El I-Popocatepetl Ingenye yezintaba-mlilo ezithakazelisa kakhulu futhi ezesatshwayo eMexico. Ukwakheka kwayo okuphelele, cishe njalo kugqokwe inqwaba yomusi omhlophe, kubusa umkhathi wezifundazwe eziningana futhi sekuyinto evamile njengoba kuyimfihlakalo. Uma uyibuka kuqala, ifana nesiqhwaga esilele, kodwa inqwaba ngayinye yomusi isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ngaphansi kwaleyo ntaba kushaya inhliziyo yomlilo.
Kwaziwa ngothando ngokuthi “UDon Goyo” yimiphakathi eseduzeLe nhlobonhlobo ihlanganisa isayensi, umlando, amasiko, kanye nezinganekwane ngendlela ekhethekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iyilabhorethri yemvelo yezazi ze-geology, umthombo wokuzinikela kubantu bomdabu, umlingiswa oyinhloko wezinganekwane zothando, futhi, vele, intaba-mlilo esebenzayo okuqaphelwa kwayo kuyinto eza kuqala kubaphathi baseMexico.
I-Popocatépetl: intaba-mlilo ephilayo enkabeni yeMexico
I-Popocatépetl iyi- intaba enkulu yentaba-mlilo etholakala enkabeni yeMexicoIhlanganyelwe yizifundazwe zasePuebla, eMorelos, kanye neSifundazwe saseMexico. Njengoba ingaphezu kwamamitha angu-5.400 ngaphezu kolwandle, iyisiqongo sesibili esiphakeme kakhulu ezweni, ilandela iCitlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) kuphela, futhi yakha ingxenye yeTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.
Igama layo livela ku-Nahuatl futhi lisho ukuthi “intaba ebhemayo”Incazelo elula kodwa enembile yokuziphatha kwayo kwamanje: intaba-mlilo esebenzayo, enokukhishwa njalo komhwamuko wamanzi, amagesi, nomlotha okungabonakala kusukela emashumini amakhilomitha ukusuka lapha. Leyo nkungu emhlophe isihlanganiswe kakhulu nendawo kangangokuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zithi zizokhathazeka ngempela ngosuku enyamalala ngalo.
I-Popocatépetl yabelana ngokugqama nomakhelwane wayo, intaba Iztaccihuatl, ukwakha izintaba-mlilo ezimbili eziphawula indawo kanye nobunikazi besifundaPhakathi kwazo kukhona iPaso de Cortés, indlela yokudlula ezintabeni yomlando, ngokwesiko, uHernán Cortés adlula kuyo ngaphambi kokwehla aye eSigodini saseMexico naseTenochtitlán yasendulo.
Kusukela ezigodini nasemadolobheni azungezile, intaba-mlilo ibhekwa njenge- isithombe esihle kakhulu, cishe siphelele ngesimo saso esiyindilingaNgezinsuku ezicacile, ukuba khona kwayo kubusa umkhathizwe futhi kusebenza njengekhampasi yemvelo yezigidi zabantu abahlala eduze kwayo. Kodwa ngemuva kwaleso sithombe esihle kukhona umlando oyinkimbinkimbi we-geological kanye nokuphila kwangaphakathi okujulile.
Imvelaphi ye-geological kanye nokwakheka kwesiqhwaga
I-Como todos los izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu zeplanethiI-Popocatépetl ingumphumela we- izinqubo ze-geological ezathuthuka eminyakeni engamakhulu ezinkulungwaneImvelaphi yayo isesikhathini sePleistocene, lapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, eseziphelile manje, zisazulazula esifundeni futhi indawo yayihluke kakhulu kuneyanamuhla.
Izifundo ze-Paleomagnetic kanye ne-geological ezenziwe kule ndawo zibonisa ukuthi intaba-mlilo iseduze cishe iminyaka engu-730.000 ubudalaAkuzange kuvele lutho, kodwa ngenxa yokulandelana okude kwezintaba-mlilo zangaphambilini ezakhula, zawa futhi zanikeza indawo izakhiwo ezintsha zezintaba-mlilo ezazizogcina zibumbe i-cone esiyaziyo namuhla.
