Sekuyiminyaka ecishe ibe amashumi amathathu, iqembu lamazwe ngamazwe lezazi zezilwane zasendulo lilandele eduze umphakathi omkhulu owaziwayo wezimfene zasendle emhlabeni: Ngogo, e-Kibale National Park (Uganda)Lokho okwaqala njengesibonelo sokuhlalisana okuzinzile kuye kwaba esinye seziqephu ezimbi kakhulu zobudlova bangaphakathi kweqembu ezibhalwe kulezi zimfene.
Abacwaningi bachaze i- "impi yombango" phakathi kwezinkawuKule mpi, abantu ababekhulele ndawonye, babambisana, futhi bakhe ubuhlobo obuseduze bagcina behlukene baba amaqembu amabili angavumelani. Le mpi, ehlaziywe ngokuningiliziwe ephephabhukwini i-Science, ayizange nje inyakazise umphakathi wesayensi womhlaba wonke kodwa iphinde yavula kabusha impikiswano mayelana nokuthi yini esihlanganisayo nokuthi yini esihlukanisa nezihlobo zethu eziseduze kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kusukela emphakathini omkhulu ohlangene kuya ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphikisanayo
UNgogo waduma phakathi kochwepheshe kanye nomphakathi jikelele ngokuhlalisa abantu abaningi kakhulu: cishe ama-chimpanzee angu-200, kanye nabesilisa abadala abangaphezu kuka-30, into edlula kakhulu okuvamile ku lolu hloboIndawo yabo, enkabeni yehlathi laseKibale, inokudla okuningi futhi ivikelwe kakhulu ebukhoneni babantu nasezilwanyaneni ezinjengezingwe.
Naphezu kobukhulu bazo, iminyaka eminingi izimfene zaseNgogo zazisebenza njengomphakathi owodwa, zilandela indlela evamile yokuphila. "ukuhlanganiswa kwe-fission"Bahlukana okwesikhashana ngamaqembu amancane ukuze bathuthe, baqaphe, noma badle ukudla, kodwa bagcina izibopho eziqinile futhi bahlangana njalo. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwabantu abavela ezindaweni ezahlukene zensimu kwakuvame ukuba nobungane, ngokushintshana ngokuzilungisa, ukudlala, kanye nokubambisana ekuvikeleni imingcele.
Konke kushintshile 24 Juni ka-2015Ngalolo suku, abacwaningi babona okokuqala ukuziphatha okwabadida: izimfene ezivela endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi "indawo" yasentshonalanga zezwa ezinye izilwane eduze, zivela endaweni ephakathi, futhi esikhundleni sokusondela, zahlala zithule, zikhathazekile, ngezimpawu zokwesaba kanye nokuxhumana ngokomzimba ukuze zithulisane. Zazenza sengathi labo abasondelayo babengazani nhlobo.
Lapho izimfene eziphakathi zisondela, ezasentshonalanga zabaleka kwalandela ukujaha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, Ukuhlangana phakathi kwamaqembu amabili kwancipha kakhuluFuthi ukugwemana kwaqhubeka amasonto amaningi. Lokho okwakubonakala sengathi yisigameko esingavamile kwaba ukuqala kokuhlukana okukhula emphakathini omkhulu.
Ukwahlukana okuhlala njalo: imiphakathi emibili lapho kwakukhona khona eyodwa
Phakathi kuka-2015 no-2017, ososayensi babhala phansi indlela ubudlelwano bukaNgogo bokuxhumana nabantu obabulungiswa ngayo. Ukuxhumana ngothando—njengokuzilungisa, ukuphululana, nokudlala—phakathi kwezinkawu ezindaweni eziphakathi nezisentshonalanga nakho kwabonakala. Basuka ekubeni njalo baya cishe banyamalalaAmanethiwekhi omphakathi angaphakathi, ayexhumanisa umphakathi wonke ngaphambilini, ahlukana kwaze kwaba yilapho ekhombisa ama-core amabili ahlukene ngokucacile.
