Lapho izakhiwo nobunjiniyela zixoxa ngenkinga kanxantathu nomthambeka, empeleni zigxile ekutheni kanjani Senza imodeli yemithambeka, ukusikeka kanye nokugcwalisa nezindlela, njengomthetho, ezithembele kumanethiwekhi angamanxantathu. Ngemva kokuthile okubonakala kuyinto evamile njengomthambeka oklanywe kahle kunezinqumo zejometri nesofthiwe ezinquma umphumela, futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda le mikhawulo ukuze ugweme ukumangala endaweni noma kumadokhumenti.
Ezithangamini zomsebenzi kanye nokushicilelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, umqondo obalulekile uyaphindwa: izindawo ezisekelwe kunxantathu zixazulula indawo kahle kakhulu, kodwa ziyethula. Imikhawulo yesakhiwo ethinta ukudangala nokuma mpoNoma kunjalo, ngokwahlulela okuphusile namathuluzi ahambisanayo, kuyenzeka ukumela esikudingayo ekwakhiweni, ukuxhumana neklayenti, nokuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wemigomo yethu.
Inkinga kanxantathu nemithambeka: kungani ibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwayo
Umnyombo wale ndaba i-triangulation yendawoI-TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) indawo engaphezulu ibolisa isikhala sibe yimeshi yezingxenye eziyisicaba ezijwayelana namajika nemithambeka. Lolu hlelo luyashesha futhi lunembile ezimweni eziningi, kodwa imvelo yalo isho lokho iphuzu ngalinye ohlelweni lihlotshaniswa nobukhulu obubodwaNgamanye amazwi, iphuzu elifanayo alikwazi ukuba nobude obubili ngesikhathi esisodwa ngaphakathi kwe-TIN.
Lokhu kuhlangana ngani nomthambeka? Kuningi. Ezindaweni zobunjiniyela basemadolobheni noma bomphakathi, izinguquko ezicacile phakathi kwezindiza, ukuhlangana okubukhali, futhi, njengesinyathelo sokugcina, imigwaqo ephindwe kabili yokuqondisa ukugeleza iyadingeka. Inkinga ukuthi, lapho sifuna ukumela ukucindezeleka okukhulu noma ukusikeka okungazelelwe, i-TIN (Targeted Reality Index) iyasiphoqa ukuthi Onxantathu akufanele bawele noma badlulelane.Lokhu kukhawulela amajiyometri njengezindonga ezime mpo ngokuphelele noma izitsha ezinezindonga zokumisa amanzi.
Ezingxoxweni zobuchwepheshe nozakwethu, abaningi bazobe besho okuthile okufana nokuthi, "imodeli ngeke ingivumele," lapho izama ukudweba ukulingana nomthambeko ongenakwenzeka. Akukhona ukuthi isofthiwe "ayifuni," kodwa kunalokho umthetho wegolide wonxantathu ubeka lokho. Indawo engaphezulu, ngokwencazelo, iyaqhubeka futhi ayinakugqagqanaUma okufiswayo kuwushintsho oluzumayo ekuphakameni (njengokunqenqema kodonga), i-TIN izokuphakamisa kuphela ngoshintsho oluncane kakhulu, kakhulu ukulingisa lokho kuma mpo.
Futhi kuthiwani ngokucindezeleka? Abazi ngaphandle kwenani futhi. Uma sizama ukudweba ukudangala okuvaliwe ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi elifanayo le-TIN, singena esivimbelweni esifanayo: indawo engaphezulu ayikwazi ukugoqa ibuyele emuva noma inikeze ukuphakama okubili endaweni yokubuka uhlelo. Lokhu kwethula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "inkinga kanxantathu nemithambeka" lapho idizayini idinga Imithambeka egqamile, ukusikeka okuhlanzekile, noma izitsha ezichazwe kahle.
Imikhawulo yejiyomethri yezindawo ze-TIN ekusebenzeni kochwepheshe
Engxoxweni ecacisa bha, uchwepheshe wakhuluma nomsebenzisi ngokuthi "Sawubona @mmaleZGC34" ukuze achaze ukuthi, ngaphakathi kwe-Autodesk Civil 3D, akunakwenzeka ukwakha indawo ye-TIN emele ukudangala kwangempela ngaphandle kwezinqamuleli. Isizathu yileso esesishiwo: i-mesh yonxantathu abangajwayelekile yakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi akukho buso obubili obuphambana ekubukeni kohleloNgakho-ke, indawo engaphezulu ayikwazi ukugoqa noma ukuzihlukanisa ukuze ubonise umcengezi ovaliwe onezindonga eziqondile.
