Impucuko yaseMesoamerica ngokuvamile yayiyinkimbinkimbi futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa nomphakathi wabo ohlelekile. ukwazi i Inhlangano yenhlalo yamaMeya kanye nesistimu yezigaba zayo Isihloko esithakazelisa kakhulu ngalo mphakathi wendabuko othuthukile!
Inhlangano yenhlalo yamaMeya
Ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu, kwakunempucuko yomdabu ebaluleke kakhulu eyayithuthuke futhi ezimweni eziningi yayibusa ingxenye yeCentral America, enye yazo kwakuwumbuso wamaMaya.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amaMeya ayengewona abantu abangabodwa, babengamaqembu abantu bomdabu ababehlala ochungechungeni lwamadolobha azimele, babelane ngolimi futhi ezimweni eziningi amasiko afanayo. Isifunda ngasinye salezi zindawo zamadolobha sasiwumbuso futhi sasiholwa inkosi eyayiphethe amandla amaningi.
Umphakathi wamaMeya, njengabanye abaningi emhlabeni, wawunohlelo lwekilasi futhi esimweni sawo lwaluqinile kwezinye izici. Isigaba senhlalo umuntu ayingxenye yaso sanquma amalungelo akhe namathuba ekuphileni.
Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani namanye amasiko amaningi, lena yayinezinga elithile lokuhamba komphakathi kuye ngokuthi idolobha, okungukuthi, kwakunethuba lokuthi umuntu avele futhi akhulise isigaba sakhe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi endaweni yezombangazwe, yezomnotho noma yezempi.
Khumbula ukuthi wawungekho umbuso owodwa nokuthi idolobha ngalinye lalibuswa iziphathimandla ezihlukene, ngakho-ke, amaqiniso okuba yisakhamuzi ayengahluka kuye komunye.
Umphakathi wamaMeya wawuhlukaniswe ngokuqinile phakathi kwezikhulu, abantu abavamile, ama-serfs, nezigqila. Isigaba esihloniphekile sasiyinkimbinkimbi, isimo kanye nomsebenzi ofanayo wawudluliselwa ngemigqa yomndeni.
Izicukuthwane zazisebenza njengababusi, izikhulu, abaqoqi bentela, abaholi bezempi, abapristi abakhulu, abaphathi, abaphathi bamasimu kakhokho, nabaholi bohambo lokuhweba.
Izicukuthwane zazifundile, zifundile, zihlala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi namadolobha aseMeya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abantu abavamile basebenza njengabalimi, izisebenzi, nezisebenzi, nokho, abanye baba nenhlanhla ngomsebenzi wabo njengezingcweti nabathengisi, bezivumela ukuba zikhuphukele phezulu phakathi kwamakilasi ngokusebenzisa inkonzo yezempi.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abavamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingcebo eqoqweni, babenqatshelwe ukugqoka izingubo nezimpawu zezikhulu, babengakwazi ukuthola noma ukugqoka izinto zokunethezeka nezingavamile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zabo zokuhlala zazingaphandle kwendawo emaphakathi yamadolobhakazi namadolobha. Lapho bengabalimi, iziqephu zomhlaba kwakungaba umuntu ngamunye noma umphakathi.
Imiphakathi yayinesigaba esakhiwa ama-serf nezigqila. Endabeni yama-serf, ngokuvamile ayesebenza umhlaba ongowombusi noma umholi wendawo wedolobha.
Ukuhweba ngezigqila enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaMaya kwakuvamile futhi kusebenza ngempela, njengoba kokubili abantu abavamile kanye ne-elite babevunyelwe ukuba nezigqila.
Ezimweni eziningi, abantu babegqilazwa njengendlela yokujeziswa ngenxa yobugebengu obuthile, ngenxa yokungakhokhi izikweletu zabo noma ukuba iziboshwa zempi, lapho benganikelwanga emcimbini.
Abaningi baba izigqila, bezithengisa bona noma izihlobo zabo, ngenxa yesimo sabo esibi sezomnotho. Endabeni yobugqila ayizange isuke kuyise iye endodaneni, kodwa endabeni yezingane eziyizintandane ezingenazo izihlobo ezizimisele ukuzinakekela, zaziba yizigqila futhi zazivame ukuhlatshwa ngezikhathi zemicikilisho yenkolo.
Ngokwesiko lale miphakathi, izigqila zazinikelwa lapho amakhosi azo efa, ngakho inkonzo yayizoqhubeka ngemva kokufa.
Lapho okhululekile eshada nesigqila, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi owesilisa noma owesifazane, wayeba yisigqila somnikazi womlingani wakhe.
