Ubuwazi ukuthi incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eSpain kwakungeyona inoveli enkulu noma incwadi yefilosofi, kodwa incwadi yesonto? Abaningi bangamangala ukuthola ukuthi umsuka womshini wokunyathelisa ezweni lakithi uhlobene nezizathu zenkolo futhi, ikakhulukazi, nesidingo sokushiya umbhalo ogciniwe wezinqumo zomhlangano wesinodi owawusedolobheni elincane laseCastilian. Lesi senzakalo senzeka ngesikhathi soshintsho olukhulu eYurophu, lapho nje Inguquko yokunyathelisa yaqala ukuguqula ukusabalalisa yolwazi kulo lonke izwekazi.
Kulesi sihloko sizohlola umlando othakazelisayo wencwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngeSpanishi (naseSpain), edumile ethi 'Sinodal de Aguilafuente', kodwa sizobuye sibuyekeze. ezinye iziqophamlando zakuqala zobuciko bokuthayipha endaweni yaseSpain, izimo ezisizungezile, abantu abahilelekile kanye neqhaza lomshini wokunyathelisa emphakathini ngaleso sikhathi. Uma uke wazibuza ukuthi kanjani, nini futhi kungani izincwadi zaqala ukunyatheliswa ezweni lakithi, Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ukuze ufunde zonke izimfihlo nama-anecdotes mayelana ne-incunabula yokuqala yesi-Spanish.
Umongo womlando wokuphrinta eSpain
Kwafika umshini wokunyathelisa ogudlukayo eSpain eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu nje ngemva kokusungulwa kukaJohannes Gutenberg eMainz, eJalimane, ngo-1440. Nakuba uGutenberg aguqula iYurophu ngobuchwepheshe bakhe obusha, kwaze kwaba ngu-1472 lapho umshini wokunyathelisa waqala khona ukusebenza ezweni lakithi, uqhutshwa abanyathelisi bakwamanye amazwe futhi ngaphansi kwethonya leBandla nezicukuthwane zendawo.
Ngalesi sikhathi, iSpain yayiyisizinda semibuso nezindawo lapho kwenziwa ubumbano. Imizila yokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele, ikakhulukazi i-Camino de Santiago, isebenze njengesiteshi sabasanda kufika abavela e-Central Europe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwezomnotho kwamadolobha afana neSegovia, Valencia, neSeville kwenze kwaba lula ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokucobelelana ngolwazi zokunyathelisa.
Umshini wokunyathelisa wawumelela ukweqa kwe-quantum ekudluliselweni kolwazi, okuvumela imibhalo ukuba inyatheliswe ngokushesha, ngokunembile, nangemibhalo emikhulu. Le ntuthuko yaba yisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni okwalandela kwamasiko, imfundo, kanye nokuphatha emibusweni yaseHispanic.
I-Aguilafuente Synod: incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngeSpanishi naseSpain
Udumo lokubhekwa njengencwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eSpain iwela kulokho okubizwa nge-“Sinodal de Aguilafuente”, iqoqo lamarekhodi esonto akhiqizwa phakathi nesinodi yesifunda-bhishobhi eyaqhutshwa ehlobo lika-1472 edolobheni lase-Aguilafuente, eSegovia. Lo msebenzi unokubaluleka okungangatshazwa komlando ngoba washicilelwa encwadini indawo yokusebenzela esanda kufakwa yephrinta yaseJalimane uJuan Parix waseHeidelberg, owethula umshini wokunyathelisa eSegovia ngesicelo sikaMbhishobhi uJuan Arias Dávila.
I-'Aguilafuente Synod' inamakhasi aphrintiwe angama-48 namakhasi angenalutho ayishumi nane, enzelwe ukurekhoda amanothi engeziwe kulandela izinqumo zesinodi. Ukuma kwayo kuncane, 235 x 175 mm, futhi iphepha elisetshenzisiwe lenziwe ngemicu yelineni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi unyaka noma igama lomshicileli aliveli encwadini, okwadala ukungabaza okukhulu nenkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nedethi yayo yangempela yokunyathelisa.
