El Umsindo wethrafikhi usuyingoma ephoqelekile impilo yasemadolobheni: izinjini, amabhuleki ahlabayo, ama-horn ahlabayo, amathayi akhuhla i-asphalt, izembozo zemigodi evulekile… ukukhononda okuqhubekayo abantu abaningi abathi “bagcine bengakunaki”, kodwa umzimba ongakunaki nhlobo.
Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengento eyisicefe nje, isayensi ibilokhu ikhombisa iminyaka ukuthi Ukungcola komsindo okuvela ezimotweni kuyisici sangempela esiyingozi ngenxa yempilo yomzimba neyengqondo. Kusukela ezinkingeni zokulala kuya ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo, okuhlanganisa ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma izinkinga zokuphefumula, umthelela ujule kakhulu kunalokho okuvame ukucatshangwa.
Uyini ngempela umsindo wethrafikhi futhi kungani uyinkinga yezempilo yomphakathi?
Ngokwemvelo, umsindo uyinto umsindo onezici ezilinganiswayo (ukuqina, ukuvama, ubude besikhathi, ukuhlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi) okuthi, uma kuhlanganiswa nombono wethu wengqondo, kuguquke kube ukucasuka, ukucindezeleka, noma ngisho nobuhlungu. Uma lowo msindo uvela ezimotweni futhi uqhubeka, njengoba kwenzeka emadolobheni, ubizwa ngokuthi umsindo wethrafikhi noma ithrafikhi yomgwaqo.
Lo msindo uhlangabezana nezimo ezimbili eziyingozi: okuhlala njalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kunzima ukukugwemaAkudingeki ukuthi kufinyelele emazingeni aphezulu ukuze kubangele umonakalo; ngisho namazinga aphakathi, agcinwa emini nasebusuku, kancane kancane ayonakalisa uhlelo lwezinzwa, inhliziyo, umsebenzi wokuphefumula, kanye nesimo sengqondo.
I-World Health Organization (WHO) ibheka lokhu Ukungcola komsindo kungenye yezingozi ezinkulu zemvelo. Ngokwempilo eYurophu, umsindo ulandela ukungcola komoya kuphela. IKhomishini yaseYurophu ilinganisele ukuthi umsindo ubangela cishe [inani elingekho] minyaka yonke. Ukufa kwabantu abangu-10.000 kuya ku-12.000 ngaphambi kwesikhathi okuhlobene ngqo nalokhu kuvezwa okungapheli.
EYurophu, i- Izimoto emgwaqweni ziwumthombo oyinhloko womsindo wemveloFuthi isimo kulindeleke ukuthi sibe sibi kakhulu ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha kanye nesidingo esikhulu sezokuthutha. Asikhulumi nje ngemigwaqo emikhulu: izindlela ezinezimoto eziningi, imigwaqo enezinsizakalo zamabhasi ezivamile, noma izindawo ezinemigwaqo emibi zingadlula kalula amazinga anconyiwe.
Imiphumela yomsindo wethrafikhi yokuzwa nokungezwani
Uma ucabanga ngomsindo, into yokuqala evame ukufika engqondweni ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa noma i-tinnitus (ukukhala endlebeni). Emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu, umsindo ungabangela ukuqhekeka kwendlebe, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa okungenakuguqulwa, noma ukuba kubi kakhulu kokulahlekelwa ukuzwa okukhona.
Kodwa-ke, ngomsindo wethrafikhi, inkinga enkulu akuzona nje izindlebe zethu, kodwa futhi nalokho esikubiza ngokuthi imiphumela engeyona eyokuzwaezithinta cishe wonke umzimba. Into ekhathaza kakhulu ukuthi lo monakalo ungenzeka ngisho noma abantu bengazi ngokugcwele ukuthi umsindo uyabaphazamisa.
