(1814) uLeonidas eThermopylae. UJacques Louis David. Impi yaseThermopylae ingenye yezimpi ezidumile kakhulu emhlabeni wakudala namuhla. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-cinema ibe negalelo kulokhu, kodwa kungani kuthakazelisa kangaka?
Lokhu akuyona impi, yindaba lapho idlanzana lamadoda labamba khona ibutho elinamandla kakhulu izinsuku ezintathu ukuze lisindise iGrisi.
Isimo ngaphambi kweMpi yaseThermopylae
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-6 BC, uMbuso WasePheresiya wawuhlanganisa indawo enkulu: izifunda eziphakathi koLwandle i-Aegean noMfula i-Indus, kanye neGibhithe Elingenhla noLwandle i-Aran.
Ukuvukela kwe-Ionian kwaqala lapho amadolobha aseGrisi ase-Asia Minor evukela igunya leNkosi uDariyu. Indodana yakhe, iNkosi uXerxes, yanquma ukuziphindiselela kuyise yahamba yaya e-Athene entwasahlobo ka-480 BC nebutho elikhulu kunawo wonke elake labuthana kanye nemikhumbi emikhulu.
Lapho izindaba zifika eSparta , uLeonidas, omunye wamakhosi ayo, unquma ukunikela ngokuphila kwakhe kanye nokuphila kwamadoda akhe ukuze avimbele ibutho elihlaselayo endleleni eya eThermopylae , indawo yemvelo yokungena eGrisi.
Isinqumo sabaseSpartan esiqala impi yaseThermopylae
Imizi yamaGreki eyanquma ukubhekana nebutho likaXerxes yahlangana eThempelini likaPoseidon eKorinte futhi yafunga isifungo esasizophawula ukuqala kwalokho okwakuzobizwa ngokuthi iHellenic League . Kwakubonakala kunengqondo ukulinda amaPheresiya kwenye yezindlela zezintaba okwakuzodingeka bazidlule, ngaleyo ndlela ibanike ithuba lokunqoba.
ULeonidas wanquma lokhu, kodwa wahlangabezana nesithiyo. Amadolobha ayengafuni ukuphazamisa imikhosi yaseCarneian eyayinikelwe kunkulunkulu u-Apollo Carneus , ngakho-ke ayengafuni ukuhlanganyela. Inkosi yaseSpartan, okungenani, yakwazi ukuthola isikhathi esikhethekile sokuthatha ukuqapha kwayo: amadoda angu-300.
Kuthiwa i -Oracle of Delphi yaprofetha ukuthi omunye wamakhosi aseSpartan kwakuzodingeka afe uma efuna ukuvimbela amaPheresiya ukuthi angahlali kule ndawo . Ngemva kwalokho, uLeonidas waqinisekisa ukuthi uzothola udumo lokuba yinkosi ekhethiwe. Wayezimisele: yena namadoda akhe angu-300 babezobhekana nabo.
Inhlangano yokumelana
Ukuhlaziya amazwe uXerxes nebutho lakhe okwakuzodingeka bawawele, kwacaca ukuthi indawo efaneleka kakhulu yokubhekana namaPheresiya kwakuyoba yindlela yeThermopylae. Le ndawo, equkethe indawo engaba amamitha angu-1300 ubude futhi ephakathi kwamamitha angu-15 no-20 ububanzi, yayizoba usizo lapho ubhekene nebutho elikhulu, ivimbele ibutho elihlaselayo ukuba lingasabalali.
Kulesi simo esizuzisayo, kufanele kwenezelwe ukuthi ohlangothini olulodwa kwakukhona idwala kanti kolunye kwakukhona intaba enkulu, okwakuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthi ingemuva lebutho likaLeonidas lingafinyelelwa futhi lihlaselwe.
Lapho icebo seliqanjiwe, kwasala ukuqoqa amadoda angama-300 ayezophelezela uLeonidas ekufuneni inkazimulo yaphakade.
Ukhetho lwamadoda angama-300
Abaqaphi bamakhosi aseSpartan babenamadoda angu-300 akhethwe ngokucophelela, aneminyaka ephakathi kuka -20 no-29, okwakufanele abonise ukubaluleka kwawo emncintiswaneni onzima . Kwakudingeka abe nesibindi, abonise ikhono ngezikhali, futhi abe namandla angokomzimba.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, abantu abangu-300 ababezohlanganyela eMpini yaseThermopylae babenesinye isici: babeqaphela ukuthi ngeke banqobe futhi babehamba ngqo ekufeni kwabo. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, amaSpartan ayefundiswa ukuthi akukho lutho oluyihlazo ngaphezu kokubhekwa njengegwala, futhi leso kwakuyisiphetho sokubuya bephila empini elahlekile. Abasindile ezimpini ezilahlekile babekhethwa futhi bakhishwe inyumbazane impilo yabo yonke.
Ngenxa yokuthi leli butho lalibheke ekufeni, uLeonidas wakhetha kuphela lawo madoda ayenendodana okungenani eyodwa ukuze aqhubekisele phambili uhlu lwawo lozalo.