Eqinisweni, ngisho nezindawo eziqondile azivunyelwe: uhlelo lusebenzisa indlela yokulingisa lowo mphumela, lukhiqize. ukulibaziseka okuncane, cishe okungabonakali okuyinto, ngokubukeka, ibukeka ikholisa. Kodwa uma sikhuluma ngokuqinile, akukho ukuma okuphelele ebhizinisini le-TIN: ukuqhubeka kugcinwa njalo ngaphandle kokuphambana konxantathu.
Uchwepheshe ofanayo ugcizelele ukuthi le mikhawulo iyingxenye "yemodeli" esisebenza nayo. Yonke imodeli inobubanzi nezinga lokumelwa esikwamukela buthule. Yingakho, ngokuvamile, lezi zikhala noma iziphetho ezifile zishaywa indiva uma zingabalulekile ekuhlaziyeni. Nokho, lapho begxeka—ngokwesibonelo, ngokumelela ukuziphatha—bavela obala. i-hydraulic, imigqa egijimayo noma ukuzinza kwemithambeka-, kuyadingeka ukubheka ezinye izindlela.
Isiphetho sochungechunge sasingenasici: ezingeni "elingaphezulu", asikho isisombululo somlingo. Akukhona ukuthi kukhona inkinobho efihliwe engekho; ukuthi isisekelo sezibalo se-TIN sivimbela lokho esikucelayo. Futhi njengokuthinta komuntu imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe, umlayezo waphetha ngokuthi "Izilokotho ezinhle" ezisayinwe nguVan Miguel Martínez, indlela ecacile yokugcizelela lokho. Akuwona umkhawulo wohlelo.kodwa umkhawulo womqondo wendlela.
Ukuze uqinise imibono, kuyasiza ukukhumbula imithetho emithathu esebenzayo okuba umphumela wakho konke lokhu futhi kuthinte imithambeka nezimpambano zomgwaqo:
- I-TIN inika isici esisodwa endaweni ngayinye epulani yaphansi.Ngakho-ke, akukho ukuphakama okuphindwe kabili endaweni efanayo.
- Onxantathu bemeshi Azikwazi ukuwela noma ukugqagqana ekuqageleni okuvundlile; ukuqhubeka akuxoxiswana ngakho.
- Ukuma “ngqo” abukho ebhizinisini; kuphela Ifaniswe nama-minuscule offsets ezibukeka njengezindonga zomthofu.
Le mibono emithathu ichaza ukuthi kungani imininingwane ethile ye umthambeka—ukushintsha okuzumayo, izindonga, amahlombe aqonde ngokuphelele—kuba ikhanda elincane uma sihlose ukuzixazulula endaweni efanayo ye-TIN ngaphandle kwezinsiza ezengeziwe.
Ezinye izindlela zokumodela lapho i-TIN ingatholakali: Okuqinile kwe-3D, izigaba, namaphrofayela
Lapho ukucindezeleka, inkomishi, noma unqenqema oluqondile lubalulekile kuphrojekthi, izincomo ezabiwe ngochwepheshe zicacile: esikhundleni sokuphoqa i-geometry ye-TIN, yakha into ezimele ye-volumetric lokho kuyasivuma leso simo, njenge-3D Solid. Le ndlela ayiphuli imithetho ye-triangulation, ngoba ihlukanisa ucezu "oluyinkinga" ekusekelweni kwendawo.
Ukusebenza ngezinto eziqinile kuletha izinzuzo ezisheshayo. Okokuqala, kusivumela ukuthi sibone ngeso lengqondo ezigabeni namaphrofayili lokho i-TIN engakwazi ukukubonisa ngaphandle kokukhohlisa: a udonga olume ngempela noma indishi enemithambeka echaziweOkwesibili, kusinika amandla okulawula imininingwane yokwakha, okuwusizo lapho sifuna ukuxhumana nendawo yokwakha ukuthi ilunga eliyinkimbinkimbi kufanele lixazululwe kanjani.