Ubufakazi besayensi bubonisa ukuthi ukuqhubeka nokuchayeka emsindweni wezimoto kuhlotshaniswa ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukucindezeleka okwandisiwe, izinkinga zenhliziyoizinkinga zokuphefumula, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo ebuntwaneni, kanye nokufa okuphezulu ngenxa yezimbangela ezahlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impendulo yomsindo ayifani kubo bonke abantu: ubudala, ubulili, indlela yokuphila, kanye nezifo zangaphambilini Lezi zici zinquma ukuthi kuthinta kangakanani abantu nokuthi kubathinta kanjani. Abantu abadala, iziguli ezinezinkinga zenhliziyo noma zokuphefumula, kanye nalabo asebevele behlushwa izinkinga zokukhathazeka basengozini enkulu.
Umthelela wezempilo yengqondo nengokwengqondo
Umsindo wethrafikhi usebenza njenge- ukucindezeleka kwemvelo okungapheliUbuchopho buchaza le misindo engalindelekile (ama-horn, ukubhuleka okungazelelwe, amaloli anzima) njengezinsongo ezingaba khona, buvula izifunda zokuxwayisa ezigcina zilimaza isimiso sezinzwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Phakathi kwemiphumela yengqondo ebhalwe kahle kakhulu yilena elandelayo: ukungakhululeki okukhulu, umuzwa wokulahlekelwa inhlalakahle, ukucasukaubunzima bokuphumula ekhaya, ukwanda kokuthambekela kokucindezeleka, futhi kubantu abaningi, umuzwa wokugcwala okuqhubekayo ogcina uthinta isimo sengqondo.
Izifundo zamuva nje zibonise ukuthi lo msindo oqhubekayo uhlotshaniswa ne- ingozi eyengeziwe yokukhathazeka nokucindezelekaEsifundweni esikhulu saseFinland, esenziwa kubantu abangaphezu kuka-114.000 ababehlala eHelsinki kusukela ebuntwaneni, kwaphawulwa ukuthi ngokwanda komsindo wezimoto ngama-decibel ayi-10, Ingozi yokucindezeleka yanda ngo-5% kanti ingozi yokukhathazeka yanda ngo-4%..
Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi kusukela cishe 53 dB yomsindo ojwayelekile wendlu yokuhlala —izinga elifana nelengxoxo enomsindo futhi eliseduze nemingcele enconywe yi-WHO—ingozi yezinkinga zempilo yengqondo yanda kakhulu. Umphumela wawusobala kakhulu lapho umsindo uvela ntambama nakusihlwa, uphazamisa ukuphumula nokuphumula kwansuku zonke.
Umsindo wethrafikhi, ukozela, kanye nokukhathala okungapheli
Ukulala kungenye yezinqubo ezizwela kakhulu umsindo. Ngisho noma kubonakala sengathi "ulele ngendlela efanayo," umzimba awuvumelani: umsindo wethrafikhi uyasiza ngempela. ukuvuka okuncane kanye nezinguquko ekwakhiweni kokulala okuvame ukungabonwa ngumuntu.
Lokhu kuphaphama okungaphelele kuvimbela ukufinyelelwa okuzinzile kwezigaba ubuthongo obujulile nobuvuselelayoUmphumela uba ukuthi, noma ngabe amahora amaningi asetshenziswa embhedeni, izinga lokuphumula liphansi, okuholela ekukhathaleni, ekulaleni emini, ekuntulekeni kokugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nokusebenza kabi kwengqondo nomsebenzi.
Ukuphazamiseka kokulala okungapheli akugcini nje ngokusenza sikhathale kakhulu: kuye kwahlotshaniswa ne- ingozi eyengeziwe yomfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo senhliziyo, ukungalingani kwama-hormone kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-metabolic. Umsindo wasebusuku, ikakhulukazi, ubhekwa njengoyingozi kakhulu ngoba uphazamisa izinqubo zokulungiswa kwamaseli kanye nokulawulwa kwesistimu yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ezenzeka ngesikhathi silele.
