Ukubonakala kwe- Inyama yeGuanaco emakhabetheni asePatagonia Lokhu kuphawula inguquko emakethe yenyama eningizimu ye-Argentina. Lokho okwase kungamashumi eminyaka ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya, okuhlotshaniswa nokuzingela kanye neziteshi ezingakahleleki, manje sekuqala ukuhlanganiswa nochungechunge olulawulwayo, olunezindawo zokupakisha inyama ezinelayisensi, ukulandelelwa kwazo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezempilo.
Ezifundazweni ezifana ISanta Cruz neChubutAmaphakethe okuqala afika ezitolo zezinyama, ezitolo ezinkulu, ngisho nasezitolo zezinkukhu, okuvusa ilukuluku phakathi kwabathengi ababona lo mkhiqizo njengendlela engabizi kakhulu esikhundleni senyama yenkomo, intengo yayo ekhuphuke kakhulu ezinyangeni zamuva. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvulwa impikiswano mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yasendle eningi kanye nomthelela ongaba khona emnothweni wesifunda kanye nemikhuba yokusebenzisa.
Kusukela ekuzingeleni okungakahleleki kuya esifundeni esilawulwayo
Kuze kube muva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwe I-guanaco ePatagonia yahamba emthunziniUhambo oluya emaphandleni, isilwane esihlatshiwe somndeni noma abantu abaseduze, kanye nokungabi khona kwendlela yokuthengisa ngokusemthethweni ezitolo. Lo mkhuba, owandile ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseSanta Cruz, wawuhambisana nokungabikho kohlaka olucacile lwezomthetho kanye nokwenqatshwa okusemthethweni kokuthengiswa kwalolu hlobo.
Ushintsho lwaqala ukubonakala cishe eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho iziphathimandla zikazwelonke nezesifundazwe ziqala ukwenza sebenza ohlelweni lokuphatha lolu hlobo lwendabukoIsisusa sokuqala sasingeyona nje into ebangela ukunambitheka kokudla: ukwanda kwabantu abaningi be-guanaco kanye nokwanda kwezingozi zomgwaqo emizileni efana no-3 no-40 kwaphoqa ukusesha ikhambi elihlanganisa ukuphepha komgwaqo, ukulawulwa kwabantu kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo.
Ngo-2017, kwathathwa isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile: ukuthutha nokuthengisa imikhiqizo ethathwe ku-guanaco kwavunyelwa kakhulu. Lesi sinyathelo savula umnyango wokulawula umsebenzi owawusuvele ukhona kodwa ungenayo imithetho ecacile, futhi sabeka isisekelo sesistimu elawulwayo lapho ukuhlatshwa nokucubungula kwaqala ukuxhunyaniswa nezindawo zokuhlatshwa ezigunyaziwe.
Le nqubo yahlanganiswa ngo-2019 ne- Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuphathwa Okusimeme kweGuanacoLo mthetho wasungula izindlela zemvelo nezempilo zokusetshenziswa kwazo. Wethula izidingo zendlela yokubamba, ukuthutha, kanye nokuhlaba izilwane, ngenhloso yokuqinisekisa inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokunciphisa umthelela ezindaweni zemvelo.
Isahluko samuva nje kulokhu kuthuthuka kwemithetho safika ngo-2024, lapho i-Undersecretariat of the Environment ikhipha iSibonelelo 812/2024. Lesi sinqumo kwenza izifundazwe zasePatagonian zakha izinhlelo zazo zokuphatha futhi yandisa ububanzi bebhizinisi ngokuvumela ukudluliselwa kwenyama nefayibha phakathi kwezifundazwe, ngaphezu kokuvula umnyango wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
Ihhovisi likahulumeni, izinguquko zomthetho kanye nombono omusha nge-guanaco
Ukuqaliswa kwalesi sifunda esisha akuzange kwenzeke ngokushesha. Imithombo eyahlukahlukene ikhombisa ukuthi uMbuso uthathe isinyathelo iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ukuxhumanisa izici zokuphatha kanye nezempilo kwakudingeka ukuze inyama ye-guanaco itholakale njalo ezitolo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaqembu asebenzayo, izifundo zabantu, kanye nezingxoxo zenzeka phakathi kwabakhiqizi, abalondolozi bemvelo, kanye neziphathimandla.