Ngokokuqukethwe, iSinodi ibeka izindinganiso, izibopho, namalungelo abefundisi nabathembekile okwakumelwe bawalandele, ngokwemibandela yombhishobhi. Inhloso yayiwukubhala phansi—ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obusha bomshini wokunyathelisa—imithetho eyayizosiza ekugwemeni izaba ngenxa yokungabi nalwazi ebandleni lendawo.
Ikhophi eyodwa kuphela esele, igadwe ngomona eSegovia Cathedral. Ukutholwa kwayo ngo-1930 nguCristino Valverde ongumgcini womlando waqeda amakhulu eminyaka yokunganakwa, okusivumela ukuba silazi futhi siwazise namuhla ngokufaneleka kwawo kwangempela.
Ukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso kanye namagugu ale ncwadi ukuthi minyaka yonke, edolobheni lase-Aguilafuente, kwenziwa ukulingisa okungokomlando okuvuselela umoya kanye nezinhlamvu zesinodi sokuqala. Lo mcimbi uheha izivakashi eziningi futhi usiza ukugcina inkumbulo yalesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando esikweni laseSpain.
Eminye imisebenzi yokuphayona: izincwadi nemifanekiso ekunyatheliseni kweSpanishi ekuqaleni
Ngokushesha ngemva kokunyatheliswa kweSinodi Se-Aguilafuente, amanye amadolobha aseSpain aqala ukugqama emkhakheni wokunyathelisa. U-Valencia, isibonelo, wabona ukuzalwa kwencwadi yokuqala yokubhala eyanyatheliswa eSpain ngo-1474: i-"Trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria".
Leli qoqo lezinkondlo liqukethe izingoma ezingama-45 (ikakhulukazi ngesiValencian, kanye nezinye ngeSpanishi nesiNtaliyane) ezinikezelwe ukuphakamisa isibalo seNcasakazi. Yanyatheliswa nguLambert Palmart ngaphansi kobuholi bukaViceroy Lluís Despuig kanye nembongi uBernat Fenollar, umuntu owaziwa kakhulu emibuthanweni yamasiko yaseValencia.
Noma idethi eqondile yokuphrinta negama lephrinta kungacacisiwe ku-colophon, abagxeki bathole ukuthi kufanele ukuthi ishicilelwe ngalowo nyaka, 1474. Ikhophi eyodwa kuphela esindayo, egcinwe e-University of Valencia Library, ebuye ikhulise idokhumentari yayo kanye nenani lemizwa kubantu baseValencia.
I-Fasciculus temporum
Mayelana nomfanekiso, Incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eSpain ngemidwebo ethi “Fasciculus temporum”, eyenziwe eSeville ngo-1480 ku-workshop kaBartolomé Segura no-Alonso del Puerto. Lo msebenzi wesazi esingumJalimane u-Werner Rolenvick udume ngokuqoshwa kwawo ngokhuni, eziyishumi kuzo ezingezokuqala nezine ziyimpinda, ezibonisa izigcawu eziseBhayibhelini nezezinganekwane. Izinga lobuciko nezobuchwepheshe lale mifanekiso lalinjalo kangangokuba lithathwa njengesibonelo sokuqamba okusha okukhethekile ngesikhathi sayo.
Ukunwetshwa komshini wokunyathelisa eSpain kanye nomthelela wawo kwamasiko
Ngemva kokuphumelela kweshabhu kaJuan Parix yaseSegovia, umshini wokunyathelisa waqala ukusungulwa kwamanye amadolobha oyisihluthulelo sempilo yezwe yengqondo nengokwenkolo. E-Barcelona naseValencia, umsebenzi wokunyathelisa ubhalwe kusukela ngo-1473, ngenkathi ufika eSeville ngo-1477 naseSalamanca ngo-1488, idolobha lokugcina lalimiselwe ukuba libe isikhungo senyuvesi esihamba phambili ngesikhathi seRenaissance.
Abashicileli bokuqala babevame ukuba abokufika, ikakhulukazi amaJalimane namaNtaliyane, nakuba ochwepheshe bendawo bangenela kancane kancane. Ukusekelwa kweSonto nokuvikelwa kobukhosi, ikakhulukazi aMakhosi AmaKatolika, kwakubalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwemishini yokunyathelisa, nayo eyayijabulela izinzuzo zentela nezangaphandle phakathi neminyaka yayo yokuqala, njengoba ibonakala emithethweni ehlukahlukene.