Izifundo eziningana ze-epidemiological zibonise ukuthi umsindo wasebusuku ovela emotweni Kunegalelo elikhulu emthwalweni wezifo emadolobheni, okubangela ukungakhululeki, ukuphazamiseka kokulala kanye nokwanda kwempilo yengqondo, kanye nokuba yisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekwandeni kwengozi yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
Imiphumela yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kuqaphile
Uma ubuchopho bubona umsindo ocasulayo noma ongalindelekile, impendulo yokucindezelekaLokhu kuholela ekukhulisweni kwe-adrenaline kanye ne-cortisol, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Le ndlela iwusizo ezimweni ezithile, kodwa ngomsindo wethrafikhi, ihlala isebenza amahora amaningi ngosuku.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kusebenza okungapheli kwesimiso sezinzwa esinozwela kanye ne-axis yokucindezeleka kwamahomoni kukhuthaza umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukuvuvukala kwemithambo yegazi, kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwe-endothelium (umonakalo engxenyeni engaphakathi yemithambo yegazi), izinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-arteriosclerosis.
Kushicilelwe izifundo ezinkulu eziqinisekisa lokhu kuxhumana. Ucwaningo olulodwa eDenmark, olunemininingwane evela kubantu abangaphezu kuka- abantu abayizigidi ezine, baphetha ngokuthi ukuhlala eduze kwemigwaqo enomsindo kwandisa ingozi yokuba ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo okubangelwa yi-myocardial cishe ngo-12%Amanye amaqembu, njengaleli elivela eNyuvesi yaseMainz (eJalimane), agxile endleleni lo msindo othinta ngayo ngqo i-endothelium, okuphazamisa ukusebenza kwemithambo yegazi.
I-European Environment Agency ilinganisele ukuthi [inani] likhiqizwa eYurophu minyaka yonke izinkulungwane zokufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yemvelaphi yenhliziyo okubangelwa umsindo wethrafikhi, nokuthi lokhu kuvezwa kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezindawo ezizungezile Iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-1,6 yokuphila okunempilo ezwenikazi.
Umsindo wethrafikhi nezifo zokuphefumula
Nakuba umsindo ubulokhu uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinkinga zokuzwa nezenhliziyo, ucwaningo eminyakeni yamuva nje lugxile kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwawo. ubudlelwano nezifo zokuphefumulaLokhu kuxhumana kuye kwafundwa ikakhulukazi emadolobheni anezimoto eziningi, njengeMadrid.
Ucwaningo lokuqala enhloko-dolobha yaseSpain luhlaziye ukungeniswa esibhedlela ngokuphuthumayo ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphefumula (amakhodi e-ICD-10 J00-J99) kanye namazinga omsindo wasemini edolobheni. Besebenzisa izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene zezibalo, abalobi bathole ukuthi ngokwanda ngakunye kwe- 1 dB(A) emsindweni ozungezileUkwamukelwa ngokushesha kweziguli ezinesifo sokuphefumula kukhuphuke cishe ngo-3%.
Ucwaningo olulandelayo luthole ukuhlobana phakathi komsindo wethrafikhi kanye i-bronchitis, i-asthma, i-pneumonia yezingane ngisho noshintsho ekusebenzeni kwamaphaphu ezinganeni. Ngamanye amazwi, umsindo awupheleli nje ekungcolisweni komoya ngamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi ubonakala uneqhaza lawo emthwalweni wezifo zokuphefumula.
Endabeni yokufa, ucwaningo lwezemvelo lwabantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-65 eMadrid luthole ukuthi ngokwanda komsindo wasemini okungu-1 dB(A), ukufa kwansuku zonke ngenxa yezimbangela zokuphefumula Ingozi yanda cishe ngo-4,8% ngemva kokuzivumelanisa nomkhuhlane, ukungcola komoya, kanye namazinga empova. Lo mphumela awuzange ubonwe kulabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-65, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona ubuthakathaka obuthile phakathi kwabantu asebekhulile.
