Sekungamashumi eminyaka, umbuzo ofanayo usihlupha: kungenzeka yini ukuthi inja ikhulume? Ilukuluku liye lenyuka lisuka ezindabeni nakuthelevishini liye ezindaweni zokucwaninga, lapho behlola ngengilazi yokukhulisa izingane ukuthi inja iyakwazi yini ukukhuluma. isisekelo sangempela sebhayoloji lokho kuvumela okuthile okufana nenkulumo yomuntu kubangane bethu be-canine.
Ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva ngelebhu ye-BARKS yase-Eötvös Loránd University (Hungary), eshicilelwe ku-Biologia Futura, ihlola esikwaziyo nesingakwaziyo: i-anatomy, cognition, evolution, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Inhloso yakho akukhona ukukhuphula okulindelweyo, kodwa hlukanisa ubufakazi nomsindo futhi ucacise ukuthi umqondo “wenja ekhulumayo” unengqondo engakanani ngokwesayensi.
Inja ingakhuluma? Yini isayensi ephenyayo
Ithimba laseHungary—nabacwaningi abafana noTamás Faragó, uRita Lenkei, no-Paula Pérez Fraga—baphendule lo mbuzo ngama-engeli amaningana: izisetshenziswa zezwi, ukucutshungulwa kokuzwa, ukufunda, ukwenziwa kwasekhaya, kanye nezinzuzo zokuguquguquka. Ukube inkulumo ibilokhu intuthuko ecacile ezimpilweni zezinja, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo cishe ngabe kwaphushela kuleyo ndlela, kodwa azikho izimpawu zokucindezela okunjalo.
Ngaphandle kwenganekwane, isayensi isikhumbuza ukuthi ezinye iziqephu zomlando (noma zamanje zegciwane) lapho inja ibonakala sengathi "ithi" amagama ayincazelo yomuntu yemisindo engaqondakali. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi ukukhohlisa kokuzwa noma ukuziphatha okuqinisiwe, hhayi ulimi.
Ukubuyekeza kubeka inkulumo-mpikiswano esimweni sayo esifanele: ukuhlola ukuthi izinja zinazo yini izisekelo zokwakha (ukulawula izwi, inkumbulo eguquguqukayo yamazwi, ukucabanga okuhlangene) okuvumela uhlobo lwenkulumo olungajwayelekile. Kuze kube manje, ubufakazi bubonisa lokho ungafinyeleli emngceleni wolimi, nakuba ukuxhumana kwabo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Amakhono okuxhumana e-canine abonisiwe
Izinja zibonisa amakhono amangalisayo lapho zixhumana nathi. Bangakwazi ukuhlobanisa amagama nezenzo ezivamile noma izinto (igama labo, "hamba," "ukudla"), bahlukanise amathoni ezwi, futhi, kwezinye izimo, qaphela abantu ngezwi labo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuzibona, futhi ukhiqize ukukhonkotha kuqondiswe kwezinye izinja.
Ngokwe-anatomically, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-canine vocal tract ivumela ukunyakaza okuguquguqukayo kwe-larynx kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamafrikhwensi e-formant kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Lokhu kuphakamisa ezinye ukuguquguquka kwezwi ukukhiqiza imisindo ehlukene, nakuba ingalingani nokuveza amafonimu njengabantu.
Futhi banokuzwela okuhle kakhulu komphakathi: ukubheka ngamehlo, ukufunda ukuthinta, umongo wokuhumusha kanye nesimo somzwelo sobuntu babo. Le ndlela yokukhuluma iphumelela kangangokuthi ngokuvamile yenza amagama angabi nesidingo, ngoba Bakwazi ukuxhumanisa ngokusebenzisa amasignali ukuthi babambe ngempukane.
- Bahlobanisa amagama avamile nolwazi oluphathekayo, ukufunda okusekelwe kukho ukuqinisa.
