" Ukudla kwe-Paleolithic " kwangempela kwembulwa kithi ngamaNeanderthal, ngokusebenzisa izinsalela zokudla okuneminyaka engu-70.000 ubudala okutholakale eShanidar Cave, e-Iraq. Kungukudla okuphekiwe okudala kakhulu okwake kwatholakala emhlabeni.
Yini amaNeanderthal ayeyidla ? Kuze kube manje, besilokhu sikholelwa ukuthi ukudla kwezinhlobo ezaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engaba ngu-40 eyedlule eYurophu nase-Asia kwakuhlanganisa iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lenyama, futhi inani lokudla okunomsoco lezitshalo lalibhekwa njengeliphansi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwengxenye, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela ezishisiwe zokudla okudala kakhulu okutholakala emhlabeni kwembula ukudla okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Imibono ecatshangelwe ngaphambili futhi iyiphutha ye-Neanderthal
Akulona iqiniso ukuthi abazingeli nabaqoqi bePaleolithic babedla cishe inyama kuphela: ukudla kwabo kwahlukahluka kuye ngesimo sezulu, indawo, kanye nezinkathi zonyaka.
Manje, kuyiqiniso ukuthi bazingela futhi badla inyama. Eqinisweni, izimpawu zezikhali emathanjeni ezilwane zibonisa ukuthi uHomo wayenikela ngenyama eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule. Kodwa ukudla kwabo kwakubanzi kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ingabe siyaqiniseka ngempela ukuthi abazingeli nabaqoqi bePaleolithic (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,5–10,000 eyedlule) babedla inyama kakhulu futhi benama-carbohydrate ambalwa kakhulu? Akusikho okokuqala ochwepheshe bebuza lo mbuzo (futhi baphendula kabi). UHerman Pontzer, isazi semvelo esiziphendukela kwemvelo eDuke University (USA), naye wafinyelela iziphetho ezifanayo nozakwabo: ukudla kokhokho bethu kwakuhlukahluka futhi kuthonywe yizici eziningana, okuhlanganisa isimo sezulu, indawo, kanye nokudla kwesizini.
Isidlo sakusihlwa sase-Neanderatl…
“Umzala” wethu waseNeanderthal wayeyingcweti yangempela ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, njengezilwane ezinkulu nezinsikazi . Lapho sezibanjiwe, izilwane zazihlatshwa, zinqunywe zibe yizicucu, bese zithuthwa ziyiswe emakamu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, emhumeni, ezinye zazimatasa zivuselela amalahle. Ngosizo lwezinduku noma amathambo amade (ayesebenza njengemichilo), “ama-steak,” noma izingcezu ezinethambo elinamathele, zazisondezwa eduze kwamalahle avuthayo. Ezinhlangothini zomlilo, indle (izitho zangaphakathi) yayipheka kancane, ibhekwa njengento emnandi ngempela.
Ukuthinta kompheki? Amahlumela ambalwa amakhambi anuka kamnandi aphonswa emlilweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka . Lapho ukudla sekulungile—nakuba kungase kubonakale kungavamile kakhulu ekunambithekeni kwethu manje—wonke umuntu wayethatha ucezu lwenyama alume kulo, aludabule emathanjeni ngamazinyo nangezandla zakhe. Ukusikwa okunzima kakhulu kwakungakhuhlwa ngezikrweqe (okuwukuphela kwezinto zokusila ngaleso sikhathi), kuyilapho abanye abantu babephula amathambo amade ukuze bakhiphe umongo onomsoco. Lena incazelo enembile yalokho okwenzeka esidlweni sakusihlwa saseNeanderthal, kodwa namuhla siyazi ukuthi kwakukhona okungaphezu kwalokho…
Kwabathandi bezempilo
Ukumba okwenziwe yithimba lososayensi, eliholwa nguChris Hunt, uprofesa we-paleoecology yamasiko eLiverpool John Moores University, eShanidar Cave, indawo yokuhlala yasendulo yamaNeanderthal etholakala phansi kwezintaba zaseZagros (800 km enyakatho yeBaghdad), e-Iraq, kusiphoqa ukuthi sishintshe umbono wethu ngokudla kwabo, okwakubhekwa njengokuyisicefe futhi okuvame kakhulu ukudla inyama.