Ngaphambi kwePopocatépetl yamanje kwakukhona okungenani izakhiwo ezintathu ezinkulu ezandulela izintaba-mlilo okwaphawula ukuvela kwendawo: iNexpayantla, iVentorrillo, ne-El Fraile. Ngayinye yayinomjikelezo wayo wokuphila, enezigaba zomsebenzi omkhulu kanye nezinkathi zokuthula, kuze kube yilapho ibhujiswa ingxenye noma ngokuphelele ngokuqhuma okukhulu.
Eyokuqala yalezi zintaba-mlilo kwakuyi- I-Nexpayantla, eyaqhuma eminyakeni engaba ngu-400.000 eyedlulekwashiya isisekelo lapho kwakuzokhula khona izigaba zentaba-mlilo ezilandelayo. Kamuva, iVentorrillo, enye i-stratovolcano enkulu, yasebenza kwaze kwaba cishe eminyakeni engu-23.000 edlule, lapho yawa khona. Ekugcineni, i-El Fraile, eyaphela cishe eminyakeni engu-14.500 edlule, yaqeda lolu chungechunge lwezindunduma ezinkulu ezandulele.
Lonke lolo chungechunge lwezakhiwo zezintaba-mlilo, ukuqhuma, kanye nokuwa kwazo ekugcineni kwaholela ikhoni yesimanje yePopocatépetlNgakho-ke intaba esiyibonayo namuhla iyisigaba samuva kakhulu somlando oyinkimbinkimbi we-geological, ophawulwe ukuqhuma okukhulu, ukugeleza kwe-lava kanye nezinsalela zomlotha eziye zakha indawo ezungezile kanye nenhlabathi yendawo ezungezile.
Intaba-mlilo esebenzayo: ama-fumarole, ukuqhuma, kanye nokuqapha okuqhubekayo
Ukubukeka okumangalisayo kwePopocatépetl akufanele kukhohlise: kunjalo enye yezintaba-mlilo ezisebenza kakhulu futhi eziyingozi eMexicoKusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, umsebenzi walo wangaphakathi ubulokhu ukhula, ngezigameko ezivame ukukhishwa komlotha, ukuqhuma okulinganiselwe, kanye nokuxoshwa kwezinto ezikhipha i-incandescent emgodini.
Esinye sezibonakaliso ezibonakala kakhulu zalo msebenzi yi- intuthu emhlophe ephuma cishe unomphela Kusukela esiqongweni. Kulabo abahlala eduze, lelo fu lomusi negesi seliyinto yansuku zonke endaweni. Kukhona inkolelo evamile yokuthi ingozi yangempela izovela ngosuku lapho i-plume inyamalala khona, njengokungathi intaba-mlilo yakha umfutho buthule.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, iPopocatépetl ibhalisile iziqephu eziningana eziphawulekayo zokuqhumaPhakathi kukaMeyi noJulayi 2013, isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwenzeka okwaqala izinsika zomlotha Lapho izintaba ziphakeme, yathinta amadolobha aseduze yaze yafika eMexico City. Kuleso senzakalo, izindiza kwadingeka zimiswe eBenito Juárez International Airport ngenxa yokuba khona komlotha emoyeni.
NgoNovemba 2014 nangoFebhuwari 2015, kwaphindwa ukuqhuma okusha kanye nokuxoshwa komlothaLokhu kuqinisekisile ukuthi intaba-mlilo yayisesesigabeni somsebenzi obalulekile. Kodwa-ke, okunye kokuqhuma okukhumbuleka kakhulu kwakungokwangoDisemba 2000, lapho kuqoshwa khona ukugeleza kwe-lava futhi kwadingeka ukuba kususwe amadolobha asemagqumeni entaba-mlilo ngezizathu zokuphepha.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanganiswa kokusondela ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kanye nokuguquguquka kwangaphakathi, iPopocatépetl ibhekwa njenge intaba-mlilo enobungozi obukhulu kakhulu ezweniLokhu akusho ukuthi isengozini enkulu ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kusho ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwayo kufanele luqashwe ngokucophelela yiziphathimandla.
