezinganeni, kuba umkhuba ohlanganyelwe: ukujaha, ukuhleka, ukugona, kanye nohlobo lokuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuthi "yeka, yeka" nokuthi "phinda, futhi." Konke lokhu kusiza ukuqinisa ukuxhumana ngokomzwelo, ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana ngokomzimba okuhle, nokufundisa imithetho yokudlala kanye nemingcele.
Kodwa ukukitaza nakho kunohlangothi olungenacala kangako. Abalobi abaningana baveze ukuthi, ezikhathini eziningi, kuhilela ukuguquguquka kokubusa nokuzithoba . Umuntu okitaza ngokuvamile ulawula isimo, enquma ukuthi siqala nini nokuthi sima nini, kuyilapho umuntu okitazwayo ephoqeleka ukuba asabele, ngokuvamile ngokuhleka, ngisho nalapho engasafuni ukudlala.
Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuhleka okuvela ekukitazeni kungabonisi njalo injabulo yangempela ngaleso sikhathi esithile. Kuncike kakhulu kumongo: umdlalo odlalwayo nomuntu omethembayo uhlukile kakhulu esimweni lapho umuntu ezizwa ephoqelekile noma engakhululekile. Isimo sengqondo, izinga lokuthembana nomuntu okukitazayo, kanye nomuzwa wokulawula kwenza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesipiliyoni esijabulisayo nesingajabulisi.
Ngokombono we-anthropology, abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi ukukhahlela kungenzeka ukuthi kwavela njengesu lokuzwelana nokuxazulula izingxabano . Njengoba kunjalo nangendlela unwabu olushintsha ngayo umbala ukuze lunciphise ingozi yobudlova, ukukhahlela kungashintsha isimo esingaba nzima sibe ukushintshana okudlalayo, kunciphise ukuncintisana futhi kube lula ukuxhumana nomunye umuntu.
Kwenzekani ebuchosheni uma sizizwa sikhangwa?
Ukuze uqonde kangcono okwenzekayo ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokukitaza, kuyasiza kakhulu ukubheka ezinye izilwane. Ithimba lososayensi bezinzwa abavela eHumboldt University eBerlin lifunde ngokuningiliziwe indlela amagundane asabela ngayo lapho ekitaza esiswini nasezinyaweni zawo. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zikhipha imisindo ephezulu ngendlela ye-ultrasound , okungalingana nokuhleka kwethu okuvamise kakhulu.
Ngemva kokukhafulwa, amagundane agxuma kancane ngenjabulo, ukuziphatha okuye kwachazwa ezinhlotsheni eziningana zezilwane ezincelisayo, okuhlanganisa nabantu, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezimo zokudlala okunamandla. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi, lapho isandla somhloli siphinde sivele, izilwane zisondela kuso ngokushesha, njengokungathi zifuna ukuphinda lokho okuhlangenwe nakho okujabulisayo okuhlobene nokukhafulwa.
Ngesikhathi bebuka lokhu kuziphatha, abacwaningi baqaphe ukusebenza kobuchopho bamagundane. Babone ukuthi lapho amagundane ekhafulwa, amaqembu ama-neurons ku- cortex ye-somatosensory ayasebenza —isifunda esiyinhloko se-cortex esinomthwalo wokuhlanganisa izinto ezithinta isikhumba nemisipha. Kuze kube manje, konke kuhambisana nokulindelekile: uma kukhona ukuthintana ngokomzimba, indawo ecubungula ukuthinta iyasebenza.
Ukutholwa okumangalisayo kwafika lapho bethola ukuthi la ma-neuron afanayo nawo ayasebenza lapho igundane lidlala ekuxosheni isandla somcwaningi , ngisho nangaphandle kwesikhuthazo esinamandla sokuthinta sokukitaza. Ngamanye amazwi, iphethini evamile yemizwa ehlotshaniswa nokukitaza nayo iyasebenza ezimweni zokudlala emphakathini, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi la ma-neuron ayingxenye yochungechunge lwakudala kakhulu lokuxhumana okudlalwayo ezincelisayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho izilwane zibekwe ezimweni ezicindezelayo—isibonelo, epulatifomu ephakeme noma ngaphansi kokukhanya okukhanyayo—ama-neuron abangela ukukitaza ayeka ukudubula. Kulezi zimo ezibangela ukukhathazeka, amagundane awasakwazi ukwenza imisindo yawo “ehlekisayo” futhi awazange asabele ngendlela efanayo lapho izisu zawo zithintwa . Kwenzeka into efanayo kithi bantu: lapho sicindezelekile noma sesaba, ukukitaza kuyanyamalala cishe.