Ukutholakala kwezinsalela zokudla ezishisiwe okusukela eminyakeni engaba ngu-70.000 kwembula ukuthi amaNeanderthal “ayekhathalela impilo yabantu abaphila impilo ephithizelayo .” Ngempela, izinsalela zokudla zibonisa ubufakazi bokudla okuyinkimbinkimbi, okwakuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi kanye nemifino.
Kodwa... Yikuphi ukudla kwe-paleo noma ukudla kwe-Neanderthal?
Engxoxweni nomagazini i-Knowable, uPontzer uchaza lokho akufundile ngokuwabuka futhi wabona ukuthi yimaphi amaphutha asenza sacabanga ukuthi ukudla kwe-paleo kwakusekelwe cishe ekudleni inyama kuphela.
Ngokusho kukaPontzer, kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani uma ucabanga ngePaleolithic umhlobanise ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuzingela kanye nokudla okucebile ngenyama yezilwane.
Okokuqala, kukhona iqiniso lokuthi sicabanga ngendoda : "Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imisebenzi eminingi ye-ethnographic yabhalwa amadoda futhi igxile emisebenzini yamadoda," kuchaza uchwepheshe. Kodwa nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi amadoda ayezingela , abesifazane babuthana : yingakho igebe ezifundweni kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ukuzingela kwakuwumthombo oyinhloko wokondla.
Ukudla kwe-Neanderthal kwakuncike kakhulu endaweni ababekuyo
Okwesibili, idatha ye-ethnographic esinayo ibhekisela ikakhulukazi kubantu abasenyakatho (i-Arctic, isibonelo), empeleni abadla inyama eningi ukuze baphile esimweni sezulu esibi. Kodwa abantu ababehlala eduze nolwandle noma imifula babedla izinhlanzi eziningi; Labo ababehlala emahlathini noma ezindaweni ezinotshani babedla kakhulu izitshalo.
Amasu athuthukisiwe we-Neanderthals
Izingcezu zokudla okushisiwe, ezihlaziywe nge-scanning electron microscope, zibonise ukusetshenziswa kwezingcezu zembewu, amangqamuzana ezitshalo atholakala kukolweni kanye nemifino : mhlawumbe amaNeanderthal, ngemva kokulinganisela phakathi kwezindleko nezinzuzo, akwazile ukuhlonza izinto zokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo, ababezisebenzisa njengokudla okuyisisekelo, okucebile ngama-carbohydrate, kodwa futhi okulula ukuziqoqa nokuzilungisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe ngokuzama namaphutha, amaNeanderthal ayeqaphele ukuthi ukupheka ukudla kuveza izinzuzo : okokuqala, kuhlanza ukudla (ngisho noma babengazi), kwaba mnandi, futhi ukushisa kwashintsha amaprotheni, okwenza kube lula ukugayeka. Ukupheka imifino kwenza izitashi namaprotheni amuncwa kalula ngumzimba, kanti i-barbecue enhle yenyama yasendle yabangela ukuthi i-collagen ilahlekelwe yisakhiwo sayo se-fibrous, okwenza amaprotheni abe lula ukugayeka.
Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela zokupheka...
Ukuze kuqiniswe umbono wokudla okuhlukahlukene nokunokulinganisela , ithimba liphinde lahlaziya ezinye izingcezu zasendulo zokudla okushisiwe ezitholakale eFranchthi Cave, eGrisi, indawo yemivubukulo eyenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-12.000 edlule. Ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela emibili, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukudla kwe-Paleolithic kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi bathola nokuthi kwakuhilela izigaba eziningana zokulungiselela ukudla.