- Bahlukanisa amaphethini ephimbo futhi bangabandlulula izilimi kwaziwa ngabantu abangabazi.
- Bahumusha ukubukeka, ukuma kanye nesigqi sokusebenzelana nokuphawulekayo ukunemba komphakathi.
Imingcele evimbela inkulumo
Umngcele uvela lapho sicela ulimi ngokwalo. Izinja azinakho ukunemba okudingekayo emphinjeni wazo, iphimbo lazo alilungiselelwanga ukukhiqiza uhlu oluzinzile lwamafonemi, futhi, ezingeni lengqondo, Awahlanganisi amagama abe nezakhiwo nge-syntax kanye ne-semantics eqhathaniswa neyabantu.
Ngokwemibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ayikho inzuzo ecacile "yokufunda ukukhuluma" ngezinhlobo zezilwane. Umsebenzi wasekhaya uthande amanye amakhono—njengokuqonda izimpawu zomuntu kanye nokubambisana—axazulula impilo yansuku zonke ngaphandle kokuphimisela. Ukuphoqelela ukukhuluma kungalimaza. okungadingekile futhi okuphambene nalokho ngenhlalakahle yakho.
Ababhali baphinde baxwayise ngokuthi kungenzeka “isigodi esingaqondakali” esisetshenziswa ezilwaneni: inja eyenza imisindo eyeqisayo yomuntu ingase ibangele ukwenqatshwa esikhundleni sokusondelana. Lolu hlobo lwe i-hybridization yokwenziwa Kungaphula imvelo yesibopho esivele sisebenza kahle ngokubukeka, ukuthinta namathoni.
Ubuchwepheshe, izinkinobho kanye nengozi ye-anthropomorphizing
Eminyakeni yamuva, amabhodi anezinkinobho ezidlala amagama kanye namakholomu "ahlakaniphile" athandwa kakhulu. Ezinye izinja zizisebenzisa ukuze zicele izinto, kodwa ubufakazi obukhona bubonisa ukuthi ziyasabela amaphethini wokulungisa, hhayi ekuqondeni kolimi ngomqondo oqinile.
Ukuphambanisa lawa makhono nolimi kungakhulisa okulindelekile futhi kuholele emikhubeni yokunganaki (ukuqeqeshwa ngokweqile, ukuchayeka ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ukukhuliswa kwezingane). Ukubuyekeza kudinga ukuqapha: gxila kakhulu kukho ukuthi sebexhumana kanjani izinja futhi ugweme ukuveza amakhono omuntu phezu kwazo ezingenawo.
Kungani lolu cwaningo lubalulekile
Ukufunda ukuxhumana kwenja nomuntu kunikeza iwindi ngezigaba zakuqala zolimi ohlotsheni lwethu. Njengoba singenakukwazi ukuphinda sidale umsuka wenkulumo, izibonelo zokuqhathanisa—kulokhu, uhlobo oluthile ezifuywayo futhi esondelene emphakathini- siza ukucacisa ukuthi yimaphi amakhono angaphambili okungenzeka ukuthi abeka isisekelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphumela inemiphumela engokoqobo. Ezinkambini ezifana ne-social robotics kanye ne-ethorobotics, ukuqonda ukuthi izinja zifunda kanjani amasignali ethu kungakhuthaza amarobhothi abanekhono ngaphezulu ekusebenzelaneni nabantu, ngaphandle kokulindela ukuthi “bakhulume” njengabantu.
Isithombe esivelayo sicacile: izinja zingabaxhumanisi abakhethekile, kodwa ngezinye izindlela ngaphandle kwamagama. Ukuqaphela imingcele yabo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amandla abo—umongo wokufunda, ukuvumelana kwemizwelo, nokuxhumana ngaphandle kwezwi—kuvumela ukuhlalisana okunenhlonipho eyengeziwe futhi, ngokulandelayo, isifundisa ukulalela kangcono abakushoyo ngaphandle kokukusho.