Ukugula nokufa kanye nokuqhathaniswa nokungcola komoya
Ukuze kulinganiswe kangcono umthelela, olunye ucwaningo lubale ukuthi bangaki abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 abafa minyaka yonke eMadrid ngenxa yezimbangela zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo. okubangelwa umsindo wethrafikhiUmphumela waba ukufa kwabantu abacishe babe ngu-184 ekuphefumuleni kanye nokufa kwabantu abangu-284 emithanjeni yenhliziyo ngenxa yokwanda komsindo wasemini okungu-1 dB(A).
Lapho lesi sibalo siqhathaniswa nokufa kokuphefumula okuhlotshaniswa nokwenyuka okujwayelekile kwe 10 μg/m³ wezinhlayiya ezincane PM2.5Umsindo ubonakale ungowohlobo olufanayo lobukhulu, kanti cishe abantu abangu-95 bafa ngenxa yalokhu kwanda kwezinhlayiya. Ngamanye amazwi, edolobheni elikhulu, umsindo wethrafikhi ungamelela ingozi yempilo yokuphefumula efana naleyo yokungcola kwamakhemikhali.
Lezi zifundo ziphinde zahlola ezinye izinkomba zezempilo. Isibonelo, umsindo ukhonjisiwe ukuthi uhlobene... inani lezingcingo eziya ezinsizeni eziphuthumayo (112) ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphefumula, nokuthi umthelela wayo ungaba mkhulu kakhulu kunowomsindo ezifweni zenhliziyo nezinso ezimweni ezithile.
Uma kubhekwa konke, ukuvumelana kwezinhlangano ezitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene, ngezinkomba ezahlukahlukene (imali engenayo, ukufa, izingcingo eziphuthumayo) kanye nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zezibalo, kanye nokuba khona kwezindlela eziphilayo ezinokwenzeka, kuholela ekucabangeni umsindo wethrafikhi njengesici esiyingozi esinamandla ngenxa yokugula kokuphefumula kanye nokufa.
Izindlela zebhayoloji: amasosha omzimba, ubuthongo kanye nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative
Ukuze bachaze ukuthi into efana nomsindo ebonakala “ingabonakali” ingathinta kanjani inhliziyo, amaphaphu kanye nobuchopho, abalobi abaningana baphakamise uchungechunge lwe- izindlela zebhayoloji ezihlobene, esekelwe ezincwadini ezikhuluma ngokucindezeleka kwengqondo kanye nezifo ezingamahlalakhona.
Okokuqala, umsindo wethrafikhi usebenza njenge- ukucindezeleka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo okwazi ukushintsha indlela amasosha omzimba asabela ngayo. Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi ukucindezeleka okungapheli kuhlotshaniswa nokuqala kanye nokuwohloka kwezifo zokuphefumula, kusukela ekuthelelekeni okuvamile kuya ekubhebhethekeni kwe-asthma noma i-COPD.
Okwesibili, ukuphazamiseka kokulala ngenxa yomsindo wasebusuku Kuthinta ngqo i-neuroendocrine kanye ne-immune axes. Kuye kwachazwa izixhumanisi phakathi kwemijikelezo yamagagasi obuchopho ngesikhathi sokulala kanye nokulawulwa kwama-hormone, ama-cytokine, kanye nezinye izinto ezihilelekile ekuvuvukeni nasekuvikeleni ezifweni.
Ekugcineni, indima ka ingcindezi oxidativeNgaphezu kokungcoliswa komoya, ugwayi, kanye nezinto ezithathelwanayo, ukucindezeleka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo ngokwako kubangela izinqubo zokuvuvukala ezikhiqiza ama-free radicals. Le ndawo e-oxidative inciphisa ama-antioxidants atholakalayo futhi ingakhuthaza ukuqhubeka kwezifo ezifana ne-pneumonia noma i-atherosclerosis.