"Kuzo zombili izindawo, okokuqala ngqa, sinobufakazi bokuthi ubhontshisi wawucwiliswe ngaphambi kokupheka nokuthi imbewu yachotshozwa futhi yaxutshwa ngaphambi kokuba idliwe , kokubili ngamaNeanderthal kanye namaHomo sapiens okuqala," kusho uSolwazi Ceren Kabukcu, isazi semivubukulo e-University of Liverpool Centre esigxile kwi-archaeobotany, owahola ucwaningo lokuqhathanisa.
Imigede yaseFranchthi iyindawo yemivubukulo eGreece (Argolida) enezinsalela zobukhona bomuntu kusukela kuPaleolithic kuya kweMesolithic. Okutholakele kunikeza isithombe esinemininingwane ye-pre-agriculture phakathi kuka-13.000 no-11.000 BC. C. Uhlaka lwamathambo omuntu oludala kunawo wonke aziwa eGreece luhlehlela emuva enkulungwaneni yesishiyagalolunye, endaweni yokuqoshama, ubufakazi bomkhuba wehlelo owandile eMedithera Yurophu, nama-obsidian flakes avela esiqhingini saseMilos, akha omunye wemikhondo emidala kakhulu yokuhamba olwandle.
isiko gastronomic
“Imiphumela yokuhlaziya kwethu iyamangaza,” kuphetha uHunt, owaqondisa ukumba eShanidar, “iyisibonakaliso sokuqala sangempela sokukhetha ukudla okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke sokuba khona kwesiko lokudla, phakathi kwamaNeanderthal . Mina nozakwethu saze sazama ngisho nokuphinda sidale enye yezindlela zokupheka, sisebenzisa lokho esasingakuqoqa eduze koMhume waseShanidar. Umphumela? Okumnandi: uhlobo lwe-focaccia enambitheka njenge-hazelnut.”
Ubufakazi balahleke ngesikhathi
Isici sokugcina esisekele umbono wokuthi okhokho bethu babephila ngokuzingela ubufakazi bemivubukulo obusekhona kuze kube namuhla: “Amathuluzi amatshe nezimpawu zezikhali ezinamazinyo emathanjeni ezilwane zimelana novivinyo lwesikhathi kahle kakhulu ,” kusho uPontzer. Izinti zokhuni ezisetshenziselwa ukumba nokutshala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziwohloka ngokushesha.
Hazda, iwindi lesikhathi esedlule
U-Pontzer uye wafunda ngokujulile imikhuba yamaHadza, umphakathi wabazingeli abangamakhulu ambalwa abahlala enyakatho yeTanzania.
Imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo, eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Annual Journal of Nutrition , ichaza inani labantu abaphila ngendlela efanayo naleyo ababephila ngayo enkathini yamaPaleolithic, bedla inyama ezingelwa ngezikhali eziyisisekelo futhi beqoqa izithelo, amajikijolo, ikakhulukazi uju. Amadoda azingela ngemicibisholo nemicibisholo, kuyilapho abesifazane beqoqa ukudla kwezitshalo ngesandla noma ngokumba ngezinduku. Ukubuka indlela lezi zizwe eziphila ngayo manje kusisiza siqonde ukuthi abantu babephila kanjani esikhathini esidlule, ngoba laba bantu bakude kakhulu nobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nokunethezeka futhi baziphatha ngendlela okhokho bethu ababeziphatha ngayo.
Akukho ukudla okunempilo okukodwa.
Ukudla kwe-Hadza kushintsha kakhulu lapho kushintsha isikhathi sonyaka: ngoFebhuwari badla ikakhulukazi uju (ukudla okunothe ngama-carbohydrates nama-calories), ngo-July kumajikijolo nango-September enyameni. Okubalulekile esikufundiswa ngabamaHadza yikuthi umuntu angaba nempilo ngokudla ukudla okutshiyeneyo. Okuwukuphela kokudla okufanele sikugweme ukuze uhlale uphilile yilokho esikwazi namuhla njengokudla okungenamsoco.