I-guanaco, eyayiyiminyaka eminingi izinhlobo ezivikelwe ngaphansi komthetho wase-ArgentinaSekubhekwe njengento ebangela inkathazo yimikhakha ethile ekhiqizayo, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokufuya izimvu. Impikiswano evamile ukuthi lezi zilwane zincintisana ngokudla nezimvu nokuthi inani lazo liye landa laya emazingeni angenakulawuleka, kanti izilinganiso zisikisela izigidi zezinhlobo zezilwane esifundeni.
Kodwa-ke, abanye emiphakathini yasemakhaya kanye neyobuchwepheshe bayakufanelekela lokhu kutholakala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-guanaco inayo ama-pads ezinyaweniokufana nokwekatiLokhu kunciphisa umthelela enhlabathini uma kuqhathaniswa nenselo yemvu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kugcizelelwa ukuthi kuyasika utshani kunokuba kubususe, okuyisenzo esifaka isandla ekulondolozweni kwesembozo sezitshalo.
Indlela esetshenziswe emithethweni yakamuva akuyona ukuqeda lolu hlobo, kodwa... ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo nokulandelelekayo, lapho inyama, i-fiber kanye neminye imikhiqizo engaphansi kwayo ikhiqiza inani lezomnotho kanye nomsebenzi ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni ukuzinza kwezilwane zasendle.
Endabeni yaseSanta Cruz, uhulumeni wesifundazwe ukhuthaze lo mkhakha webhizinisi njengethuba elikhiqizayo. UMbusi uClaudio Vidal ugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuqinisekisa [lokhu]. ukulandeleka, inani elengeziwe kanye nemisebenzi ukugxila ku-guanaco, ngokubheka kokubili imakethe yasekhaya kanye namathuba okuthengisa akhulayo kwezinye izifundazwe, futhi esikhathini esizayo, nakwamanye amazwe.
Amaketanga okukhiqiza kanye nokulawulwa kwenhlanzeko
Elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile okungena kwenyama ye-guanaco esisekelweni esisemthethweni kube ukwakheka kwe- ukubamba nokucubungula okulawulwa ngokuqinileNgokungafani nokuzingela okuvamile, izilwane azibulawa ngokungahleliwe endle. Zifakwa ezibayeni nasezibayeni eziphathwayo, lapho zigxilile khona futhi ukuphathwa kwazo kulawulwa.
Kusukela kulezo zibaya, ama-guanaco athuthelwa ngaphakathi kusukela ezindlini ezikhethekile kuya eziqandisini ezihlonyisiweabaphethe ukuhlatshwa nokuhlatshwa. Lapho, kusetshenziswa izinqubo ezifanayo zokuhlanzeka, ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kanye nezindlela zokugcina inyama ebandayo njengalezo zezinye inyama ebomvu ezenzelwe ukudliwa ngabantu.
ESanta Cruz, okwamanje kunezindawo zokucubungula inyama ezigunyaziwe ezisingatha ukuhlatshwa nokupakishwa kwenyama. Lezi zikhungo Bathumela amabhokisi ahlukaniswe ngaphambilini kumabhizinisi asezindaweni ezahlukene, kusukela ezitolo ezinkulu kanye nezitolo zezinyama kuya ezitolo ezikhethekile njengezitolo zezinkukhu. Inyama ivame ukufika igcwele i-vacuum noma isemaphaketheni avaliwe, inamalebula avumela ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi ivelaphi.
E-Chubut, okwamanje, azikho izitshalo zokupakisha inyama ezicubungula lolu hlobo, ngakho-ke izinto zokusetshenziswa Ivela kakhulu eSanta CruzNaphezu kwalokhu, uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kulesi sifundazwe nalo luyalawulwa. I-National Agri-Food Health and Quality Service (i-Senasa) ihilelekile ekuqinisekisweni kwezempilo, kuyilapho iminyango kamasipala yokuphepha kokudla iqondisa ukuthengiswa kwezitolo.
Iziphathimandla zokuphepha kokudla zabanye omasipala eChubut zigcizelela ukubaluleka hlukanisa phakathi kwenyama esemthethweni nenyama ekuzingeleniImikhiqizo evela ezindaweni zokuhlatshwa ezigunyaziwe kuphela, enemibhalo efanele kanye nesistimu yokulandelela, engathengiswa ezitolo zezinyama nezitolo ezinkulu. Inyama etholakala ngokuzingela ukuze idliwe ngumuntu siqu, nokho, ayivunyelwe ukuthengiswa.