Ngo-2017 kwase kusobala ukuthi ukuhlukana kwase kukhulu. Kwahlanganiswa amaqembu amabili azinzile: iqembu eliphakathi kanye neqembu lasentshonalangaIqembu lokuqala lagcina iningi lamalungu alo (cishe abesilisa abadala abangu-30 kanye nabesifazane abadala abacishe babe ngu-40), kanti iqembu lesibili lalinamalungu ambalwa kodwa labonakala libumbene kakhulu. Ukunyakaza kwaqala ukuhlukanisa ngokwezindawo, futhi ukuqapha indawo kwaphela ukwenziwa ngokubambisana.
Enye imininingwane ebalulekile abacwaningi abayivezayo ukuthi inzalo yokugcina evela ekuhlanganisweni okuxubile —owesilisa wasentshonalanga nowesifazane ovela eqenjini eliphakathi—wazalwa ngo-2018. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, akukho ukuhlangana okwengeziwe okuye kwabonwa phakathi kwabantu abavela emiphakathini emibili emisha, okubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukana komphakathi kwaholela ekuhlukaneni kokuzala.
Ukuqhekeka kwahambisana nezinguquko eziningana zangaphakathi: ngo-2014, [amagama abantu] ashona. amadoda amadala amahlanu kanye nowesifazane oyedwa Laba bantu basebenze njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwamaqembu amancane, kwathi ngo-2015 kwaba noshintsho ohlelweni lwabesilisa oluyi-alpha. Lokhu kwanda ngenxa yobhubhane lokuphefumula ngo-2017 olwathinta ingxenye yabantu. Konke lokhu kubonakala sengathi kube negalelo ekuphuleni ibhalansi ebucayi eyayibambe umphakathi ndawonye.
Kusukela ekungathembani kuya ebudloveni obubulalayo
Nakuba ukwahlukana kwaqhubeka kancane kancane, ubudlova bagcina buqhume ngamandla. NgoJanuwari 2018Amadoda amathathu avela eqenjini lasentshonalanga ahlasele i-chimpanzee eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala evela eqenjini eliphakathi, eyaziwa ngabacwaningi ngokuthi u-Erroll. Bayibamba phansi, bayishaya, futhi bayiluma yaze yafa. Abaqapheli bachaze ukuthi, ngemva kwalokho, abahlaseli babenezingcezu ezincane zenyama emlonyeni wabo.
Lokho kwaba ukuhlasela kokuqala okubulalayo okuqoshwe phansi phakathi kwemiphakathi emibili emisha, kodwa hhayi okokugcina. Phakathi kuka-2018 no-2024, iqembu laseNtshonalanga lenza okungenani Ukuhlasela okungu-24 endaweni ephakathiLokhu kuhlasela cishe njalo kwakulandela ukuqapha okuhleliwe emngceleni. Okungenani abesilisa abadala abayisikhombisa kanye namathole angu-17 eqenjini eliphakathi babulawa kulokhu kuhlasela.
Abaphenyi basola ukuthi inani langempela lezisulu liphezulu, ngoba intsha eningana kanye nabantu abadala banyamalala ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo. Njengoba lezi zilwane zaziphilile ngaphambilini, umbono ongaba khona ukuthi zafa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okungazange kubonwe ngqo ensimini.
Ukuhlaselwa okubulalayo kulandele indlela esabekayo. Endabeni yabantu abadala, phakathi kwezinkawu eziyishumi nambili neziyishumi nanhlanu Babengasibamba isisulu, basibambe, basishaye bese besiluma imizuzu eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15. Abasebenzisi amathuluzi noma izikhali zangaphandle; ukufa kuvame ukubangelwa ukulimala kwangaphakathi kanye nokulimala okukhulu okuqongelelekile. Endabeni yabancane, umuntu omdala oyedwa wayevame ukwanele ukubahlwitha ezingalweni zonina bese ebabulala ngokushaywa noma ngokulunywa ngemizuzwana embalwa.