Ibheke empini yaseThermopylae
Ephelezelwa ama-perioeci ayi-1.000 kanye nezindiza eziyi-1.000 ezingezona ezempi, uLeonidas namadoda akhe baqala uhambo lwabo. Baqala ngokuwela iPeloponnese, lapho amanye amasosha angu-4.000 ajoyina khona, futhi kancane kancane, njengoba beqhubekela phambili beya eThermopylae, amanye amadoda angu-2.000 ajoyina nabo. Sekukonke, amadoda angaba ngu-7.000 aphelezela uLeonidas, okwakudingeka abhekane nebutho labantu abacishe babe ngu-200.000. Kwakungeke kube umsebenzi olula.
Lapho befika eThermopylae, bamisa amatende ukuze balinde amabutho kaXerxes. Ngesikhathi besalindile, iNkosi uXerxes yathumela umyalezo kuLeonidas imcela ukuba anikele ngezikhali zakhe. ULeonidas waphendula wathi kufanele ayozithatha.
Impi iyaqala
UXerxes waqala ngokuqala amabutho ayolwa namaGreki, ekwenza kucace ukuthi amaSpartan ayengeke azinikele kalula . Amadoda kaXerxes awile athathelwa indawo amanye, kwabe sekuba nelinye. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi inkosi yayinamasosha amaningi, kodwa ambalwa kuwo ayengamasosha aqeqeshwe kahle njengalawo ayehamba noLeonidas.
Isiqephu sefilimu: 300
Ekugcineni, kwakuzoba abaqaphi beNkosi uXerxes , ama-Immortals, ababezojoyina impi . Ubude obukhulu bemikhonto yamaGreki babuzobanika ithuba. Ekhathele yimpi yasezweni, uXerxes wayala ukuba kuhlaselwe ama-Athene nama-Aeginetan eCape Artemisium, ehlose ukufika ngemuva kwemigqa yamaGreki.
Kwenzeka ukuthi ngaphambi nje kokuqala kwempi, imikhumbi kaXerxes yayonakele kakhulu ngenxa yesiphepho futhi yayingakakulungeli ukwenza lokho kuhlasela, okwaholela empini engenamnqobi ocacile.
Ngaso leso sikhathi usuku lwesibili lokulwa lwaphela.
Usuku lokugcina lweMpi yaseThermopylae
Lapho uXerxes esephelelwe yithemba kakade, isakhamuzi sasikhaphela abantu baso futhi sibonise inkosi indlela yokuzungeza ibutho likaLeonidas.
Lapho eqaphela lokhu, iNkosi uLeonidas yatshela bonke abantu ababengaphansi kwayo ukuthi bazobhubha maduze nokuthi akekho owayebophekile ukuba ahlale naye ukuze alinde leso siphetho. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sinqumo sasiyindlela yokuvumela laba bantu ukuba balungiselele impi yesikhathi esizayo emadolobheni abo ukuze babavikele.
Kanye nenkosi yaseSpartan kwakuzosala amadoda akhe angu-300 , okungenani lawo ayesaphila, okuyiwona amaningi; ama-helot, ama-perioeci, kanye namaqhawe aseBoeotian nawo ayezosala.
Kwakusekuseni ngosuku lwesithathu lwempi eThermopylae.
UHerodotus, umbhali wezindaba ongumGreki, usitshela ukuthi, lapho lo mzuzu ufika futhi bezithola bezungezwe ibutho likaXerxes, amadoda kaLeonidas aqoqa wonke amandla awo asele. Ngisho noma imikhonto yawo iphukile, aqhubeka nokulwa ngezinkemba zawo. Ngesikhathi sempi eshisa kakhulu, uLeonidas wawa.
Ngaleso sikhathi impi yashintsha, okuhlosiwe kwakuwumzimba wenkosi. AmaGreki akwazi ukuhlehlisa amabutho kaXerxes izikhathi ezine ukuze awavimbe ekumthatheni.
Lapho kungekho muntu owayemi ebutho likaLeonidas, uXerxes wehlela empini wayala ukuba ikhanda likaLeonidas linqunywe bese libekwa esigxotsheni.
ingxenye yefilimu 300
Ngemuva kwempi yaseThermopylae.
Iqembu lamaSpartan laya eThermopylae ngemva kokuba amabutho asePheresiya esehambile futhi lanquma ukungcwaba izinsalela zikaLeonidas lapho.
Kamuva, amathambo akhe abuyiselwa edolobheni lakubo ukuze kuhlonishwe uLeonidas ngomngcwabo wombuso. Kwabekwa itshe ethuneni lakhe elalinegama lakhe kanye namagama amadoda akhe angu-300.
ULeonidas wayezokhulekelwa njengeqhawe elingaphelele, elaqhuba leyo mpi ekhuthazayo futhi okwathi ngemva konyaka, amaPheresiya aqedwa ngokuphelele emazweni aseGrisi.