Ukufika ezitolo zenyama zaseSanta Cruz
Isifundazwe saseSanta Cruz sesibe yisigaba esibonakala kakhulu salolu shintsho. Lapho, Ukuthengiswa okusemthethweni kwenyama ye-guanaco kwaqala emasontweni ambalwa edluleIzingcezu zokuqala zenyama zaqala ukufika ezitolo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Enye yezindawo zokuqala kwakuyisitolo esizisebenzelayo edolobheni laseLas Heras, lapho ukuthengiswa kwavunyelwa khona ngemuva kokuba umasipala ehlole isitshalo sokupakisha inyama futhi waqinisekisa izimo zokuhlanzeka.
Umnikazi waleso sikhungo, onolwazi oluningi kakhulu kulo mkhakha, uyavuma ukuthi lokhu kuthutha kuyingozi: kuhilela umkhiqizo omusha oseshalofiniFuthi akucaci ukuthi amakhasimende azosabela kanjani. Nokho, lesi sinqumo silandela ukwehla okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwenyama yenkomo, okwehle ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-50 kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yokwenyuka kwentengo.
Enyakatho yeSanta Cruz, abathengi abaningi bakhethe ezinye izindlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezifana i-capon newundluFuthi manje inyama ye-guanaco yengezwe njengenketho entsha, kulokhu isekelwa ngokusemthethweni. Isiko lokuyidla belilokhu likhona, kodwa manje umkhiqizo unelebula, ulawulwa, futhi utholakala ngezindlela ezahlukene ezenzelwe umphakathi jikelele.
Umsabalalisi endaweni, owaqala ukuletha inyama ye-guanaco emadolobheni afana neLas Heras, iCaleta Olivia kanye nePico Truncado, uchaza ukuthi lo mphumela “Akwenzeki ngobusuku obubodwa.Le nqubo yaqala cishe ngo-2018, ivela ekukhathazekeni ngobuningi bezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nezingozi zomgwaqo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwasungulwa inethiwekhi yemithethonqubo, izivumelwano, kanye nezimvume, manje evumela umkhiqizo ukuthi ubonwe emafasiteleni ezitolo nasezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezibandayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umasipala waseLas Heras kanye nabanye ohulumeni basekhaya sebeqalile ukuguqula imithetho yabo ukuze balawule ukuthengiswa kwalezi zinciphiso ezintsha, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa, ukulawulwa kwamalebula kanye nezidingo ezithile zokulondolozwa nokuboniswa kwawo.
Amafomethi, amaphakethe omndeni kanye namanani okubhekisela
Ezitolo eSanta Cruz nasezindaweni zokuqala zokuthengisa eChubut, inyama ye-guanaco inikezwa nge amafomethi aklanyelwe amaphrofayili abathengi ahlukeneAkukhona nje kuphela ngezingcezu ngazinye, kodwa uhlelo lokuthengisa olufana nolwezinye izinyama zendabuko, olunezinhlobonhlobo zezingcezu kanye nenhlanganisela yomndeni.
Phakathi kwezinketho ezivame ukuphindwa, okulandelayo kuyaphawuleka: Amaphakethe omndeni angama-20 kilogram ngenani eliphelele lama-pesos angu-130.000, okulingana nama-pesos angu-6.500 ngekhilogremu. Lawa maphakheji ngokuvamile afaka amakhilogremu ayi-10 enyama yenkomo egayiwe, ikota, kanye nehlombe, konke okungenamathambo. Amabhokisi anezinqe kuphela, amabhokisi enyama yenkomo egayiwe kuphela, noma inhlanganisela yama-quarter namahlombe nawo ayatholakala kulabo abathanda ukusika okukhulu.
Kwezinye izitolo, inyama egayiwe ithengiswa e- Izikhwama ezingamakhilogremu angu-5ngentengo ebhekiselwe kuyo engaba ama-peso angu-7.000 ngekhilo. Uma uyiqhathanisa nenyama yenkomo, ezitolo eziningi ezithengisa inyama edlula ama-peso angu-25.000 ngekhilo futhi ekhuphuke ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-40 ezinyangeni ezintathu, umehluko usobala.
Lona igebe elikhulu lentengo Lokhu ngokwengxenye kuchaza ukunaka okwenziwa yilo mkhiqizo. Ngenkathi inyama yenkomo ibiza kakhulu futhi ingavamile, inyama ye-guanaco iyavela njengomthombo okwazi ukunciphisa izindleko zasekhaya, ikakhulukazi esimweni sokwehla kwamandla okuthenga.