Ngalezi zindlela ezintathu—ukuzivikela komzimba, ubuthongo, kanye nokushiswa kwegesi—umsindo wethrafikhi ungenza ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa izinqubo ze-pathological kokubili ohlelweni lokuphefumula kanye nohlelo lwenhliziyo kanye nobuchopho.
Ubuntwana, ukufunda kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo
Izingane zingenye yamaqembu azwela kakhulu umsindo wendawo. Isimiso sabo sezinzwa sisakhula, futhi bachitha amahora amaningi bengaphakathi endlini. izindawo lapho umsindo wethrafikhi uphezulu khona, njengezikole eziseduze nemigwaqo emikhulu noma imizi emigwaqweni enezimoto eziningi.
Izifundo eziningana zikhombisile ukuthi ukuchayeka njalo emsindweni kuhlotshaniswa ubunzima bokunaka, ukusebenza kabi kwezemfundo, kanye nezinkinga zenkumbuloUmsindo uphazamisa ukuxhumana ngomlomo ekilasini, uphoqa othisha ukuba baphakamise amazwi abo, futhi kwenza kube nzima ngabafundi ukulandela izincazelo noma ukuhlanganyela ngokujwayelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela engaba khona yesikhathi eside ku- ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kanye nokusebenza kwamaphaphu ezinganeniLokhu kwenza ukuhlela amadolobha azungeze izikole, amapaki kanye nezindawo zokudlala kubaluleke kakhulu, okuvimbela ukuthi zibekwe eduze kwemigwaqo enomsindo omkhulu.
Ucwaningo lwaseFinland ngempilo yengqondo nomsindo, ngenkathi lugxile ekuxilongweni kokucindezeleka nokukhathazeka kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ebudaleni, luphinde lugcizelele ukubaluleka ukuvikela izingane phakathi neminyaka yazo yokukhula, njengoba ukuchayeka kusenesikhathi kunganquma ubuthakathaka babo besikhathi esizayo.
Ukuba ngumama, ukubeletha kanye neminyaka yokuqala yokuphila
Ukuchayeka kwabesifazane abakhulelwe emsindweni wezimoto nakho kuyinto ekhathazayo ekhulayo. Kutholakale izifundo ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazinga aphezulu omsindo nokuzalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathikanye nokuzalwa okunesisindo esiphansi kanye nokwanda kokufa kwezinsana kubantu abathile.
Indlela engenzeka ingahlanganisa ukucindezeleka kukamama, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, kanye nokusebenza kwama-hormone okungapheliokungathinta ukugeleza kwegazi esikhumbeni kanye nokukhula kombungu. Nakuba kusadingeka izifundo ezengeziwe ukuze kutholakale lezi zixhumanisi, ubufakazi obutholakalayo kakade busikisela ukuthi umsindo uphathwa njengento ebangela isici sengozi yokubeletha okufanele kucatshangelwe kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo.
Eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, umsindo, kanye nezinye izici zemvelo—njengekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokufinyelela ezindaweni eziluhlaza—kufaka isandla ekwakheni impilo yesikhathi esizayo. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kwe Ukuhlela amadolobha kufanele kufake izindawo ezinomoya ophansi ongcolile. ezindaweni zokuhlala kanye nezindawo lapho kuhlala khona imindeni eminingi enezingane.
Konke lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi umsindo wethrafikhi awuyona nje inkinga yokunethezeka, kodwa inkinga isihluthulelo esiyinhloko semvelo ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nobuntwana okungashiya imikhondo yesikhathi eside.
Umthwalo wezifo emadolobheni: icala laseBarcelona
Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe yi-ISGlobal luhlaziye indlela izinqubomgomo zokuhlela amadolobha nezokuthutha ezithinta ngayo umthwalo wezifo kubantu baseBarcelona, kusetshenziswa ithuluzi le-UTOPHIA ukulinganisa umthelela wezici ezahlukahlukene: umsindo, ukungcola komoya, ukushisa, umsebenzi womzimba kanye nokufinyelela ezindaweni eziluhlaza.
Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi uma idolobha lilandela Izincomo zomhlaba wonke ze-WHO Ngenxa yalezi zindlela, ingavimbela umthwalo wayo wezifo ofinyelela ku-13% minyaka yonke, okuhlanganisa izinkulungwane zamacala esifo senhliziyo, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sohlangothi noma ukucindezeleka.
Phakathi kwazo zonke izici ezihlaziyiwe, Umsindo wethrafikhi wawuyimbangela enkulu yomthwalo wezifo okususelwa ekuhleleni kwedolobha kanye nezokuthutha, ngisho nangaphezulu kunokungcola komoya. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunegalelo elingaba ngu-36% walowo mthwalo, uma kuqhathaniswa no-19% obangelwa ukungcola komoya.
Izakhamuzi zaseBarcelona zibhekene nesilinganiso se- cishe i-65 dB emini kanye ne-57,6 dB ebusukuukudlula amazinga anconywe yi-WHO (55 dB emini kanye no-40 dB ebusuku). Abalobi baxwayisa ngokuthi umsindo wasebusuku uthinta kakhulu izinqubo zokuvuselelwa komzimba futhi uhlotshaniswa nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, izifo zenhliziyo, kanye nesifo sohlangothi.
Ucwaningo luphetha ngokuthi ukunciphisa ithrafikhi yezimoto nokwandisa izindawo eziluhlaza kungaba izinyathelo ezimbili ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ukunciphisa umthwalo wezifo ngokuthuthukisa umsebenzi womzimba wabantu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukunciphisa ukungcola komoya, umsindo, nokushisa kwasemadolobheni.
Indlela umsindo wethrafikhi ozwakala futhi ulinganiswa ngayo
Ukuqonda umsindo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngezindawo kanye nomuntu nomuntu. Emindenini eminingi, umsindo wethrafikhi usuphenduke umsindo ukuba khona okuvamile kangangokuthi kunzima ukucabanga ngokuthulaKodwa-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa izindawo zasemadolobheni nezindawo zasemakhaya noma amapaki akude nemigwaqo, umehluko enhlalakahleni uyabonakala.
Ezinye izinhlangano, njenge-Denmark road authority, ziye zakha amafayela omsindo kanye nokuzwakala kwezwi ezikuvumela ukuthi uzwe ukuthi umsindo ushintsha kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene: imigwaqo emikhulu enemizila emibili noma emine, amabanga ahlukene ukuya emgwaqweni, ukushintshashintsha kwesivinini sethrafikhi, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezithinta umsindo kanye nezithiyo ze-acoustic.
Lezi zibonelo ziwusizo ekukhulumisaneni nezakhamuzi kanye nabenzi benqubomgomo. Kusho ukuthini ngempela ukunciphisa isivinini?Lezi zinyathelo zifaka phakathi ukususa umgwaqo endaweni yokuhlala noma ukuthuthukisa ukulungiswa komgwaqo. Akuzona izivivinyo eziphelele, kodwa kuneziqondiso ezisebenzayo zokuqonda imiphumela yebanga, uhlobo lwendlela, noma ukufakwa kwezinyathelo zokunciphisa ingozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i ukudalwa kwamamephu omsindo kanye nezizindalwazi, njengaleyo ekhiqizwe yi- IKomidi Lobuchwepheshe E2 mayelana Nomsindo Wemigwaqo dBIvumela ukuqhathaniswa kwezinqubomgomo nezindinganiso ezivela emazweni ahlukene futhi iqondisa kangcono izinqumo mayelana nengqalasizinda, imikhawulo yezomthetho, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ekungeneleleni.
Umthwalo wemfanelo wezikhungo zemigwaqo kanye nokuhlela amadolobha
Ama-ejensi aphethe imigwaqo kanye nokuhamba anendima ebalulekile okufanele ayidlale ukunciphisa umthelela womsindo wethrafikhi kubantuAkwanele ukuphatha ukuphepha emgwaqweni kanye nokuhamba kwezimoto; i-acoustic variable kumele ihlanganiswe nayo yonke iphrojekthi.
Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezifanele kakhulu ukusebenzisana ne- iziphathimandla zokuhlela amadolobha ukudala izindawo zokushintsha phakathi kwemigwaqo emikhulu nezindawo zokuhlala, ukugwema ukubeka ukusetshenziswa okuzwela umsindo, njengezindlu, izikole noma izibhedlela, eduze kwemigwaqo enabantu abaningi.
Ukwandisa ibanga phakathi kwemigwaqo nezindlu kungaba nomthelela omkhulu: kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukusuka kumamitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-100 ukuhlukana kungenza nciphisa umsindo cishe ngo-7 dB, okwenza umehluko ophawulekayo endlebeni yomuntu.
Kubalulekile futhi ukuklama imigwaqo sisebenzisa ukuma komhlaba kanye nezici zemvelo (izindunduma zomhlaba, izitshalo eziminyene) ukuze zimunce futhi zisakaze amaza omsindo, kanye nokusebenzisa imigudu noma ukwakheka kwemisele lapho kungenzeka khona, ukunciphisa ukusabalala komsindo obheke emaceleni.
Ezimweni, ukufakwa kwe izithiyo ze-acoustic kanye nokuqinisa ukufudumala emakhaya (izicabha ezithule, amafasitela asezingeni elingcono) aba izixazululo ezidingekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukwakheka komgwaqo kungenakushintshwa khona esikhathini esifushane.
Izinyathelo zobuchwepheshe zokunciphisa umsindo wethrafikhi
Ngaphandle kwendawo kanye nomklamo wedolobha, kunezixazululo eziningi zobuchwepheshe ezivumela ukunciphisa kakhulu umsindo odalwa yizimotoukuthuthukisa ibhalansi phakathi kokuhamba kanye nempilo.
Uhlobo lwendlela yokuhamba ngezinyawo lungenye yezinto ezithonya kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa izindawo ezithinta umsindo noma ezithule Kunganciphisa kakhulu umsindo womgwaqo, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esithile. Ukulungiswa kahle kobuso bomgwaqo kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ukuvimbela umsindo owengeziwe ovela emigodini, emajoyintini angalingani okunwebeka, noma ezimbozweni zemigodi evulekile.
Ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile ngokusebenzisa Izinhlelo ze-ITS (Ubuchwepheshe bezokuthutha obuhlakaniphile) buyasiza ekunciphiseni inani lokuqala nokuma okungazelelwe, okukhiqiza umsindo okhungathekisayo kakhulu. Ukukhuthaza ukuhamba okubushelelezi, okuneziminyaminya ezimbalwa kanye nokushintsha kwesivinini okumbalwa, kunomthelela oqondile ekuboneni umsindo.
Ukusebenzisana nabalawuli bezimoto namathayi kusiza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa izinjini ezithule kakhulu namathayi athule kakhuluOkungeziwe kulokhu ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezimoto zikagesi, okuthi, yize zingawususi wonke umsindo (umsindo womgwaqo usekhona), ziwunciphisa kakhulu umsindo wenjini ngesivinini esiphansi nesiphakathi.
Okokugcina, khuthaza imithetho yokwakha edinga ukuvikelwa komsindo okuthuthukisiwe emakhaya amashaIkakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze nemigwaqo enomsindo, kusiza ekudaleni "izindawo zokuphumula ezithule" lapho abantu bangaphumula khona kahle, ikakhulukazi ebusuku.
Izixazululo ezingeni lomuntu ngamunye kanye nelomphakathi
Nakuba izinqumo eziningi ezinkulu zincike kubaphathi kanye nezinkampani, abantu ngabanye bangathatha namasu okusebenzisa ukuzivikela kancane emsindweni wethrafikhi futhi kunciphise umthelela wayo empilweni yansuku zonke.