Amakilasi omphakathi ahlobene kakhulu
Ngemva kokwenza isifinyezo esifushane senhlangano yezenhlalakahle yamaMayans, sethula incazelo enemininingwane eminingi yamakilasi afaneleka kakhulu emphakathini walesi siko laseMesoamerica:
ababusi
Isigaba esibusayo, njengaseGibhithe lasendulo, sahlukaniswa futhi safundiswa, iqembu elikhethiwe elalibusa ukufundwa nokubhala kwalesi siko.
AmaMayya ayengabakhi abakhangayo bemibhoshongo, isakhiwo esiyichaza kahle kakhulu inhlangano yezenhlalo yamaMeya kanye nesistimu yezigaba zawo. Lezi zifana kakhulu nendlela yazo yokuhlela umphakathi, ingxenye ephezulu lapho isigaba esibusayo esikhethekile nesinciphile, ababusi, sikhona.
Lesi sigaba singazuza izihloko ezizukulwaneni zabo ezilandelayo futhi bonke babefunde kakhulu, umehluko obaluleke kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. AmaMaya yibona kuphela abasungula ulimi olubhalwayo.
Izisho zobuciko ezifana nezinkondlo zithathwa njengamalungelo abalulekile esigaba esibusayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokubaluleka kokubhala kanye nokutholakala kwakho kuphela ezigabeni ezibusayo.
Phezulu kombhoshongo uthole umholi wayo yonke imiphakathi yamaMaya, inkosi eyayiyinhloko kahulumeni waseMeya kanye nomuntu obalulekile futhi emkhakheni wenkolo, ngoba wayebhekwa njengomuntu ovela kuNkulunkulu ngokufanele, ebambe iqhaza. aphenduke abe ngumpristi.
Abaphristi
Ukulandela inkosi ngokubaluleka kwakuyisigaba sabapristi abakhulu, njengoba inkolo yayibaluleke kakhulu kumaMeya, ayenesimiso senkolelo esasichaza imijikelezo yokuphila nemikhosi engenakubalwa, yingakho abapristi babematasa kakhulu.
Lezi zibalo zazinomthwalo wemfanelo, isibonelo, wokunquma isikhathi esifanele sokuya empini, isikhathi sokuvuna, ukuqala nini ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo omusha, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Onkulunkulu babenezimpendulo kuyo yonke into futhi ngokuvamile babegcina izimpendulo ezinkanyezini, ngakho-ke kwakuwumsebenzi wompristi ukuzichaza, yingakho ngaphandle kwezinye iziyalo ezaziphethwe yileli sigaba esifunde kakhulu, isayensi yezinkanyezi yayibalulekile futhi iyisisekelo.
Izicukuthwane nezinduna zempi
Ngemva kwabapristi, kwakukhona isigaba sasebukhosini esihlukahlukene, esasinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhonza inkosi, ngamunye ngokwamakhono akhe kanye nekhono lakhe.
Abanye babengabaholi bezempi, abanye bengabathelisi, abagcini bomthetho, amalungu ezinkantolo, noma ngisho nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo okulawulwa uhulumeni kwemikhiqizo efana nokhokho.
Izicukuthwane zaziphethe ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kwalo mphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngamunye wayenendima ecacile kakhulu kulolu hlelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izikhulu zempi eziphakeme zaziqondise yonke into ehlobene nokuvikela nokwanda kombuso.
Izicukuthwane ezingezona izicukuthwane
Ngaphansi kwesigaba esibusayo, kwakunelinye iqembu enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaMaya elalinesikhundla esiyingqayizivele.
Babengezona izicukuthwane, kodwa benengcebo, amalungelo namandla, isigaba esiphakathi esinethezekile kakhulu. Kwakungelona iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke emphakathini, kodwa lalihlanganisa nenani elimele abantu, ngokuvamile abadwebi bezandla, abathengisi, kanye nezikhulu ezisezingeni eliphakathi abenza ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwaba nokwenzeka kulawa madolobha.
Abantu abaningi kulesi sigaba senhlalo esibalulekile, kodwa esingaxhunywanga nezicukuthwane, babengabantu abavamile abakwazi ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo senhlalo ngokwenza inkonzo yezempi noma impumelelo njengabathengisi noma izingcweti.
Ngokuthuthuka kwamadolobha kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu ngesikhathi sasendulo, ukuhweba kwabekwa njengomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu kulo mphakathi, kangangokuthi babenonkulunkulu obusayo nomvikeli wabathengisi, Ek Chuah.