Umphumela, futhi lokhu kwavezwa ngokwethembeka, ukuthi amanani abalwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezijwayelekile ze-Civil 3D ngeke athathwe ngokuqondile kulokho okuqinile. Ngamanye amazwi, uma sincike ukubala okuzenzakalelayo kwamavolumu noma ama-earthworks Ngokombono wendawo, izinto eziqinile azifakiwe ezinhlelweni ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kufanele kulindelwe ukuze kugwenywe izimanga lapho kukhiqizwa izilinganiso.
Empeleni, amaqembu amaningi asebenzisa ukugeleza komsebenzi okuxubile: agcina i-TIN yendawo yonke futhi akhiqize amamodeli athile e-3D yezinto ezidinga ukuma noma ukugoba, njengezindonga, imisele, noma amathangi. Khona-ke, bathembele izigaba ezijwayelekile namaphrofayili ukuxhumana ngomklamo, futhi baxazulula izilinganiso besebenzisa ezinye izindlela (isibonelo, ukuqhathanisa okuqinile ngokukhipha noma ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisizayo).
Akusona isixazululo "esihlanzeke" ngaphakathi kohlobo olulodwa lwebhizinisi, kodwa yileso esihlonipha ingqondo yezibalo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, siqinisekisa ukuthi imodeli ibonisa lokho okudingeka kwakhiwe, okuyinto ekugcineni okubalulekile uma sikhuluma. nemithambeka ephephile kanye nokuhlangana kahle.
Inini i-TIN yanele futhi kunini lapho kuhleleka khona ukuthi "uphume" uye kumazinga enzalo aqinile?
Uma inhloso iwukuchaza umthambeka ovamile phakathi kwezindiza ezimbili (isibonelo, i-3H:2V ekusikeni), i-TIN ingaphezu kokwanele futhi isebenza ngokwedlulele. Imithambeka ethambile, amakhefu epulatifomu, kanye amaphrofayili e-longitudinal naphambene wesakhiwo Zifundwa futhi zibalwe kahle kakhulu ngezindawo ezinxantathu.
Ngokushesha nje lapho sicela ukuma noma indawo ephansi yesitsha echazwe kahle, izinto ziyashintsha. Isiqondiso esihle esisebenzayo ukuzibuza: ingabe lokho engifuna ukumodela kufanele kube yikho ingabe ime mpo ngempela, noma yanele ukubonakala nje injalo?Uma ukubukeka kwanele, i-offset encane ku-TIN kanye nokucutshungulwa okuthile kwesithombe kungayixazulula; uma kungenjalo, kungcono ukuya kokuqinile kwe-3D.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho imininingwane efana ne-engeli yangempela yokungqubuzana, ukuzinza kweslope, noma Isiqondiso esinembile sokugeleza kanye nama-sinkholeIsilinganiso se-TIN singase sibe sifushane. Kulokhu, izinto eziqinile kanye nokumelela okuhlukene kunikeza ukulawula okuhle futhi kugweme ukuhumusha okungacacile.
Nakuba kungase kuzwakale kusobala, kuyasiza ukubhala embikweni wephrojekthi ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye zemodeli eziyi-TIN futhi iziphi eziqinile, futhi kungani. Le ncazelo yobuchwepheshe—emfushane kodwa ecacile—isiza umfundi (ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi, usonkontileka, iklayenti) ukuthi akuqonde lokho Abukho ubuqili obuhilelekile.kodwa ukukhetha okuqaphelayo lapho ebhekene nemikhawulo yendlela.