Ekhaya, thuthukisa ukuvikela amafasitela nomnyango Kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ukushintsha amafasitela amadala kakhulu, ukuvala izikhala, noma ukufaka amafasitela anama-double glaze kwanele ukuqaphela umehluko ocacile, ikakhulukazi emakamelweni okulala.
Ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi kwendlu nakho kuyasiza: ukubhukha amakamelo okulala endaweni ekude kakhulu nomgwaqoUkusebenzisa amakhethini aminyene kanye namakhaphethi amunca umsindo othile, noma ukubeka izindawo zokusebenza ezindaweni ezithule kakhulu phansi, kunganciphisa kakhulu ukuvezwa.
Ezindaweni ezinomsindo ocacile, ukusetshenziswa izimbobo zokuvula izindlebe ebusuku Kungaba yisisombululo esilula sokuphumula okungcono, uma nje zikhethwe ngokucophelela futhi zisetshenziswa kahle. Ngokufanayo, ukubeka phambili imizila yabahamba ngezinyawo ethule enezitshalo eziningi zokuzivocavoca noma ukuhamba kunciphisa isikhathi esisichitha sibhekene nomsindo omkhulu.
Ezingeni lomphakathi, kubalulekile ukuthi izakhamuzi zihlanganyele izinqubo zokuhlela amadolobha kanye nokubonisanaBafuna imikhawulo yejubane ephansi, ukudalwa kwezindawo ezizola izimoto, ukunwetshwa kwezindlela zabahamba ngezinyawo, imizila yamabhayisikili kanye nezindawo eziluhlaza, kanye nokufakwa kwezithiyo zomsindo lapho kufaneleka khona.
Impilo yokuzwa, ukuhlolwa kanye nokuqwashisa
Indlebe yi umugqa wokuqala wokuthintana nomsindo wethrafikhi Futhi ngokuvamile kuba yisitho sokuqala esibonisa izimpawu zomonakalo. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kungasheshisa ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa, kube kubi kakhulu, futhi kwenze ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke kube nzima, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala.
Qaphela ukuhlolwa kokuzwa okuvamile Kuyindlela elula yokuthola noma yikuphi ukuwohloka kusenesikhathi bese uthatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela. Izikhungo ezikhethekile kanye nochwepheshe be-audiology bagcizelela ukubaluleka kokungalungisi ukukhala okuqhubekayo ezindlebeni, ubunzima bokuqonda izingxoxo ezindaweni ezinomsindo, noma umuzwa "wokuba ndikindiki" ezindlebeni.
Gcina a ukuqapha njalo impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi kanye nokuphefumula Kunconywa futhi kulabo abahlala ezindaweni ezinezimoto eziningi, njengoba inhlanganisela yomsindo, ukungcola komoya kanye nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phansi kungandisa izingozi.
Imikhankaso yokuqwashisa isiza umphakathi ukuthi uyeke ukubona umsindo njengento ephazamisayo nje bese uqala ukuwuqonda njengento ephazamisayo. isici sengozi esingavinjelwaUma ulwazi lukhula, kulapho ingcindezi yomphakathi yokuthi izinqubomgomo zomphakathi zibeke ikhwalithi yezwi enhliziyweni yomklamo wasemadolobheni iba nkulu khona.
Ekugcineni, umsindo wethrafikhi ungaphezu kakhulu kwalokho kukhononda kwangemuva esikufundayo ukuphila nakho; kuyisimo ukungcola okungabonakali okungena ebuthongweni, enhliziyweni, emaphashini nasengqondweniimpilo ewohloka kancane kancane. Ukubhekana nakho kudinga inhlanganisela yezinqumo zezombusazwe ezinesibindi, izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezihlelwe kahle, kanye nezinguquko ezincane emikhubeni yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa inzuzo engaba khona enhlalakahleni, ikhwalithi yokuphila, kanye neminyaka yokuphila enempilo yezigidi zabantu kwenza umzamo ube ofanele ngokusobala.
