Iqiniso "ukudla kwe-paleolithic” Indoda yaseNeanderthal (Neanderthal) iyasitshela, ngezinsalela zesidlo saminyaka engu-70.000 edlule, esatholakala emhumeni waseShanidar, e-Iraq. Iwukudla okuphekiwe okudala kakhulu okwake kwatholakala emhlabeni.
¿Yikuphi ukudla okwakudliwa amaNeanderthal?? Kuze kube manje, besilokhu sikholelwa ukuthi ukudla kwezinhlobo eziphila kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engaba ngu-40 XNUMX edlule eYurophu nase-Asia kwakuhlanganisa iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lenyama, futhi inani lokudla okunomsoco wemifino lalibukelwa phansi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokwengxenye, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela ezishisiwe zokudla okudala kakhulu okutholakala emhlabeni kuveza ukudla okuguquke kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Imibono ecatshangelwe ngaphambili futhi iyiphutha ye-Neanderthal
Akulona iqiniso ukuthi abazingeli be-Paleolithic badla cishe inyama kuphela: sUkudla kwabo kwakuhlukahluka kuye ngesimo sezulu, indawo kanye nezinkathi zonyaka.
Manje, kuyiqiniso ukuthi bazingela futhi badla inyama. Eqinisweni, izimpawu zezikhali emathanjeni ezilwane zibonisa ukuthi uHomo wayenikela ngenyama eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule. Kodwa ukudla kwabo kwakubanzi kakhulu futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ingabe siqinisekile ngempela ukuthi abazingeli be-Paleolithic (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,5–10 edlule) babedla kakhulu inyama kanye nama-carbohydrate ambalwa kakhulu? Akukhona okokuqala ukuthi ochwepheshe babuze lo mbuzo (futhi baphendule kabi). UHerman Pontzer, isazi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo eDuke University (USA), naye wafinyelela eziphethweni ezifanayo kozakwabo: lUkudla kokhokho bethu kwakuhlukahlukene futhi yathonywa izici ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa isimo sezulu, indawo, kanye nenkathi yokudla.
Isidlo sakusihlwa sase-Neanderatl…
"Umzala" wethu wakwaNeanderthal wayengumpetha weqiniso ekuzingeleni izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, njenge isilwane esikhulukazi kanye nenyathi. Lapho izilwane sezibanjiwe, zazihlatshwa, zihlukaniswe izingcezu, bese ziyiswa emakamu. Khonamanjalo, emgedeni kwakukhona ababematasa bevusa amalahle. Ngosizo lwezinti noma amathambo amade (ayesebenza njenge-skewers), "ama-steaks" noma izingcezu ezinethambo zazilethwa eduze namalahle avuthayo. Emaceleni omlilo, i-offal (izitho zangaphakathi) ziphekwe kancane kancane, zibhekwa njengento emnandi ngempela.
Ukuthinta kompheki? Izinzipho ama-sprigs amakhambi anephunga elimnandi aphonswa emlilweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka. Lapho ukudla sekulungile, nakuba cishe kwakuyoba yivelakancane ngokuthanda kwethu manje, wonke umuntu wayethatha ucezu lwenyama alulume, alususe ethanjeni ngamazinyo nangezandla. Izingcezu eziqinile zazingase zisikwe ngama-scrapers (okuwukuphela kwezinto zokusika ngaleso sikhathi), kuyilapho abanye abantu bephula amathambo amade ukuze kukhishwe umnkantsha onomsoco. Lena incazelo enembe kakhulu yalokho okwenzeka ephathini yesidlo sakusihlwa sase-Neanderthal, kodwa namuhla siyazi ukuthi bekunokuningi kunalokho...
Kwabathandi bezempilo
Ukumba okwenziwa ithimba lososayensi, eliholwa nguChris Hunt, uprofesa we-paleoecology yamasiko e-Liverpool John Moores University, eShanidar Cave, indawo yokuhlala yasendulo yaseNeanderthal, engaphansi kwezintaba zaseZagros (800 km enyakatho yeBaghdad), e-Iraq. , kusiphoqa ukuthi sishintshe imiqondo yethu mayelana nokudla kwabo, kuze kube manje kubhekwa njengokudliwayo futhi ikakhulukazi edla inyama.
Ukutholakala kwezinsalela zokudla ezishisiwe eminyakeni engaba ngu-70.000 XNUMX edlule kuveza ukuthi amaNeanderthal "impilo paleo conscious". Ngempela, izinsalela zokudla ziqukethe umkhondo wokudla okuyinkimbinkimbi, okwakuhlanganisa nokusetshenziswa okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu, nemifino.
Kodwa... Yikuphi ukudla kwe-paleo noma ukudla kwe-Neanderthal?
Engxoxweni nomagazini owaziwayo, U-Pontzer uchaza lokho akufunda ngokuwabheka nokuthi yimaphi amaphutha asenze sacabanga ukuthi ukudla kwe-paleo kwakusekelwe cishe ekusetshenzisweni kwenyama kuphela.
Ngokusho kukaPontzer, kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani uma ucabanga ngePaleolithic umhlobanise ngokuzenzakalelayo nokuzingela kanye nokudla okucebile ngenyama yezilwane.
Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi umuntu ucabanga a indoda: "Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, izincwadi eziningi ze-ethnographic zabhalwa amadoda futhi zigxile emsebenzini wamadoda," kuchaza uchwepheshe. Kodwa uma kuyiqiniso lokho amadoda ezingelwayo, abesifazane baqoqa: yingakho igebe ezifundweni kanye nenkolelo yokuthi ukuzingela kwakuyiyona ndlela yokuziphilisa.
Ukudla kwe-Neanderthal kwakuncike kakhulu endaweni ababekuyo
Okwesibili, idatha ye-ethnographic esinayo ibhekisela ikakhulukazi kubantu abasenyakatho (i-Arctic, isibonelo), empeleni abadla inyama eningi ukuze baphile esimweni sezulu esibi. Kodwa abantu ababehlala eduze nolwandle noma imifula babedla izinhlanzi eziningi; Labo ababehlala emahlathini noma ezindaweni ezinotshani babedla kakhulu izitshalo.
Amasu athuthukisiwe we-Neanderthals
Izingcezu zokudla ezishisiwe, ezihlaziywe ngesibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena, zabonisa ukusetshenziswa izingcezu zembewu, amangqamuzana ezitshalo atholakala kukolo nemifino: Mhlawumbe ama-Neanderthal, ngemva kokulinganisa phakathi kwezindleko nezinzuzo, ayekwazile ukuhlonza izinto zokusetshenziswa kwemifino, ayezisebenzisa njengokudla okuyisisekelo, okucebile kuma-carbohydrate, kodwa futhi kulula ukuqoqa nokuzilungiselela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, mhlawumbe ngokuqhubeka ngokuzama nangephutha, abakwaNeanderthal babekutholile lokho ukupheka ukudla kukhiqizwa izinzuzo: Okokuqala, zafakwa inzalo (ngisho noma bezingakwazi), zaba tastier futhi ukushisa kwashintsha amaprotheni ekudleni, okwenza kugayeke kakhulu. Ukupheka imifino kwenza isitashi namaprotheni athandeka kalula emzimbeni, kuyilapho izoso ezinhle zezilwane zasendle zabangela ukuba i-collagen ilahlekelwe ukwakheka kwayo okunemicu, okwenza amaprotheni amunce kalula.
Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezindlela zokupheka...
Ukuqinisa umbono wokuthi a ukudla okuhlukahlukene nokulinganisela kahleIthimba liphinde lahlaziya ezinye izingcezwana zasendulo zokudla okushisiwe ezitholakala e-Franchthi Cave eGreece, isizinda semivubukulo eyakhiwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-12.000 XNUMX edlule. Ngokuqhathanisa le miphumela emibili, ososayensi bathola ukuthi ukudla kwe-Paleolithic kuyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani futhi bathola ukuthi kuhilela izigaba eziningana zokulungiselela ukudla.
“Kuzo zombili lezi zindawo, ngokokuqala ngqa, sinobufakazi bokuthi imidumba yayicwiliswa ngaphambi kokuphekwa nokuthi imbewu yayichotshozwa futhi ixutshwe ngaphambi kokuba idliwe, ngabakwaNeanderthals kanye namaHomo sapiens akuqala," kusho uSolwazi Ceren Kabukcu, isazi semivubukulo kulesi sikhungo. IYunivesithi yaseLiverpool igxile kwi-archaeobotany, eyahola i- isifundo sokuqhathanisa.
Imigede yaseFranchthi iyindawo yemivubukulo eGreece (Argolida) enezinsalela zobukhona bomuntu kusukela kuPaleolithic kuya kweMesolithic. Okutholakele kunikeza isithombe esinemininingwane ye-pre-agriculture phakathi kuka-13.000 no-11.000 BC. C. Uhlaka lwamathambo omuntu oludala kunawo wonke aziwa eGreece luhlehlela emuva enkulungwaneni yesishiyagalolunye, endaweni yokuqoshama, ubufakazi bomkhuba wehlelo owandile eMedithera Yurophu, nama-obsidian flakes avela esiqhingini saseMilos, akha omunye wemikhondo emidala kakhulu yokuhamba olwandle.
isiko gastronomic
"Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwethu iyamangaza," kuphetha uHunt, owaxhumanisa ukumba kukaShanidar, "iwuphawu lokuqala lwangempela lokukhetha ukudla okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuba khona kwesiko lokudla, phakathi kwamaNeanderthals. Mina nozakwethu saze sazama ukwenza kabusha enye yezindlela zokupheka, sisebenzisa lokho esingakuqoqa eduze komhume waseShanidar. Umphumela? Okumnandi: uhlobo lwe-focaccia enama-hazelnut."
Ubufakazi balahleke ngesikhathi
Isici sokugcina esivune ukuqinisekiswa kombono wokuthi okhokho bethu babephila ikakhulukazi ekuzingeleni ubufakazi bemivubukulo obusekhona kuze kube namuhla: "Amathuluzi amatshe kanye nezimpawu zommese emathanjeni ezilwane zimelana kahle kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi", uPontzer ubonisa. Izinti zokhuni ezisetshenziselwa ukumba nokutshala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziwohloka ngokushesha.
Hazda, iwindi lesikhathi esedlule
U-Pontzer uye wafunda ngokujulile imikhuba yamaHadza, umphakathi wabazingeli abangamakhulu ambalwa abahlala enyakatho yeTanzania.
Imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe, eshicilelwe ku-Annual Nutrition Magazine, khuluma ngenani labantu eliphila ngendlela elalihlala ngayo ePaleolithic, ukudla inyama ezingelwa ngezikhali primordial futhi ukuqoqa izithelo, amajikijolo futhi ikakhulukazi uju. Amadoda azingela ngemicibisholo nemicibisholo, abesifazane baqoqa ukudla kwezitshalo ngesandla noma ngokumba ngezinduku. Ukubuka indlela lezi zizwe eziphila ngayo manje kusenza siqonde ukuthi abantu babephila kanjani endulo, ngoba lezi zizwe zikude nobuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nezinto eziwusizo futhi ziziphatha ngendlela okhokho bethu ababengenza ngayo.
Akukho ukudla okunempilo okukodwa.
Ukudla kwe-Hadza kushintsha kakhulu lapho kushintsha isikhathi sonyaka: ngoFebhuwari badla ikakhulukazi uju (ukudla okunothe ngama-carbohydrates nama-calories), ngo-July kumajikijolo nango-September enyameni. Okubalulekile esikufundiswa ngabamaHadza yikuthi umuntu angaba nempilo ngokudla ukudla okutshiyeneyo. Okuwukuphela kokudla okufanele sikugweme ukuze uhlale uphilile yilokho esikwazi namuhla njengokudla okungenamsoco.