Lokhu okubonwe kukhombisa ukuthi i-cortex ye-somatosensory ayigcini nje ngokubhalisa izinto ezithinta inhliziyo, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nesimo sengqondo , njengokukhathazeka noma imizwa yokulondeka. Njengoba uDarwin asho, ingqondo idinga ukuba "sesimweni esijabulisayo" ukuze ukukitaza kubangele ukuhleka. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhleka kanye nokuxhumana ngokomzimba okuhlobene nokukitaza kungaguqula isimo sethu sengqondo, kunikeze induduzo, ukuqinisa, kanye nomuzwa wokusondelana—into exhumanisa nomphumela oduduzayo wokuphululana nokugona.
Izilwane ezikhasayo: amagundane, izinja, izilwane ezincelisayo… kodwa hhayi zonke
Amagundane akuzona zodwa izilwane ezisabela ezintweni ezishukumisayo ezifana nokukhasa. Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuye kwachazwa ezinjeni, ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezilwane—njengoba kuboniswe izici zama-chimpanzee —kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo . Kwezinye izimo, ukuzwakala kwemisindo okuhambisana nokudlala, ukunyakaza kokubaleka kwezemidlalo, kanye nemizamo elandelayo yokufuna ukuthintana kuyabonwa, kufana kakhulu nalokho esikubona kubantu.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izilwane ezincelisayo ezibonakala zinolaka. UMichael Brecht, omunye wabacwaningi eHumboldt University, uphawula ukuthi, ngokumangala kwakhe, azikwazanga ukukitaza amagundane zisebenzisa izinqubo ezifanayo ezazisebenza kumagundane. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ikhono lokuzwa ukukitaza (nokukuxhumanisa nokudlala komphakathi) kungenzeka ukuthi lavela ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezithile.
UBrecht uphakamisa ukuthi ukukitaza kungase kuhlotshaniswe kakhulu nokuziphatha kokudlala . Iqiniso lokuthi ama-neurons afanayo ku-cortex ye-somatosensory asebenze kokubili ngesikhathi sokukitaza kanye nalapho amagundane ejaha isandla somuntu lisikisela ukuthi ubuchopho bungasebenzisa umuzwa wokukitaza "njengecebo" lokwenza ukuxhumana nabantu kube nomvuzo ngokukhethekile.
Ngalo mqondo, umuzwa wokukhakha ungasebenza njengomvuzo ohlanganiswe nokudlala ngokomzimba , into ekhuthaza izilwane—nabantu—ukufuna lolu hlobo lokuxhumana, ukuqinisa izibopho, ukuzijwayeza amakhono okunyakaza, nokufunda ukulawula amandla nemingcele endaweni ephephile.
Kungani singakwazi ukuzikitaza?
Omunye wemibuzo ethakazelisa kakhulu ngalesi sihloko ukuthi kungani kungenakwenzeka ukuzikitaza ngempela. Siyazi ukuthi uma sizama ukuthinta amathe ezinyawo zethu, amakhwapha ethu, noma ezinye izindawo ezibucayi, umuzwa uba buthakathaka kakhulu futhi awuvusi ukuhleka okungalawuleki okwenzeka lapho omunye umuntu esikitaza ngaphandle kokuthi sikwazi ukubikezela ngokugcwele ukunyakaza.
Incazelo itholakala endleleni uhlelo lwe-somatosensory olusebenza ngayo —inethiwekhi yama-receptor, izinzwa, kanye nezindawo zobuchopho ezibhekene nokuqoqa nokucubungula ulwazi oluthintayo. Njalo lapho senza isenzo sokunyakaza (isibonelo, ukuhambisa isandla sethu ukuze sithinte uhlangothi lwethu), ubuchopho busebenzisa izindlela zokubikezela: bulindela imiphumela yezinzwa yaleso senzo bese buyisusa kancane esignalini yokugcina.
Ngamanye amazwi, lapho isikhuthazo sizenzela sona, uhlelo lwe-somatosensory lubona ukuthi asinamandla kakhulu futhi asisongeli kangako kunokuba sivela emthonjeni wangaphandle. Lo mehluko emandleni okubikezela ubalulekile: ubuchopho bethu buyazi ngokunemba okukhulu ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma siqala ukunyakaza thina ngokwethu, kuyilapho bungenakubikezela ngemininingwane enjalo ijubane, amandla, noma umzila wesandla somunye umuntu.
Lokhu kubangela ukuthi isikhuthazo sokuthinta sihlungwe, kuncishiswe umthelela waso, ngakho-ke, kuncishiswe amathuba okuthi sisebenze izifunda ezithile ze-neural ukuze kuqhume kakhulu. Lesi simo sibonakala kokubili ekuqhumeni okulula (knismesis) kanye nasekuqhumeni okukhulu (gargalesis), kodwa sibonakala kakhulu kulokhu kwamuva, okudinga isici sokungabikezeleki kanye nokungaqiniseki okuncane ukuze kubangele ukuhleka.