Ukuqapha kwesayensi kanye nezinqubo zokuvikela umphakathi
Ukuqapha umsebenzi kaDon Goyo kungumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokuvimbela Izinhlekelele (i-Cenapred)Le nhlangano inesibopho sokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwentaba-mlilo kusetshenziswa amakhamera, izinzwa zokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuhlaziywa kwegesi, kanye nokubuka ngesathelayithi. Lonke lolu lwazi luhlanganiswa lube yimibiko yansuku zonke esebenza njengesisekelo sezinqumo zokuvikela umphakathi.
EMexico kukhona uhlelo lwesaziso sentaba-mlilo olunemibalaLolu hlelo lubonisa izinga lomsebenzi kanye nohlobo lwezinyathelo ezinconyelwe abantu. Lapho intaba-mlilo ingena esigabeni esisebenzayo kakhulu, kuqaliswa izinqubo ezahlukahlukene: kusukela emikhawulweni yokufinyelela endaweni enobungozi obukhulu kuya ezinhlelweni zokuphuma kwabantu emiphakathini eseduze.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abaningi basendulo Imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa eduze kwe-crater isinciphile kakhulu. noma kuvinjelwe ngokuphelele. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, kwakujwayelekile ukubona izinkambo ezivela amapaki kazwelonke aseduze ababezama ukufika esicongweni, kodwa namuhla ukukhuphukela ekhoneni eliyinhloko akuvunyelwe ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi abagunyaziwe.
Izincomo ezisemthethweni zigcizelela ukuthi, ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukuvakashela indawo ezungeze iPopocatépetl, Njalo hlola ulwazi olusha oluvela ku-Civil Protection kanye ne-Cenapred.Ngisho noma ukude, ukuwa komlotha kungathinta impilo, izitshalo, izimoto kanye nengqalasizinda, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukulandela iziqondiso zokugqoka imaski yobuso, ukuvikela amathangi amanzi, kanye nokuhlanza izindawo.
Naphezu kwalo mongo wengozi elawulwayo, iPopocatépetl isalokhu ikhona intaba-mlilo ethandwa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa yimiphakathi yesifundaBakubheka njengengxenye yempilo yabo yansuku zonke, isimo sabo semizwa, kanye nenkumbulo yabo ehlangene, okuchaza kakhulu inani izinganekwane, amasiko kanye namagama eziteketiso zothando ezisizungezile.
UPopocatépetl no-Iztaccíhuatl: inganekwane yothando lwaphakade
Ukuba khona okuhlangene kwePopocatépetl ne-Iztaccíhuatl kuye kwakhuthaza enye yezinganekwane zothando ezaziwa kakhulu emasikweni aseMexicoLe ndaba, eyazalelwa endaweni yabantu baseNahua, yayifuna ukunikeza incazelo kokubili ukuma kwezintaba kanye neqiniso lokuthi enye yazo iyasebenza kanti enye ihlala ithule futhi imbozwe yiqhwa.
Ezinguqulweni eziningi, U-Iztaccíhuatl uyinkosazana enobuhle obukhulu nokuhlakanipha.Indodakazi yenkosi enamandla. Amaqhawe amaningana afika embusweni ezimisele ukukhonza ebuthweni lempi, futhi phakathi kwawo kuvela uPopocatépetl, insizwa enesibindi nekhangayo ethola inhlonipho yawo wonke umuntu kanye nenhliziyo yenkosazana.