Kusukela ngo-2021, ubudlova buthathe igxathu elibalulekile ngokuvela kwe- ukubulala izinsana njaloInani lezinsana ezashona noma ezanyamalala lenza umphakathi ophakathi waba ngomunye wemiphakathi yezinkawu zasendle enezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokusinda elibhalwe phansi kuze kube manje. Zonke izinkomba zisikisela ukuthi, ngokombono weqembu lasentshonalanga, ukususa izingane zeqembu eliphikisanayo kunciphisa ukuncintisana kwesikhathi esizayo ngokudla, indawo, kanye namathuba okuzala.
Izici okungenzeka ukuthi zibangele impi yombango
Ababhali bephepha elishicilelwe ku-Science bayaqaphela lapho bekhuluma izimbangela eziyingqayiziveleKunalokho, bakhomba inhlanganisela yezinto ezazizoshukumisa umphakathi ukuba uqhekeke futhi ube nodlame. Phakathi kwalezi zinto, okulandelayo kuyagqama: usayizi weqembu omkhulu ngokungavamile, okunamandla ukuncintisana ngezinsiza, ukufa kwabantu ababalulekile, izinguquko zobuholi, kanye nezigameko zokugula.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinkawu, amaqembu amakhulu avame ukuhlukana kaningi ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncintisana kwangaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukana okuhlala njalo akuvamile kakhulu kuma-chimpanzee. Izifundo zofuzo zisikisela ukuthi inqubo enjalo ingenzeka, ngokwesilinganiso, kanye kuphela njalo eminyakeni engama-500 noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni zasendle.
Isibonelo esicashunwe kakhulu yicala elidumile elibhalwe ngu UJane Goodall eGombe, eTanzania Ngawo-1970, umphakathi wezimfene wahlukana waba amaqembu amabili aphela ngempi ebulalayo. Leso sigameko sidale impikiswano ngoba izilwane zondliwa abacwaningi, okungenzeka ukuthi kwashintsha ukuziphatha kwazo. Nokho, eNgogo, izimfene azikaze zondliwe, okunikeza isisekelo esikhethekile kokubonwayo kwamanje.
Izazi ze-primatologists ezifana nesazi se-anthropologist uBrian Wood zikhomba incazelo ehlobene kakhulu ne-ecology kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo: eqenjini elikhulu kangaka, ukuncintisana ngendawo kanye nabesifazane —ukuthi zizalana njalo eminyakeni embalwa—kungaba yisici esibalulekile. Ukufaneleka “kweDarwinian” akukalwa kuphela ngokuthi umuntu ngamunye ukhiqiza inzalo engakanani, kodwa futhi kulinganiswe nenzalo yabancintisana nabo. Ukunciphisa izinga lokusinda kweqembu eliphikisanayo kungenye indlela yokwandisa inzuzo yakho.
Abanye ochwepheshe, njengososayensi wezinto eziphilayo uMiquel Llorente, bakhetha ukugcizelela umqondo wokuthi kungenzeka ukungalingani kwemveloUkugcina izimpanzi ezingaba ngu-200 endaweni efanayo kudinga amandla amakhulu kanye nezindleko zomphakathi. Kusukela kulo mbono, ukuhlukana bekungeke kube “isinqumo sezenhlalo” esiqaphile kodwa kube umphumela wokucindezela okuqhubekayo kwezinsizakusebenza, obekungenza ubumbano lweqembu lungaqhubeki isikhathi eside.
Impi yombango noma okunye? Impikiswano ngolimi
Yize igama "impi yezikhali" Nakuba lokhu kuye kwadonsela ukunaka kwabezindaba, ochwepheshe abaningana banxusa ukuba kuqashelwe. U-Aaron Sandel, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, uyavuma ukuthi akakhululekile ngalelo gama, yize lesi simo sifana nezingxabano zangaphakathi zabantu.