Ukwesekwa kwe-Bibliographic kanye nokudluliselwa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe
Isiko lokwabelana ngalokho okufundiwe akukona ukuhloba, kuyisidingo. Emhlabeni okhuluma iSpanishi, umsebenzi wePublicaciones DYNA uyagqama, umshicileli wezobuchwepheshe nesayensi oxhunywe ne-Federation of Associations of Industrial Engineers of Spain (FAIIE). Kusukela ngo-1926, lo mmemezeli ubelokhu esakaza Izindaba, izindatshana, ukubuyekezwa kanye nokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobunjiniyela, enikeza amathuluzi ochwepheshe ukuze bathuthukise ukwenza kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Ngale kwekhathalogi, ukubaluleka kwayo kulele endimeni yayo njengebhuloho: I-DYNA iqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi konjiniyela futhi ikhuthaza ukuhwebelana ngolwazi, ikhuthaza abacwaningi nochwepheshe ukuthi wabelane ngolwazi lwangempelaEzindaweni ezinjengokwenza imodeli yemithambeka, ukumelwa kwendawo, noma ukuhlolwa kwezinye izindlela zejometri, lo moya uhumushela ezinqumweni ezingcono kumaphrojekthi nasemakilasini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundiswa zihlala ziyisisekelo. Isibonelo esifinyelelekayo ukwaziswa kwe-Descriptive Geometry okutholakala kumakhosombe asenyuvesi, njenge-PDF evela eNyuvesi yaseGranada egunyazwe ngu-Gómez Vargas, efinyeleleka kokuthi [isixhumanisi silahlekile]. lesi sixhumanisiNakuba ukugxila kwayo kuwukufundisa, lolu hlobo lwensiza lusiza ukucolisa intuition yendawo kanye ukuqonda kwejometri esibe sesiyisebenzisa lapho sinquma ukuthi i-slope ixazululwa nge-TIN, ngezinto eziqinile, noma ngazo zombili.
Idatha, amakhukhi kanye nokufinyelela kuzinsiza zedijithali zobuchwepheshe
Namuhla sibheka amadokhumenti, izinkundla, nezindatshana ezivela komakhalekhukhwini bethu noma amahhovisi, futhi ukufinyelela cishe njalo kulamula ngezaziso zobumfihlo. Amasayithi amaningi azisa abasebenzisi ukuthi, ukuze banikeze ulwazi olungcono, basebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana namakhukhi. gcina noma finyelela ulwazi lwedivayisiAkuyona into esemthethweni: imvume ivumela ukucutshungulwa kwedatha njengokuziphatha kokuphequlula noma izihlonzi ezihlukile kulelo sayithi.
Ukwenqaba ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, noma ukuhoxiswa kwemvume, kungase kuthinte imisebenzi ethile yewebhusayithi (isibonelo, izihlungi zokusesha, ukulondoloza izintandokazi, noma ukufinyelela kokulandiwe). Ukuqonda lolu hlaka kusiza ukugwema ukukhungatheka lapho uzama ukuvula i-PDF yobuchwepheshe noma upheqa ingobo yomlando: ngaphandle kwemvume, ezinye izici. Bangase bangasebenzi njengoba bekulindelekile..
Into ephusile ongayenza ukubuyekeza amaphaneli ezilungiselelo zekhukhi kuwebhusayithi ngayinye futhi ulungise izinga lemvume kuzidingo zethu. Kumawebhusayithi wokuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe, kuvame ukuba nezinketho zokugunyaza amakhukhi abalulekile kuphela futhi uvimbele angadingekile, ukulinganisa isipiliyoni sokubonisana ngokuvikelwa kobumfihlo.
Ukufundwa kwezinkinga ngokwezigaba ezahlukene: i-architecture, civil engineering kanye ne-geomatics
Inkinga kanxantathu kanye nomthambeka ayikhethekile kunoma yisiphi isiyalo esisodwa. Labo abaklama intuthuko yasemadolobheni bahlangabezana nayo lapho bexazulula i-earthworks; labo abaklama izakhiwo babhekana nazo ezindongeni ezibambayo noma emagcekeni acwile; abamodelayo bakuthola ku... izimfunda, imisele kanye nemizimba yamanziI-TIN itholakala yonke indawo, ngakho-ke imikhawulo yayo nayo injalo.
Indlela yokuhlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene isiza ukonga isikhathi futhi ithuthukise ukunemba. Isibonelo, ithimba lezokwakha lichaza umthambeka ofunekayo, futhi ithimba lonjiniyela linquma ukuthi likumelela kanjani ku-TIN, futhi kuziphi izimo lapho kufanelekile ukukhiqiza okuqinile kwe-3D. Ngokulandelayo, uchwepheshe we-geomatics unikela ngemibandela yokugxilisa unxantathu lapho kudingeka khona. khawulela ama-artifact (onxantathu abaningi, amakhefu okwenziwa) ngaphandle kokuphula imodeli.