Laba bobabili bathandana kakhulu, futhi ubudlelwano babo abunakwa. Uyise ka-Iztaccíhuatl, eqaphela uthando, uthembisa ukunikeza indodakazi yakhe isandla somshado nesosha enombandela owodwa oqondile: kumele ahole umkhankaso wezempi ngokumelene nesizwe sesitha futhi abuye enqobile enobufakazi bokunqoba kwakhe.
Kwezinye izinguqulo kukhulunywa ngokuthi inkosi ifuna uPopocatépetl letha ikhanda lesikhulu esiphikisanayo esibethelwe emkhontweniKwezinye izimo, kwanele ukunqoba idolobhana elivukelayo. Kunoma ikuphi, umyalezo uyafana: uma ebuya ngempumelelo, inkosazana nombuso kuzoba ngowakhe. Le nsizwa iyamukela ngaphandle kokungabaza futhi iya empini, izimisele ukugcwalisa isithembiso sayo futhi ihlangane nesithandwa sayo.
Inhlekelele, ukuguquka kwesimo kanye nencazelo eyinganekwane yezintaba-mlilo
Ngaphakathi kwenganekwane, okulandelayo kuyadlala ukukhashelwa, umona, kanye nokwaziswa okunganembileKwezinye izinguqulo, imbangi enomona kaPopocatépetl isakaza amahlebezi angamanga okuthi iqhawe lifile empini. Kwezinye, yinkosi uqobo lwayo, ekhathele ukulinda, enquma ukuyeka le nsizwa futhi iphoqe u-Iztaccíhuatl ukuba amukele omunye umshado.
Inkosazana, lapho izwa ukuthi isithandwa sayo siwile empini, Ucwila osizini olujulileEngakwazi ukucabanga ngokuphila ngaphandle kukaPopocatépetl, kancane kancane ugula kuze kube yilapho inhliziyo yakhe ima. Kwezinye izindaba, ufa ngenxa yosizi ngaphambi komshado ophoqelelwe; kwezinye, uyafa ngemva nje kokwenqaba ukushada nenye indoda.
Okwamanje, iPopocatépetl iyaqhubeka nokulwa kude nombuso, futhi ngemva komkhankaso onzima, Ubuya enqobile enobufakazi bokunqoba kwakheLapho efika, uthola ukuthi konke sekushintshile: inkosi iphule izwi layo, imibiko yokufa kwayo isakazekile, kanti neNkosazana u-Iztaccíhuatl ishonile ingakakwazi ukumgona futhi.
Ehlukunyezwe ukulahlekelwa, iqhawe lithatha isidumbu sothandekayo walo esifile ezandleni zalo bese hamba naye uye ezintabeni eziphakeme kakhulu yesifunda. Lapho ulungisa uhlobo lombhede womngcwabo phezu kwegquma, ubeka inkosazana phansi bese eguqa eceleni kwayo enethoshi elikhanyisiwe, ezimisele ukuyiqapha kuze kube phakade.
Beshukunyiswa ukuqina kothando lwabo nokwethembeka kwabo okungantengantengi, onkulunkulu banquma ukungenelela. Ngalobo busuku baguqula abathandi babe yizintabaU-Iztaccíhuatl uba yisithombe eside, esimbozwe yiqhwa esifana nomzimba wowesifazane olele onezinwele ezisakazekile; iPopocatépetl iba yintaba-mlilo engumakhelwane, iqhawe eligobile eliqhubeka liphonsa umusi nomlilo ngenkathi liqapha inkosazana yalo.
Ukufanekisa, izindinganiso kanye nokuchazwa kwamasiko kwale nganekwane
Le ndaba, eye yathatha izinhlobo eziningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isebenza njenge okungaphezu nje kwendaba elula yothandoEmbonweni wezwe lendabuko, izintaba-mlilo nezintaba akuzona nje izinqwaba zamatshe, kodwa izidalwa ezinokuphila, ubuntu kanye nentando, ezixhumene nezwe lonkulunkulu kanye nokuhleleka kwendawo yonke.
Iztaccíhuatl, ogama lakhe livame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “owesifazane omhlophe” noma “owesifazane olele”Ifanekisela ubumsulwa, ukuzola, kanye nokuphakade kokuphumula. Isithombe sayo esilele phansi, esimbozwe yiqhwa simelela ukuthula kokufa, kodwa futhi nokuhlala njalo: ihlala lapho, inganyakazi, njengesikhumbuzo sothando oluqandisiwe ngesikhathi.
I-Popocatépetl, yona, iyi- “intaba ebhemayo”Futhi umsebenzi wayo wentaba-mlilo ubonisa intshisekelo, amandla, kanye nokulwa okuqhubekayo. Intuthu nomlilo ophuma emgodini wayo, njengoba kubonakala ngeso lenganekwane, kuyithoshi iqhawe elanqaba ukulicima, ilangabi elivuthayo njengoba lilinde ukuba inkosazana yalo ivuke ngolunye usuku.
Ngokuphathelene namanani, inganekwane iyaqinisa imibono efana nokwethembeka, umhlatshelo, kanye nemiphumela yokukhashelwaUPopocatépetl ubonakala njengesibonelo sokuzibophezela okuphelele, ezimisele ukubhekana nezimpi futhi alahle konke ngenxa yothando. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyise wenkosazana ubonisa izithembiso eziphuliwe, isifiso sezombusazwe, kanye nokuntuleka kwenhlonipho, izinqumo zakhe ezikhipha usizi.
Ngokombono wamasiko, le ndaba iye yasiza ukuchaza izenzakalo zemvelo ngendlela emfushane neyinkondloIqiniso lokuthi enye yezintaba-mlilo ezimbili iyasebenza kanti enye ayisebenzi libonakala ngokushesha esithombeni seqhawe eliqaphile eceleni kowesifazane olele. Ngakho-ke, inganekwane iqinisa indawo emcabangweni ohlangene futhi ikhuthaza ukuxhumana ngokomzwelo nendawo.
I-Popocatépetl emlandweni waseMexico, ubuciko, kanye nobunikazi
Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane, uPopocatépetl ubelokhu ekhona ku- izikhathi ezibalulekile emlandweni waseMexicoImibhalo ikhuluma ngokukhuphuka kwentaba-mlilo ngisho nangaphambi kokuphakama koMbuso Wama-Aztec: kukhulunywa ngokukhuphuka cishe ngonyaka ka-1289, kwathi kamuva, ngo-1519, abanqobi baseSpain benza okunye ukukhuphuka okudumile, benesithakazelo esibabuleni nakwezinye izinto zalesi sifunda.
Isithunzi sentaba-mlilo siphefumulele abadwebi, izimbongi, abaculi nababhali Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, inganekwane yalezi zintaba-mlilo ezimbili ihunyushwe kabusha emisebenzini eminingi yezincwadi, izingoma ezidumile, imidwebo, kanye nemidwebo yasezindongeni, yaba enye yezindaba ezaziwa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zaseMexico.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, iPopocatépetl nayo indawo yokubhekisela kobunikazi kubantu abaningi basePuebla, eMorelos kanye naseSifundazweni saseMexicoKuvela kuma-logo ezikhungo, ezimpawini zezikhali zendawo, izimpawu zokuhweba, kanye nemikhankaso yezokuvakasha. Ukukubona kusesikhathini, kubantu abaningi, kuyindlela yokwazi ukuthi “basekhaya.”
Ngisho nesidlaliso sakhe, “uDon Goyo”, sibonisa indlela imiphakathi embheka ngayo: hhayi nje kuphela njengesimo semvelo, kodwa cishe njengomakhelwane onobuntu bawoKunemikhosi, imithandazo, neminikelo enikelwe entabeni-mlilo, lapho icelwa khona ukuthi ihlale izolile noma, okungenani, inikeze isixwayiso kusenesikhathi uma ihlela ukuvuka ngamandla amakhulu kunokuvamile.