Phakathi kwe-incunabula ephawuleka kakhulu egcinwe ku-National Library of Spain Okugqamile kufaka phakathi izingcezu ezifana nekaJohannes Balbus ethi "Catholicon", ephrintwe e-Mainz, noma i-“Lux bella seu Artis cantus” (incwadi yokuqala enomculo eyanyatheliswa eSpain, ngo-1492). Iqoqo le-incunabula yesi-Spanish namuhla lingenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu, namakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa atholakalayo kubacwaningi kanye nomphakathi jikelele.
Izinguqulo zakuqala bezivame ukugxila emibhalweni yezomthetho, yezenkolo, yezokwelapha, yemibhalo, neye-didactic. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo i-Grammar kaNebrija, eyanyatheliswa eSalamanca ngo-1492, ebhekwa njengencwadi yokuqala yolimi lwesiCastilian nesici esibalulekile emlandweni wolimi lweSpanishi.
Ilukuluku nezimpikiswano mayelana nencwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngeSpanishi
Eminyakeni edlule, ukuthi ingubani incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eSpain kuye kwaba yimpikiswano phakathi kwezazi. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi imisebenzi efana ne-“Grammar” ka-Mates (Barcelona), i-“Ethica, Oeconomica et Politica” ka-Aristotle (mhlawumbe eZaragoza noma e-Barcelona), noma “iSacramental” kaClemente Sánchez Vercial (enyatheliswe eSeville) ingaphatha lolu dumo.
Enye ithiyori esabalele yanikeza lokhu kufaneleka kokuthi "Imisebenzi Nezinkathazo Emahoreni E-Verge Maria", iqoqo lezinkondlo ezishiwo ngenhla zase-Valencian. Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lwakamuva kanye nokutholakala kwekhophi ye-Segovia kwasusa ukungabaza futhi kwahlanganisa i-'Sinodal de Aguilafuente' njengencwadi yokuqala ephrintwe kahle e-Spain.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi “incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa eSpain” ivame ukudideka “nencwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa ngeSpanishi.” Nakuba i-Synod ka-Aguilafuente ingeyokuqala kuyo yomibili imizwa, enye incunabula yakuqala ngesi-Spanish, njenge-Grammar ka-Nebrija noma izinguqulo zezenkolo nezomthetho, zibe negalelo elikhulu ekwandeni nasekumisweni kolimi lwesiCastilian.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi wochwepheshe kanye nokutholakala kwezibonelo zangempela, Namuhla singakwazi ukulandelela kanye nosuku ngokunembe kakhudlwana umsuka wokunyathelisa ezweni lakithi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuntuleka okuvamile kwamakholophoni kanye nedatha ephrintiwe ezincwadini zokuqala, kuhlale kunethuba lokuthi okunye okusha okutholakele kunganyakazisa ukuvumelana kwamanje.
I-Aguilafuente Synod namuhla: ukongiwa kwemvelo, amafaksi kanye nokusabalalisa
Ikhophi kuphela yeSinodi ye-Aguilafuente isasele e-Segovia Cathedral, kodwa ama-facsimile editions enziwe ukuze afundwe futhi aboniswe. Esinye sezikhathi ezinyakazisa kakhulu ukwethulwa kwefaksi esontweni i-Aguilafuente uqobo, umcimbi ovuselele inkumbulo yomlando wedolobha futhi wasebenza njengezaba zokuhlela izingqungquthela, imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi, kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini.
Njengamanje, iNational Library yaseSpain nayo ikhombisa leli gugu. embukisweni wakhe othi “Incunabula”, enikezelwe ukusabalalisa ifa le-typographic yekhulu le-15 nele-16. Lo mbukiso uhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwe-incunabula engu-3.200 eyenza iqoqo layo futhi ibonise amathuluzi okubhala nokubhala, kuhlanganise nomfanekiso womshini wokunyathelisa wekhulu le-XNUMX.
Kubacwaningi kanye nabathandi bezincwadi ezindala, ukufakwa kwedijithali kwalezi ze-incunabula kubonisa impumelelo enkulu. Eziningi zazo sezivele zitholakala ku-inthanethi, okwenza kube lula ukuxhumana nazo futhi zithokozelwe ababukeli emhlabeni jikelele.