Ngokuvamile, kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi uma sizithinta, inqubo iyasebenza ebuchosheni evimbela futhi ivimbele ukuzwakala kwezwi . Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi kungani, uma sizama ukuzikitaza ngenkathi omunye umuntu esikitaza, umuzwa uyancipha futhi ukuhleka kuyabambezeleka noma kuphele. Kunjengokungathi isimiso sezinzwa sisebenzisa uhlobo "lwebhuleki langaphakathi" ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukuzithinta ukuthi kungabi umthombo wokukhuthazwa ngokweqile.
Ukuthi ukukhahlela kuye kwalinganiswa kanjani kubantu
Ukutadisha ngokwesayensi into ebonakala sengathi izimele njengokukitaza akuwona umsebenzi olula. Noma kunjalo, kuye kwenziwa ezinye izivivinyo ezihlakaniphile. Ocwaningweni lwamuva nje, intsha eyishumi nambili (abesifazane abayisishiyagalombili nabesilisa abane), abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu-30 , bahlanganyela, bahlangana ndawonye emphakathini ofanayo ukuqinisekisa ukujwayelana nokunciphisa ukungakhululeki.
Umhlanganyeli ngamunye wayeshintshana ngokuba yi-tickler noma i-tickler, ekhetha izindawo kanye nesigqi ngendlela yemvelo. Abacwaningi abagxilanga nje kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho okubonakalayo (ubukhulu bokukitaza umuntu ngamunye ayekuzwa), kodwa futhi baqopha nezilinganiso ze-acoustic, ezibukwayo, kanye nezomzimba ukuze balinganise impendulo.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, bahlaziye izinguquko esifubeni (ezihlobene nokuphefumula nokuhleka), isimo sobuso, kanye nokuzwakala kwezwi. Baqaphele ukuthi izinguquko zomzimba nezokuveza imizwa zavela cishe ngemizuzwana engu-0,3 ngemva kwesikhuthazo sokuthinta , kuyilapho ukuzwakala kwezwi (ukuhleka okuzwakalayo) kwavela cishe ngemizuzwana engu-0,2 kamuva. Lokhu kwehla kwesikhathi kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi izigaba ezahlukene zokusabela kokukhakha zihlobene kanjani.
Abacwaningi bathole nokuthi ubude bokuhleka kanye nezici zako zokuzwakala (imvamisa, ubukhali, isigqi) kuhlobene kakhulu nobukhali bokukitaza: lapho umuzwa uqina kakhulu, kulapho ukuhleka kuqhubeka khona futhi kugqame kakhulu . Lokhu kusekela umqondo wokuthi, yize kukhona ingxenye yamasiko neyomuntu siqu, impendulo yokukitaza inesisekelo esicacile sempilo.
Engxenyeni yesibili yokuhlolwa, abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuba bazikitaze ngesikhathi esifanayo nomlingani wabo ebakitaza. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, umuzwa wehla futhi ukuzwakala kwezwi kwabambezeleka kakhulu, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuzivuselela kwakungokoqobo (hhayi nje isenzo emoyeni). Lo mphumela usekela umbono wokuvinjelwa okuphakathi kwezinto ezizikhiqizayo , okubonisa indlela ubuchopho bethu obuhlala bulungisa ngayo ubukhali balokho esikuzwayo kuye ngomthombo wokuthinta.
Zonke lezi zifundo zibonisa ukuthi ukuhleka okubangelwa ukukitaza akuyona nje into eyenzeka emzimbeni, kodwa kuyimpendulo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela ukusabela, okulindelwe, isimo senhlalo, kanye nokulawula ngokuzithandela . Umzimba uyanyakaza, ubuso buyashintsha, ukuphefumula kuyashintshwa, futhi izwi liyakhishwa ngemizuzwana eyishumi.
Uma sibheka yonke le nkinga ndawonye—ukusebenza kwe-cortex ye-somatosensory, indima yesistimu ye-limbic kanye ne-hypothalamus, ukubaluleka kokudlala, ukuvimbela izimpendulo ezizivuselelayo, kanye nokuncika esimweni semizwa—ukukitaza akube yinto yokuzilibazisa elula futhi kuba yifasitela elikhethekile lokuthi ubuchopho bethu buhlanganisa kanjani ukuthinta, imizwa, kanye nobudlelwano nabanye . Akugcini nje ngokuchaza ukuthi kungani sihleka lapho othile ekitaza amathe ezinyawo zethu, kodwa futhi nendlela ukuthintana ngokomzimba okwakha ngayo izibopho zethu, kusiza ukulawula ukukhathazeka, futhi kuqinise umuzwa wethu wokuba yingxenye yeqembu.