Emkhakheni wezemfundo, izazi ze-geology, izazi zezintaba-mlilo, izazi zemivubukulo kanye nezazi-mlando ziyaqhubeka nokufunda i-Popocatépetl. Amatshe ayo omlotha kanye ne-lava asivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha iziqephu zesikhathi esidluleUkuqonda ukuguquguquka kwangaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo nokuthuthukisa amamodeli okusiza ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwayo kwesikhathi esizayo kuyizinhloso ezibalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo ezungezile yemvelo, enamahlathi ephayini, izindawo zotshani eziphakeme, kanye nezindawo ezicishe zibe yinyanga, kudonsela ukunaka kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi zemvelo.
Izindawo ezikhangayo zemvelo kanye nemikhawulo yesivakashi
Isikhathi eside, indawo ezungeze iPopocatépetl yayiyindawo ye- uhambo, ukuhamba ngezinyawo kanye nemisebenzi yezintabaKusukela emahlathini asezintabeni kuya ezindaweni zokubukwa eziseduze ne-cone, indawo yayinezindlela zokuhamba ngezinyawo, ukubuka izinyoni, izimpophoma ezifihliwe, kanye nemibono emihle yesigodi.
Nokho, ukwanda kwemisebenzi yezintaba-mlilo emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaphoqa kuvimbela kakhulu ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziseduze ne-craterNamuhla, imizila eya phezulu kwekhoni ivaliwe emphakathini futhi imisebenzi ivunyelwe kuphela ezindaweni ezibhekwa njengeziphephile yiziphathimandla, ezihlala ziqaphela izinguquko ezingeni lesaziso sentaba-mlilo.
Lokho akusho ukuthi lesi sifunda asisakhangi. Kusukela ezindaweni ezahlukene zokubukwa kanye namapaki kazwelonke aseduze, kungenzeka... ukucabanga ngePopocatépetl ne-Iztaccíhuatl ngobuhle bazo bonkeIkakhulukazi ngezinsuku zasebusika ezicwebezelayo, lapho iqhwa ligqamisa khona izintaba zombili. Izivakashi eziningi zimane zihambe emizileni ephephile, zithathe izithombe, futhi zijabulele indawo ezungezile yemvelo ngaphandle kokusondela endaweni eyingozi.
Noma kunjalo, noma yiluphi uhlelo lokuvakasha kufanele lwenziwe ukuhlakanipha kanye nolwazi oluhle lwangaphambiliniKubalulekile ukuhlola amaphephandaba asemthethweni, ukuhlonipha imingcele yokuphepha, ukuphatha imishini efanele yezintaba, nokulandela izincomo zendawo, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokuwa komlotha noma izinguquko ezisheshayo emisebenzini yentaba-mlilo.
Kulabo abahlala kude, iPopocatépetl nayo isibe umbukwane wansuku zonke ngama-webcam kanye nemibiko yesikhathi sangempelaIziteshi eziningi zezindaba kanye namapulatifomu edijithali abelana ngezithombe ezihlala njalo zentaba-mlilo, okuvumela abantu ukuthi "babuke" intaba-mlilo besekhaya futhi bahlole ukuthi uDon Goyo uzolile noma akahlaliseki ngalolo suku.
Ngazo zonke lezi zinto ezingenhla, iPopocatépetl iziveza njenge uphawu oluyinkimbinkimbi lapho isayensi, umlando, inganekwane, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke kuhlangana khonaYintaba-mlilo engakhiphi nje intuthu ngomqondo we-geological, kodwa futhi nangomcabango ohlangene: ikhuthaza inhlonipho, ukwesaba, ukuziqhenya, kanye nobubele konke ngesikhathi esisodwa. Labo abazinika isikhathi sokufunda ngemvelaphi yayo, ukuqhuma kwayo, izinganekwane zayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo kwamasiko bathola ukuthi akuyona nje intaba: ingumlingiswa oyinhloko endabeni yaseMexico, isiqhwaga esiphilayo esiqhubeka nokubhala umlando wayo usuku nosuku.