Lokhu kuhlanganisa kuvumela iklayenti ukuthi liqondanise elikubonayo ezinhlelweni nalokho okwenziwa umodeli ku-software, kugwenywe izicelo eziya ku-TIN zolwazi engakwazi ukukunikeza. Futhi uma izinga lemininingwane lidinga ukuma kweqiniso, libhalwa ngezinto eziqinile, izigaba, namaphrofayili, okubonisa ngokucacile ukusuka kwenani. Ngeke ikhishwe ngeziteshi ezijwayelekile. kusukela ekubalweni okuzenzakalelayo kwezindawo.
Imikhuba emihle yokuxhumana nemithambeka nokucindezeleka kumadokhumenti
Ifolda yephrojekthi elungiselelwe kahle yenza "inkinga kanxantathu nemithambeka" ibe yinkinga nje. isikhumbuzi sendlelaEminye imihlahlandlela ewusizo:
- Kuhlelo lwesayithi nakuhlelo lwe-earthworks, sebenzisa i-TIN yesithombe sisonke, ebonisa ngezimpawu lapho Kusetshenziswa izinto eziqinile ze-3D kuma-elementi anokuphakama noma amathreyi.
- Ezigabeni ezijwayelekile, faka imininingwane yokuhlangana futhi uqaphele ukuthi ukuma kuyabonakala (ubuncane be-offset ku-TIN) noma real ngokusebenzisa okuqinile.
- Embikweni, chaza imikhawulo ye-TIN futhi uvumele ukusetshenziswa kwamavolumu ahlukene ezingxenyeni ezithile zephrojekthi.
- Ezilinganisweni, qaphela ukuthi ukubalwa kwezinye izingxenye akuveli ku-TIN, kodwa kuvela ezinye izindlela (ukususwa kwezinto eziqinile, njll.).
Ngalokhu obala, umfundi uyaqonda lokho okulindele ebhizinisini ngalinye kumodeli nokuthi kungani ezinye izibalo zingenakukhishwa ngokuzenzakalelayo njengokungathi yonke into iyindawo eyodwa enonxantathu.
Izinkundla nabashicileli bezobuchwepheshe zisifundisani?
Ukubuyela emuva ekuqaleni, lokho kushintshana lapho @mmaleZGC34 kwabingelelwa khona futhi imikhawulo ye-TIN yachazwa kahle ihlanganisa ukubaluleka kolwazi olwabiwe: lokho okuthathe amahora omuntu oyedwa wokuzama nokuphutha kufingqwa emigqeni embalwa evimbela abanye ukuthi bangakhubeki. Iqiniso lokuthi umlayezo uphele ngokuthi "Izilokotho ezinhle kakhulu" ezisayinwe nguVan Miguel Martínez cishe livuma ngekhanda umphakathi wezobuchwepheshe ethuthukisa le mikhuba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abashicileli abafana ne-DYNA namakhosombe asenyuvesi asekela uhlaka lomqondo. Isisekelo sejometri (iyini i-projection, indlela indiza eziphatha ngayo, kungani isethi yonxantathu yakha indawo ngaphandle kwemiphambanondlela) ikweleta okuningi Ijometri echazayoFuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho sisebenzisa leso sisekelo kusofthiwe, siqonda kangcono ukuthi yini engabuzwa nengeke ibuzwe ebhizinisini le-TIN.
Inkinga yonxantathu kanye nomthambeko akuyona isithiyo esingenakunqotshwa, kodwa umngcele ocacile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuso obunxantathu nezinzuzo zayo; ngakolunye, okuqinile nezigaba eziqedela isithombe lapho ukunemba kudingeka ezindaweni eziqondile, eziphansi, noma ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwazi ukuthi lowo mngcele ukuphi. Konga isikhathi, ukungaqondi kahle kanye nezindleko..
Ukuyibheka ngombono, kulula ukuwela ogibeni "lokuphoqa" imodeli kuze kube yilapho isinikeza esikufunayo. Kodwa kubiza kakhulu ukwamukela ukuthi i-TIN isebenza kanjani, uyisebenzise lapho idlula khona, futhi uyigcwalise ngamathuluzi avala izikhala zayo. Phakathi kokushicilelwe okukhethekile, izinsiza zemfundo, nezeluleko ezivela kozakwethu, sinakho konke esikudingayo imodeli yemithambeka nge criteriaUkuxhumana ngomklamo ngaphandle kokungaqondakali nokulinganisa kuphela ngezindlela eziqinisekisa imiphumela ethembekile.