Amafriji nabasabalalisi bakhethe isu lokumaketha elisekelwe kumaphakethe amakhulu enhlanganisela, elakhelwe kokubili imindeni emikhulu, njengaleyo ethenga ngokuhlanganyela phakathi komakhelwane noma amaqembu abathengi. Lokhu kuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuhwebelana okusheshayo nokugcina intengo ekhangayo ngekhilo.
I-Chubut: izimo zokuthengisa ezitolo zezinyama
Esifundeni esiseduze saseChubut, ukuba khona kwe Inyama ye-Guanaco isiqala ukubonakala ezindaweni zokuthengisa inyama.Nakuba kusesesigabeni sokuqala. UMnyango Wezokuphepha Kokudla, oxoxiswene nabezindaba bendawo, uqinisekisile ukuthi ukuthengiswa kuvunyelwe inqobo nje uma umkhiqizo uhambisana nezimfuneko zokulandelela kanye nokulawula impilo.
Inyama efika kulesi sifunda ivela cishe ngokuphelele ku- izindawo zokugcina izinto ezibandayo ezigunyaziwe eSanta CruzNjengoba i-Chubut ingenazo izikhungo zokucubungula ezigunyaziwe zalolu hlobo, amabhokisi afika enezicucu ezahlukene—izinqe, inyama egayiwe, ama-quarter, namahlombe angenamathambo—futhi athengiswa ngamanani afana nalawo aseSanta Cruz, kanti intengo ngekhilogremu icishe ibe yi-6.500 pesos ngamaphakethe angama-20-kilo.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthengi uthola umkhiqizo ophephile nosemthethweniIziphathimandla zigcizelela ukuthi kufakwe amadokhumenti afanele. Ibhokisi ngalinye kumele libe nezitifiketi ezivumela ukuthi uhambo lomkhiqizo lulandelwe kusukela endaweni yokuhlatshwa kuya ekhawunteni, okuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nendawo yokugcina izinto ezibandayo, usuku lokukhiqiza, kanye nezimo zokugcina.
Uhlelo lokulawula luthembele ekungeneleleni kweSenasa, ephethe izici zokuhlanzeka, kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlola yoMnyango Wokuphepha Kokudla esixhunyanisweni sokugcina kulolu chungechunge. Kuleli qophelo, izindawo zokugcina izinto ezibandayo, amalebula, kanye namarekhodi kuyahlolwa, ngaphezu kwesimo esijwayelekile sezindawo.
Izinhlangano ezilawulayo zikhuthaza abathengi Qinisekisa imvelaphi yenyama ye-guanaco Ngaphambi kokuthenga, ikakhulukazi lapho ukukhishwa okusha komkhiqizo kungaholela ezipeshelini ezingaziwa, isincomo sicacile: thenga izinto namaphakethe apakishwe kahle, anelebula, futhi ulwazi lubonakala ngokucacile.
Iphrofayili yokudla okunempilo kanye nokusetshenziswa kokupheka
Ngaphandle kwentengo yayo, inyama ye-guanaco inikeza izinzuzo zokudla okunempilo eziye zaheha ukunaka kwezempilo kanye nochwepheshe bokupheka. Yinyama mzimba omncane kakhulu, onamafutha aphansi kanye nezinga eliphezulu lamaprotheni. Ngokusho kwedatha yobuchwepheshe, ingafinyelela cishe amagremu angu-24 amaprotheni ngamagremu ayi-100 omkhiqizo, idlula ezinye inyama ezivamile njengenyama yenkomo noma inkukhu.
Iphrofayili yamafutha nayo iyathakazelisa, nge i-cholesterol ephansi kanye nokuqukethwe kwamakhalori aphansi kunezinye inyama ebomvu. Lezi zici zenza kube inketho ekhangayo yokudla okuhlose ukunciphisa ukudla okunamafutha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amaprotheni, njalo ngaphakathi kokudla okuhlukahlukene nokunokulinganisela.
Ngokuphathelene nokunambitheka, labo abaye bakuzama bakuchaza njenge- inyama ebomvu enokunambitheka okunamandla kodwa okuthambileIfana kakhulu nezinye izinyama zezilwane zasendle, kodwa ayinalo ulaka oluningi. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kokuqina nokunambitheka kwenza kube lula ekhishini, kufaneleke kokubili ekulungiseleleni okude, njengezitshulu, ama-casserole noma ama-ragù, kanye nokupheka okusheshayo ezinqunyiwe ezithambile.