Ngaphambi kokuchuma kwamadolobha, amaMeya amaningi ayehlala emadolobheni amancane kakhulu, kulula ukunakekela ngomsebenzi wezakhamuzi zawo nokondla ngalokho okukhiqizwa ezitshalweni zawo.
Kodwa ngokukhula kwamadolobha, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokwanelisa izidingo zabantu abaningi kwakuwukuhweba namanye amadolobha namadolobha.
Ezikhathini zakuqala kwakungenzeka ukuthi kube nomehluko omncane phakathi kwezikhulu nabantu abavamile, kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha aseMeya ashintsha.
Njengoba uhwebo phakathi kwamadolobha lukhula futhi lubaluleka nakakhulu, kwamiswa amaqembu abantu ukuze aphathe amaphrojekthi amakhulu okwakha emadolobheni futhi adale izimpahla zohwebo, okwenza kube nezikhulu ezingezona izicukuthwane.
Abathengisi balezi zicukuthwane babejwayele ukwenza kokubili ukuhweba kwasendaweni, okungukuthi, esifundeni esisodwa sedolobha, kanye nasemhlabeni wonke, neminye imibuso, lokhu okugcina kugcinelwe labo abanomnotho namandla amakhulu. Abathengisi banikeze izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpahla:
- Izinto ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke: zazihlanganisa imikhiqizo ethile efana nosawoti odingekayo futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo ukuze kugcinwe ukudla, izingubo zokugqoka, amathuluzi nokudla.
- Izinto zikanokusho: lezi zihlanganisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwento eyayidingwa abasebukhosini kanye nezicukuthwane, ngokuvamile ezinqunywa ukukhombisa ingcebo namandla abo, zingaba yizicucu ezinhle zobumba, ubucwebe, izimpaphe, i-jade, igolide, njll.
Izingcweti zamaMaya zaziphila kancane kancane enhlanganweni yezenhlalo yamaMeya, njengoba zazingenawo umsebenzi onzima nowezandla owawudingeka kubantu abavamile abasebenza emapulazini. Babengabhekwa njengabakhethekile abanamandla, kodwa nabo babengabhekwa njengengxenye yabantu abavamile.
Nokho umsebenzi wabo wawufana kakhulu nowesigaba esiphansi, kunomehluko omkhulu wokuthi esikhundleni sokuya emasimini bachitha izinsuku zabo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana bedala izinto ezinhle ezifana nobucwebe, izindwangu, izitsha zobumba, izigqoko nezigqoko zezimpaphe. .
Nakuba izindwangu nezimpaphe ezidalwe ngobuchule ngabadwebi baseMeya ziye zawohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokushiya noma yimuphi umkhondo, ukuqoshwa kwamatshe kwemihlobiso nobucwebe obukhona kuze kube yilolu suku kwenza isitatimende esinesibindi nesinembile mayelana namakhono alaba baculi.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingane ngokuvamile zizuza njengefa imisebenzi nemisebenzi yabazali bazo kule siko, kwakungenzeka ukubona phakathi kwemiphakathi yamaMeya, yonke imindeni yezingcweti ezihileleke emsebenzini ofanayo.
Ilungu ngalinye lomndeni lidlala indima ekudaleni izimpahla ezimakethe noma njengesipho enkosini, bonke abahlala ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Imindeni yamaMeya ayihlanganisi omama, obaba, nezingane kuphela, kodwa futhi nomalume, omalume, nogogo nomkhulu.
Imindeni yezingcweti ngokuvamile yayihlala ezindlini ezinkulu kunomuntu ovamile, iphethini yempilo yabo yansuku zonke yayifana kakhulu neyabalimi, babevuka ekuseni kakhulu ukuze baqale usuku olude besebenza emsebenzini wabo wezandla.
Ukudla kwasekuseni ngokuvamile kwakufana nesidlo sasekuseni somlimi, kodwa izingcweti zezandla ezicebile zazingathola ngisho nenkomishi kashokoledi oshisayo, isiphuzo esivame ukuba yizicukuthwane.
Ngemva kokudla kwasekuseni, usuku lomsebenzi lwaqala ngokusemthethweni, kungaba ukubaza intela yesakhiwo esisha sethempeli, ukuthenga izimpaphe ezingavamile ezimakethe ukuze uthole iminqwazi ehlaba umxhwele, noma ukuya endaweni yokusebenzela yomuntu siqu noma yomphakathi ukuze kuqale umsebenzi wobucwebe noma izingcezu zobumba. .