Impikiswano enkulu iphathelene nesikhathi lapho isigaba esibulalayo siqala khona. Njengoba isazi sezinhlungu zasendulo uJosep Call esho, ulaka olukhulu luqala lapho amaqembu amabili asevele ehlukeneAkuyona indaba yabantu abahlala ndawonye ngaphansi kwesakhiwo esifanayo senhlalo, ababandakanyeka empini evulekile kusukela osukwini olulodwa kuya kolulandelayo, kodwa indaba yomphakathi oqala ukuqhekeka bese ungena ezingxabanweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulumo ethi “impi yombango” ihambisana nemibono yabantu: imibono, izimpawu, ubuzwe noma ubuzwe benkolo, izinhloso zezepolitiki. Akukho lutho olukhona kuma-chimpanzee njengoba sikuqonda ezinhlotsheni zethu. Ubudlova babo busekelwe kakhulu ezindleleni eziqondile zezinto eziphilayo, njengokuvikela indawo, ukuncintisana kokuzala, noma ukuvikelwa kwezinsiza ezibalulekile.
Ochwepheshe abanjengo-Ana Fidalgo, umongameli we-Spanish Primatological Association, bagcizelela esinye isici: ukubaluleka kokunganciphisi ubunzima bezenhlalo balezi zinkomoNakuba bengase bangabelani ngemibono, banawo amanethiwekhi okubambisana, izinhlelo zokusekela, ukubuyisana, kanye nokuhlukana kwabantu ngabanye okungakhulisa noma kunciphise izingxabano. E-Ngogo, ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwalezi zibopho kubonakala sengathi kube yisendlalelo sobudlova.
Impikiswano yamagama ayiyona into encane. Abacwaningi abaningana baxwayisa ngengozi yokuwela ogibeni lwe- i-anthropomorphismOkusho ukuthi, ukukhomba izigaba zabantu ekuziphatheni kwezilwane. Uma sikhuluma “ngamabutho,” “amasu ezempi,” noma “inzondo yobuhlanga” kuma-chimpanzee, sisengozini yokuthi bachaza kabi izinqubo ezisengozini ngempela kanye nokwenza lula into eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokwayo.
Ukufana nokwehluka nobudlova babantu
Isilingo sokuqhathanisa uNgogo no- izimpi zabantu Kusobala. Ama-Chimpanzee nama-bonobo yizihlobo zethu eziseduze kakhulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka kube nempikiswano mayelana nokuthi ulaka lwalezi zilwane lungasisiza kangakanani siqonde olwethu. Kodwa-ke, abalobi bocwaningo ngokwabo bagcizelela ukuthi izifaniso kufanele ziphathwe ngokuqapha.
Isazi se-anthropology uJohn Mitani, umbhali ohlanganyele kulolu cwaningo, uveza ukuthi, nakuba abantu nabo bebhekene nezimpi nezigameko zobudlova obukhulu, Isikhathi esiningi sihlala ndawonye ngendlela enokuthulangisho nasemiphakathini emikhulu yabantu abayizigidigidi. Uveza ukuthi lokhu kusenza sibe uhlobo olungavamile lokuxhumana nabantu nokubambisana, njalo sisiza ngisho nabantu esingabazi.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, izimfene zivame ukubheka abantu bangaphandle—ngisho noma bebeyingxenye yeqembu labo ngaphambili—njengabantu izitha ezingaba khonaZivame ukugcina ubudlelwano obunobutha obukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi obubulalayo phakathi kwemiphakathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane eziseduze, njenge-bonobos, azibonisi ubudlova obubulalayo phakathi kwamaqembu futhi zibhekwa njengezibekezelela kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lukaNgogo luphikisana kancane nomqondo wokuthi ubudlova babantu obuhlangene Lokhu kungachazwa ngokuyinhloko yizici zamasiko njengenkolo, ubuhlanga, noma imibono. Uma kuma-chimpanzee, angenazo lezi zinto ezingokomfanekiso, ukuhlelwa kabusha kobudlelwano bezenhlalo kanye nokulahlekelwa yizixhumanisi ezibalulekile kwanele ukuqala uchungechunge lobudlova, mhlawumbe ezinhlotsheni zethu kukhona nezindlela ezijulile zobudlelwano ezisebenzisana nezici zamasiko.
Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningana baseSpain bagcizelela lokho Ama-Chimpanzee awakwazi ukusetshenziswa njengezaba ukuze kuthethelelwe ubudlova babantu banamuhla, obuphawulwa yizikhali zokubhubhisa ngobuningi, amasu ezombusazwe ayinkimbinkimbi, kanye namazinga okubhubhisa angenakuqhathaniswa nakwezinye izilwane. Indaba kaNgogo ingase inikeze izinkomba mayelana nezisekelo zezinto eziphilayo zokwahlukana, kodwa ayisusi imiphakathi yabantu emthwalweni wemfanelo.
Lokho uNgogo akwembulayo mayelana nokubumbana, ukuhlukana, nokuthula
Ngale kokubukeka okumangalisayo kwaleli cala, izazi eziningi ze-primatologists zibona uNgogo njengethuba elikhethekile lokuqonda izinga Ubumbano lomphakathi lubuthakathakaIminyaka eminingi, izimfene kulo mphakathi zabelana ngendawo, ziqapha, zizingela, futhi zinakekela izinsana. Ukuhlukana akuzange kwenzeke ngobusuku obubodwa; kwakuwumphumela wokuwohloka kancane kancane kobudlelwano, ukulahlekelwa abantu ababalulekile, kanye nokungezwani okuqongelelekile.
Njengoba ochwepheshe bezokuziphatha kwezilwane besho, isifundo esiwusizo kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi ubudlova abunakugwenywa, kodwa okuphambene nalokho: Ukuthula kudinga ukulungiswa njaloKuma-chimpanzee, ukusebenzisana kokubuyisana, ukuzilungisa, kanye nokubambisana okuguquguqukayo kusiza ekunciphiseni izingxabano. Lapho lezi zindlela zibuthakathaka noma ziyeka ukusebenza, ukuhlukana kungaba yinto engalungiseki.
Kumphakathi wesayensi waseYurophu naseSpain, icala likaNgogo liphinde libonise ukubaluleka kwe- izifundo zesikhathi eside kuma-primatesNgaphandle kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu yokuqapha okuqhubekayo, ngemininingwane eningiliziwe ngokunyakaza, amazinga, ubudlelwano, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana, bekungeke kwenzeke ukwakha kabusha ngokunemba lokhu indlela eyaholela kusukela emphakathini omkhulu ohlangene kuya emaqenjini amabili alwayo.
Ngesikhathi lapho imiphakathi eminingi yezinkawu zase-Afrika isongelwa yi- ukulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlalaLolu hlobo locwaningo, oluphathelene nokuzingela ngokungekho emthethweni kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, alunikezi ulwazi olubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela ngokuziphatha kwabo, kodwa futhi nangokuphathelene izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kulondolozweUkuqonda ukuthi ubukhulu beqembu, ukutholakala kwezinsizakusebenza, noma ukugula kuthinta kanjani ukuzinza komphakathi kungasiza ekwakheni amasu okuvikela asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Ngamafuphi, indaba yempi yombango phakathi kwezinkawu zaseNgogo ikhombisa izinga Umngcele phakathi kokubambisana nokungqubuzana ungaba mncane.Ngisho naphakathi kwabantu abake baphila impilo yonke, lokho okwakuwumphakathi ohlangene sekuguquke kwaba amaqembu amabili agwemanayo, agada imingcele engabonakali, futhi, izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezimbalwa, ahlaselana ngobudlova obukhumbuza ngezinye izikhathi izingxabano zethu, yize buphendula ezindleleni ezahlukene zokucabanga. Kososayensi, lesi sibuko esikude sisebenza kokubili ekuqondeni kangcono lawa ma-primate kanye nokuzindla ngezilinganiso ezibucayi ezisekela imiphakathi yethu.