Empeleni, izimboni namabhizinisi bazama amafomethi ahlukene kanye nemininingwane eningiliziweAmanye amabhizinisi afake ama-cutlets abhakiwe, ama-hamburger, ama-meatball, kanye namalungiselelo alungele uhhavini enziwe ngenyama ye-guanaco egayiwe noma ecutshunguliwe, efuna ukuzivumelanisa nemikhuba yokudla yasemadolobheni kanye nalabo abathanda izixazululo ezisheshayo.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwentengo encintisanayo, inani lokudla okunempilo kanye namathuba okupheka kukhulisa intshisekelo yabapheki, izazi zokudla okunempilo kanye nabakhiqizi, ababona ku-guanaco isithako esinamandla okuzihlanganisa kumamenyu ezindawo zokudlela kanye nasekuphekeni kwansuku zonke emakhaya amaningi asePatagonian.
I-Gastronomy, ubunikazi besifunda kanye nokubikezela
Ukufika kwe-guanaco ezitolo zezinyama akugcini nje emkhakheni wezomnotho. Izikhungo ezahlukene zomphakathi nezizimele seziqalile ukusebenza ku- imisebenzi yokukhuthaza ukudla ngenhloso yokuhlobanisa le nyama nobuntu bokupheka bePatagonian hhayi nje njengomthombo ophuthumayo lapho kubhekene nokwenyuka kwamanani ezinye izinyama.
Isibonelo, eRío Gallegos, ingqungquthela yokuqala enesihloko esithi “Inyama yeGuanaco: Ubunikazi Obusha Bokudla KwePatagonia” yahlelwa, yakhuthazwa yi-INTA Santa Cruz, uMkhandlu Wezolimo Wesifundazwe, izitshalo zokupakisha inyama zasendaweni, kanye nezinhlangano emkhakheni wezolimo nezilwane. Inhloso yalolu hlobo lomhlangano iwukuthi ukwazisa ngezakhiwo zomkhiqizo, nikeza ukunambitha nokubonisa izindlela zokupheka ezenza kube lula ukufakwa kwayo ekuphekeni kwansuku zonke.
Le misebenzi ihilela abapheki abadumile abavela esifundeni, abenza bukhoma amademoBabelana ngamasu okupheka futhi bachaza indlela yokulungisa izingcezu ezahlukene. Ngale ndlela, bahlose ukucacisa inyama ye-guanaco, beyiveza njengenketho yesimanje neyokudala, hhayi nje njengokudla "kwasemakhaya".
Ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zobuchwepheshe, njenge-INTA, kanye nezinhlangano zesifundazwe kuhlinzeke ngohlaka oluqinile kakhulu lweketanga lokukhiqiza. Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka e- qinisa ukuxhumana phakathi komsebenzi nokusabalalisa, thuthukisa ezokuthutha futhi uqinisekise ukuthi inyama efika emakethe ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi ezifanayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindlela zokufeza ezokuthutha zikahulumeni ezizinzileukuze inyama ikwazi ukusabalala ngokukhululeka kulo lonke izwe futhi, ekugcineni, ifinyelele kwezinye izimakethe ngale kwePatagonia. Lokhu kuqagela, okusesesigabeni sokuqala, kuhlotshaniswa nekhono lokugcina inani elanele, izitifiketi, kanye nesithombe somkhiqizo esinomthwalo wemfanelo nesiqhubekayo.
Kusethi ye isifundaUkuvulwa kwe-guanaco kwezentengiselwano kwethula isiqephu esisha kuphazili yezomnotho neyokudlaKuyasiza ekuphatheni inani elikhulu lezilwane zasendle, kudala imisebenzi ezindaweni zokugcina ezibandayo, ezokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokuthengisa, futhi kunikeza abathengi enye indlela yenyama ebomvu engabizi kakhulu enephrofayili yokudla okunempilo ethokozisayo, konke lokhu kungaphansi kweso elibukhali lokulawulwa kwezempilo kanye nemvelo okuqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa nalesi simo esisha.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwenyama ye-guanaco ezitolo zezinyama zasePatagonian kuzoncika ekutheni umphakathi usabela kanjani, ikhono lokusekela ukutholakala, nokuthi imakethe esemthethweni iyaqhubeka yini nokuziqhelelanisa nokuzingela okungakahleleki, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi umkhiqizo usuqalile ukuya ekhawunteni nge amanani ancintisanayo, ukwesekwa kwemithetho kanye nokusekelwa kokudla okukhulayo okukubeka njengomunye wabalingisi abaphambili bemephu entsha yenyama yaseningizimu ye-Argentina.