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi iningi lemikhiqizo eyenziwe izingcweti zamaMaya kwakungeyesigaba esihloniphekile kanye nobukhosi, kodwa-ke, babekwazi ukunikeza izingcezu zabo kanye nemikhiqizo emakethe, ukuze kuzuze umndeni.
Ingcweti ngayinye kwakufanele ikhokhe intela yayo enkosini, ngaphezu kwentela emphakathini wakubo, ngayo yonke imali etholwayo babekwazi ukwenza ngcono amakhaya abo, bathenge ukudla okwengeziwe nokungcono, ukudla okungcono nezingubo ezinhle nezinhle kakhulu.
Amakilasi aphansi
Iningi lamaMayya lalihlala ezigabeni eziphansi, ezakhiwe ikakhulukazi labo ababebizwa ngokuthi abantu abavamile, ababezinikele kakhulu kwezolimo, ababeyinsika yempucuko yamaMaya, njengoba ukudla kwemiphakathi nokuhweba kuncike kwezolimo.
Lapho umhlaba olinywayo usuvuniwe, abalimi basebenza isikhashana ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi emikhulu, enjengemibhoshongo namathempeli, izifanekiselo nendawo emaphakathi yemizi yabo emikhulu. Nakuba abanye abantu abavamile bekhetha ukusebenza njengezinceku nabathwali bezimpahla zamakilasi aphakeme, ezinkwalini ze-limestone ezisika amadwala emisebenzini eminingi yokwakha, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Impilo yalesi sigaba senhlalakahle yayibonakala ngokusebenza kanzima. AmaMeya ngokuvamile ayengenawo amathuluzi ensimbi, noma apakishe izilwane ezinjengamahhashi noma izinkabi ukuze zisize ngegeja, ngakho kwawela kubalimi ukuthi basebenze inhlabathi ngokuyinhloko ngezandla.
Abesifazane kulesi sigaba senhlalakahle babenemisebenzi eminingi, amakhosikazi namadodakazi ayephekwa, ehlanzwa futhi ethungwa. Nokho, kwakungeyona yonke into eyayiwumsebenzi wasendlini, abesifazane abaningi babethwala izimpahla ngobhasikidi emakhanda besuka emasimini baya ezimakethe futhi uma kudingekile babesiza emasimini.
Le mindeni iqale usuku kusesekuseni kakhulu, idla ukudla kwasekuseni iphalishi lommbila oshisayo, linongwe ngopelepele noma uju.
Khona-ke amadoda nabafana baya emasimini noma emsebenzini ngaleso sikhathi futhi abesifazane basebenza ezindlini zabo, bepheka, begaya ummbila, benakekela izingane, begcina izivande zisesimweni esihle, behlola izidleke zezinyosi nezindwangu eziningi zokweluka. wenzela umndeni izingubo futhi udayiswe emakethe.
Emasimini, ukudla kosuku kwakuvame ukuba amabhanisi enziwe ngenhlama yommbila ogayiwe, efakwe imifino nenyama. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwakuvame ukuba sekhaya ngemva kosuku lomsebenzi, lapho umkhaya usuqedile futhi ubuthene ukuze udle, ngokuvamile ama-tortilla, ahambisana nemifino futhi uma kunenyama noma inhlanzi. Kwathi sekuhwalele wonke umuntu walala, ngoba olunye usuku lomsebenzi onzima lwalubalindile entathakusa.
Kodwa-ke, impilo yabantu abavamile enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaMayans, nayo yayinezikhathi zayo zokuphumula, emikhosini yenkolo eyayiba khona okungenani kanye ngenyanga edolobheni, izikhathi lapho wonke umuntu ecula, edansa, ehlonipha onkulunkulu babo, ehlanganyela. ukudla okumnandi, bezijabulisa ukubukela imidlalo ye-Pok-a-Tok, futhi izingane zazigijima zihlanganyele amathoyizi.
Izigqila
Izigqila zaziyisigaba esiphansi kunazo zonke enhlanganweni yezenhlalakahle yamaMeya, cishe njalo izintandane, iziboshwa zempi, izigebengu, noma izingane zezigqila. Nakuba ayengaphathwa kabi abanikazi bazo, ayengenawo amalungelo noma amalungelo.
Ngokuyisisekelo, okuwukuphela komsebenzi wezigqila emphakathini kwakuwukwenza wonke umsebenzi wezandla ezindlini zemindeni ehloniphekile, ukunakekela izingane, ukuhlanza, ukusebenza emasimini nasekwakhiweni kwamathempeli. Futhi babeyizisulu ezivame kakhulu zemikhuba yemihlatshelo yabantu.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izixhumanisi ezithakazelisayo kubhulogi yethu: