El Iplanethi iSaturn Ingenye yamaplanethi abathandayo ososayensi nabasakhulayo, ngenxa yezimfanelo zayo, enye yazo ukuthi ingabonwa kalula eMhlabeni, ubuhle bamasongo awo, amasathelayithi ayo, njll.
[angqongqoze]
iplanethi ye-saturn Ngobukhulu bayo, ilandela i-"Jupiter" esendaweni yokuqala ngobukhulu, isendaweni ngokuphathelene nokuba seduze neLanga, iyinombolo yesithupha, inamasongo angabukwa eMhlabeni.
Ngokuqondene negama, livela kuNkulunkulu wamaRoma uSaturn. Itholakala eqenjini lalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amaplanethi amagesi noma angaphandle.
Ingxenye egqama kakhulu kule planethi izindandatho zayo ezikhanyayo. Yayihlale ibhekwa njengeplanethi eyayiqhelelene kakhulu nenkosi yenkanyezi, ekubeni ngaleso sikhathi iplanethi eyayingabonisi lutho oluthakazelayo noma enokukhanya okukhanyayo, lokhu kwashintsha lapho kusungulwa isibonakude.
Izindandatho zeplanethi zabonwa ngokokuqala ngqá ngonyaka ka-1610 nguGalileo, ngaleso sikhathi isibonakude sasingacacile kangako, lokhu kwamenza wakholelwa ukuthi izindandatho zazingamasathelayithi amabili amakhulu.
Eminyakeni ethile kamuva lokhu kwaziswa kwalungiswa nguChristiaan Huygens, owathi, esebenzisa imishini ethuthukisiwe, waqaphela amahobhothi, lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-1659.
Ngezibalo kwaboniswa ukuthi izindandatho zazingezona eziqinile nokuthi kunalokho zaziyizinhlayiya eziningi ezinobukhulu obuncane ezahlanganiswa, uJames Clerk Maxwell ngonyaka ka-1859.
Lezi zakhi ezakha amasongo ale planethi zenza ama-spins awo abe nesivinini esikhulu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi angahamba ngesivinini esingu-48.000 km/h, esilingana nendlela i-projectile ehamba ngayo.
Umsuka Wegama LePlanethi iSaturn
Ngokwesikhundla ngokuphathelene neLanga, iSaturn iyiphuzu elilodwa elikude kuneLanga. Iplanethi JupiterYingakho amaRoma aqamba igama likakhokho kaJupiter, owayebizwa ngokuthi uSaturn.
Ngokusekelwe ezinganekwaneni zamaRoma, uSaturn wayelingana neGreek Titan Cronus endala, owayeyizibulo lika "Uranus" futhi unina wayengu "Gaea", emhlabeni wonkulunkulu, obuswa uCronus, amadoda ayenomkhuba wokushwabadela abantu. amadodana azalelwa wona ukuze loNkulunkulu angalahlekelwa yisihlalo sakhe sobukhosi.
Enye yamadodana yakwazi ukubalekela ukushwabadela, igama layo kwakungu "Zeus", wabe esekwazi esikhundleni sikayise esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Abahlomulayo kwakungamaGreki namaRoma, abazuza ifa lamaSumeri (inkolo yomlando yaseMpumalanga Ephakathi) nokuhlakanipha, baqonda konke okuhlobene nesibhakabhaka, baqinisekisa ukuthi kunezinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa ezijikelezayo esibhakabhakeni: iLanga, amaplanethi: IMercury, iVenus, iMars, iJupiter kanye neSaturn, kwakukhona neNyanga.
Kwakukhona nezinkanyezi ezimbalwa ezazizulazula, ezinejubane elihlukile futhi ezenza umjikelezo wazo uzungeza iplanethi enguMhlaba, le planethi kwathiwa iyinkaba yendawo yonke.
ISaturn ihamba ngesivinini esincane kakhulu samaplanethi amahlanu, ukuzungeza iLanga kuthatha cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye kanye nezinsuku ezingamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa, kuthatha isikhathi esiphindwe kathathu kunesithatha iJupiter, iminyaka eyishumi nanye namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili izinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha nesikhombisa, njengamaplanethi amathathu asele njengeMercury, Venus kanye neMars, ukungalingani kukhulu.
ISaturn igqamile ngoba ihamba kancane futhi uma iJupiter kufanele ibe nguZeus, kusho ukuthi uSaturn kwakunguCronus, ubaba omdala, owadlula kancane kancane ezinkanyezini.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zePlanethi iSaturn
Iplanethi inezigxobo eziyisicaba futhi uhlobo oluthile lwendilinga eyisiyingi lugqama enkabazwe. Isilinganiso sawo endaweni yenkabazwe singamakhilomitha angu-120.536 futhi endaweni epholile singamakhilomitha angu-108.728.
Lokhu kubangelwa isivinini sokunyakaza noma ukujikeleza kwayo, amandla adonsela phansi amancane enawo kanye nesimo sayo segesi. Amanye amaplanethi nawo anomumo oyisiyingi kodwa akumakiwe kangako.
Inogqinsi olungaba amakhulu ayisithupha namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kg/m3, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi kwamaplanethi yilona kuphela elinomthamo ophansi kunomthamo wamanzi, okuyinkulungwane eyodwa kg/m3.
Umkhathi wayo ungamaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesithupha e-hydrogen futhi unamaphesenti amathathu e-helium.
Inomthamo odingekayo ukusekela iplanethi enguMhlaba, enesisindo esiphindwe kamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanhlanu kuphela kunoMhlaba, ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphansi.
Isikhathi sokuzungeza kweplanethi siyangabazeka njengoba iyiplanethi engenandawo futhi kunomehluko emkhathini wayo, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ijika endaweni ehlukile.
Njengoba amaza omsindo abizwa ngokuthi i-Voyager athunyelwa, kulinganiselwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuzungeza kweplanethi, ngokomjikelezo wamanani amasignali omsakazo adalulwe yiyo, sasicishe sibe amahora angu-10 imizuzu engu-39 nemizuzwana engu-22.
UCassini kanye no-Ulisses bayimishini yasemkhathini ekwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi lesi sikhathi sokuphuma komsakazo sihlala sishintshashintsha ngesikhathi, isibonelo okwamanje amahora ayi-10 nemizuzu engama-45 futhi cishe imizuzwana engamashumi amane nanhlanu.
Ukushintshashintsha kwesikhathi sokuzungezisa irediyasi kungabangelwa isenzo se-cryovolcanic (okuwuhlobo lwentaba-mlilo yeqhwa namanzi), efana ne-geyser (okuwumthombo oshisayo othi ngezikhathi ezithile ukhiphe uketshezi olunezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokulandelayo. kuya kumagesi omoya), kusukela kusathelayithi yesithupha ye-Saturn Enceladus, ekhiphela izakhi emzileni weplanethi ngokusebenzisana namandla kazibuthe angaphandle kweplanethi.
Okusetshenziselwa ukwazi ukuthi ukujikeleza kwe-nucleus kulinganisa kangakanani lapho iqala khona. Ngamafuphi, ubude bokuzungeza bengxenye engaphakathi yeplanethi bungaziwa kuphela ngokwenza izibalo ezilinganiselwe.
ISaturn iwubukhulu obuphindwe kayisishagalolunye kunoMhlaba, futhi buqhelelene neLanga izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Uma iplanethi enguMhlaba neSaturn ibhekwa kusukela eLangeni ngesikhathi isendaweni efanayo, endaweni lapho umjikelezo unqanyulwa khona nge-elliptical, amaplanethi amabili azobhekwa njengobukhulu obufanayo.
Isakhiwo Sangaphakathi SePlanethi
Ngokusho kwamamodeli amaplanethi ajwayelekile, ingxenye engaphakathi yeSaturn ifana kakhulu nengxenye engaphakathi yeJupiter, lapho umnyombo unamatshe azungezwe i-helium, i-hydrogen kanye nemikhondo yezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo.
Ingaphandle limbozwe ngengubo yokulala ye-hydrogen ewuketshezi, umphumela wamazinga okushisa aphezulu nangenxa yokucindezela okweqile.
Kukhona umkhathi owenziwe yi-helium kanye ne-hydrogen ngaphandle kweplanethi cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngaphakathi kweplanethi kukhona indikimba eyenziwe ngezinto ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi eliye latholakala kusukela ekudalweni kweplanethi kanye nokuvumelana kwayo kufanele kube uketshezi, okwenza ingcindezi futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele lifane nokushisa kwengqikithi.
Izinga lokushisa lisondele ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili ze-K, cishe eliphindwe kabili izinga lokushisa lendawo yeLanga.
I-Saturn, ngendlela efanayo ne-Jupiter ne-Neptune, ibonisa inani elikhulu lokushisa ngaphandle, okukhulu kunalokho okutholwe Isakhiwo yelanga. Ingxenye yala mandla ikhiqizwa ukufinyela kancane okwenziwa iplanethi, kudedela amandla adonsela phansi azalwa ngenxa yokucindezela.
Lolu hlobo lomshini lubizwa nge-"Kelvin-Helmholtz" indlela. Ukushisa okudlulele okudalwa ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwemijikelezo phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-helium efana kakhulu, elahlekelwa ukufana njengoba iplanethi yakha, ikhulula amandla adonsela phansi njengokushisa.
I-Atmosphere
Ungqimba lwegesi yeSaturn lunohlobo lwamabhande okukhanya namanye amathoni amnyama afana nalawo eJupiter, umehluko wokuthi amabhande iSaturn alula.
Umkhathi kule planethi uhambisana nemimoya emikhulu enesiqondiso kokunye ukufana endaweni yayo kanye nama-symmetry amaningi kuma-hemispheres amabili, ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesizini yokuthi iplanethi itsheke kanjani.
Umsinga omkhulu ovela endaweni yenkabazwe ubusa umoya ekuphakameni kwe-equatorial Amafu nebanga lejubane lamakhulu amane namashumi amahlanu m/s ngesikhathi seVoyager. Okuphambene nalokho okwenzeka ku-Jupiter kwenzeka, akuzona ama-vortices amakhulu, kunezinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu obuncane.
Amafu aphezulu kunawo wonke kucatshangwa ukuthi akhiwe amakristalu e-ammonia. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlayiya kunenkungu ezungeza iplanethi, umphumela wezenzakalo ze-photochemical kulo lonke ungqimba lwegesi lomkhathi ophakeme kakhulu, cishe i-mbar eyishumi.
Ngokujula okwengeziwe kanye nokucindezela okungamabha ayishumi, amanzi asemkhathini angagxila ongqimbeni oluguqubele lwamanzi angakaze abonwe kuze kube manje.
Kukhona izivunguvungu emkhathini, njengalezo ezenzeka kuJupiter, ezinye zazo ziye zabonwa ziseMhlabeni. Njengoba ngo-1933 kwakukhona isithunzi esimhlophe esasisezingeni lenkabazwe, sabonwa isazi sezinkanyezi uWilliam Thomson.
Ibala lalilikhulu kangangokuthi labonwa nge-refractor engu-7 cm, lahlala lincane kakhulu, lanyamalala ngokushesha. Okuhlobene nendaba yokuqondisa iziphepho ezinkulu.
Kukhona amapuleti ezithombe athathwe ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, nesikhawu seminyaka engamashumi amathathu phakathi kwawo. Lapho ungabona khona izithunzi ezifana nalezo ezitholakala eminyakeni edlule. Ngonyaka ka-1994 kwaba nesiphepho esabonakala naso kodwa ubukhulu baso babuncane ngamaphesenti angama-1990 kunesangonyaka ka-XNUMX.
Ngo-1962 isithunzi saqala ukukhula, wayengenayo intuthuko. Ngonyaka ka-1990, kwabonakala ifu elikhulu elimhlophe elalisenkabazwe yeSaturn, elahlanganiswa neqembu leziphepho ezinkulu.
Izivunguvungu eziningana ezinobukhulu obukhulu zibanjwe kuSaturn kusetshenziswa uphenyo lweCassini.
Kukhona isivunguvungu esikhulu, lapho sasinombani onamandla ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngaphezu kwanoma yisiphi isivunguvungu esike savela eMhlabeni, ukubonakala kwaso kwakungoNovemba 27, 2007, futhi sathatha cishe izinyanga eziyisikhombisa nesigamu, ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisivunguvungu. irekhodi ukuthi yathatha isikhathi eside kangakanani, ingakaze ibonwe esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Lesi sivunguvungu sasikhona eningizimu nenkabazwe yeplanethi, indawo eyayikuyo ibizwa ngokuthi "i-alley of storms" njengoba lezi zenzakalo zigcina zenzeka kuleyo ndawo. Irekhodi ledlulwa wukuvela kwesinye isiphepho endaweni efanayo, lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka wezi-2009 ngenyanga kaMasingana, okwathatha izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Kwakukhona isiphepho esikhulu kangangokuthi samboza iplanethi yonke, lokhu kwenzeka ngenyanga kaZibandlela wezi-2010, kulokhu kwakusenyakatho yezwe lakha i-vortex ephakathi yombala omnyama nobubanzi bamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
Ngokufanayo nesithunzi esavela kuJupiter esibizwa ngokuthi "Indawo Enkulu Ebomvu", sasinamandla kakhulu, mhlawumbe esinamandla kunanoma yisiphi isiphepho esenzeka. Lesi siphepho sathwala amafu ezinhlayiya ze-ammonia ashona emkhathini weSaturn.
Yathatha cishe izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili noma ngaphansi, ngokubambisana kwe-Cassini probe kanye nezibonakude zomhlaba, kwenziwa ukuhlaziya kwayo, yandisa ubukhulu bayo yaze yafinyelela endaweni ecishe ibe yisishiyagalombili ubukhulu boMhlaba, kungenzeka ukwazisa kalula amaza omsakazo akhiqizwa ngomshini kagesi oxhunywe kuwo.
Izindawo ezimaphakathi zine-jet stream ku-"78°N no-78°S". Ngeminyaka yo-1980, i-Voyager probes yathola uhlobo lwesibalo esinezinhlangothi ezine endaweni yesigxobo esisenyakatho esabonwa isibonakude se-Hubble sisuka emkhathini eminyakeni eyishumi yokugcina yekhulu lama-XNUMX.
I-Cassini probes ithwebule izithombe zakamuva kakhulu ezibonisa i-polar vortex ngokuningiliziwe. ISaturn kuze kube manje ihlukile ekubeni ne-polar vortex nalolu hlobo lohlobo lapho ama-vortice ekhona kumaplanethi e-Venus noMhlaba.
Ngokuqondene nehexagon etholakala enyakatho yeSaturn, uhlangothi ngalunye lunamakhilomitha acishe abe yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili esilinganisweni salo, likhulu kakhulu kunobubanzi boMhlaba, ihexagon inomjikelezo ofana nokunyakaza amaplanethi. babe .
Umehluko wukuthi leli yigagasi elimile elingahlukani ngobukhulu, futhi alinakho ukuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amafu atholakala emkhathini.
Izibalo ze-polygonal ezinobuso obuthathu kuya kweziyisithupha ziye zaphindwa ngokuzungezisa uketshezi ezifanisweni zaselabhorethri.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amanye ama-jet stream akhona eningizimu, njengoba izithombe ezithwetshuliwe zibonisa, lawa akuwona amagagasi anezinhlangothi ezine, futhi awawona amaza. Ngokunjalo, iNASA yanikeza umbiko ngoNovemba 2006 lapho ithi khona uphenyo lwaseCassini lwathumba isiphepho eduze kwe-south pole, sineso elibukhali.
Ukucaca kwamehlo kwabonwa kuphela kuplanethi enguMhlaba, ngisho naseGreat Spot Ebomvu yeJupiter ngophenyo lukaGalileo sitholakele isithombe esibonisa iso elichazwe kahle.
I-vortex enamakhilomitha angaphezulu noma angaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili ububanzi, ayikwazanga ukuthwebula kuze kube manje, noma ihlaziywe yi-Cassini probe, imimoya iveze isilinganiso samakhilomitha angamakhulu amahlanu ngehora.
Ngonyaka wezi-2010 ngenyanga ka-April, i-NASA yashicilela ezinye izithombe namavidiyo abonisa insimbi kagesi exhunywe neziphepho ezenzeka emkhathini wawo, lokhu kwenzeka okokuqala ngalolo suku.
I-Orbit yePlanethi iSaturn
El Iplanethi iSaturn izungeza iLanga ngebanga eliphakathi kwamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane namakhulu amane neshumi nesishiyagalombili I-Orbit I-eccentricity ingu-0,056, indawo yephuzu elikude kakhulu neLanga ngokuphathelene neSaturn (aphelion) ingamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane namakhulu amahlanu amakhilomitha, kanti i-perihelion ingamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane namakhulu amabili namashumi amane. ISaturn yayise-perihelion ngonyaka we-1974.
Isikhathi sokuzungeza iLanga cishe iminyaka engama-29 nezinsuku eziyi-167, futhi isikhathi se-synodic (okuyisikhathi esisithathayo ukuzungeza nokuhlangana endaweni efanayo) izinsuku ezingama-378, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuthatha unyaka woMhlaba, umehluko usuka ekubambezelekeni okucishe kube amasonto amabili kubhekiselwa onyakeni odlule.
Isikhathi sokuzungeza mayelana nendawo yayo emaphakathi sifushane, cishe amahora ayishumi nemizuzu eyishumi nane, kukhona njalo ukuhlukahluka kwenkabazwe kanye nezigxobo.
Amayunithi ajikelezayo eSaturn ayashintshashintsha ngesilinganiso seminyaka engamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye ngenxa ye-orbital resonance yohlobo 5:2 ngokuphathelene neplanethi yeJupiter, izazi zezinkanyezi zaseFrance zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili zayinikeza igama elithi "la grande inégalité" ( I-Jupiter yenza izinguquko ezinhlanu kuwo wonke ama-revolution amabili okwenziwa nguSaturn).
Amaplanethi awanawo ama-resonance aqondile, lawa ma-resonance acishe afane ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze iziphazamiso zibongwe.
Amasathelayithi ePlanethi iSaturn
Iplanethi inamasathelayithi amaningi, isamba esingaba amashumi ayisishiyagalombili nambili anemizila evamile, evuselelwe ngo-2019, isathelayithi ebaluleke kakhulu i- "Titan" enohlelo olunomoya obaluleke kakhulu.
Amasathelayithi amakhulu kunawo wonke aziwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ucwaningo lwasemkhathini yiMinas, Tethys, Enceladus, Dione, Titan, Rhea, Iapetus, Hyperion, Phoebe.
Endabeni ye-Enceladus ne-Titan, zingamasathelayithi amabili akhethwa ososayensi, eyokuqala ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yokuthi amanzi awuketshezi atholakala kuwo budebuduze nangaphezulu, ngaphezu kokuphuma komhwamuko wamanzi, iyasebenza. amagiza nowesibili, lapho kukhona khona umkhathi ocebile nge-methane futhi ufana kakhulu nowoMhlaba wasendulo.
Amanye amasathelayithi, esewonke angamashumi amathathu, nawo anamagama, nakuba inani liyangabazeka ngoba ziningi izakhi ezizungezayo eduze neplanethi. Ngonyaka wezi-2000 kwafakwa abanye abangaba ishumi nambili.
Lezi zinyanga eziyishumi nambili ngokuya ngokuzungeza kwazo zibonwa njengezingcezu zezakhi ezinkulu ezakhangwa yiplanethi. Emkhankasweni weCassini-Huygens bathole nezinyanga ezimbalwa, okokugcina kukhishwe ngoMashi 3, 2009 futhi lokho kwenza inombolo engu-61 yeplanethi.
Indandatho okuthiwa yi-Titan, engacacile nhlobo, iyindilinga ewolintshi enonqenqema olumnyama, ingabonakala kusibonakude esingesona esomsebenzi, esinembobo engama-200mm kuphela, edinga ukukhuliswa okungaba amakhulu amathathu kanye nesibhakabhaka esicacile. Okuseduzane okungakalwa kungase kube cishe imizuzwana engu-0,88 ye-arc.
Amanye amasathelayithi mancane futhi ayafana nezinkanyezi. Amasathelayithi angaphakathi angabonwa, ngisho nangekhamera ye-CCD esebenzisa ukugxila okungaphezu kuka-2m.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesathelayithi
- I-Titan: Yinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke, inosayizi ofana neplanethi, kulokhu ilingana nosayizi weMercury. Umkhathi wayo ushubile. Inophawu lokuba nezindandatho ezicacile ezingabonwa yinoma ngubani othanda ukubona amaplanethi, izinkanyezi namasathelayithi, ngesibonakude esikhulu kuno-200mm ububanzi futhi esinobukhulu obungaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu; ekuphikisaneni kwakhe okuhle kakhulu angaba nesilinganiso esingamasekhondi angu-0,88 ku-arc yakhe.
- Iziphuphutheki eziphakathi nendawo ezibandisiwe: Ziyizinyanga ezinobukhulu obuphakathi, lezi zinyanga zabonakala okokuqala ngesibonakude, iqembu lakhiwe: Mimas, Tethys, Enceladus, Rhea, Dione, Iapetus kanye neHyperion. Indawo yazo zonke imbozwe yiqhwa, futhi inemigodi eminingi.
- Ring Amasathelayithi: Lezi yizinyanga ezizungeza ngaphakathi kwamadiski eplanethi, zigcina izifunda zingenandaba nendaba. Isibonelo nguPan, oweseka isigaba sika-Encke. Kukhona enye inyanga encane, i-Daphne (S2005 S 1), enikezwe umsebenzi wokwenza ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Keeler.
- Amasathelayithi Abefundisi: Ziyizinyanga ezinemizila eseduze nesistimu emasongweni eSaturn futhi zisebenzisana nokumodela ukwakheka kwamasongo. UPandora no-Prometheus baphethe ukumodela indandatho ka-F.
- Izinyanga zeThrojani: Lezi zinyanga zenza imizila yazo zihlanganyela amabanga neplanethi, zinomehluko ongaba ngamadigri angamashumi ayisithupha phakathi kwazo nezinyanga ezinkulu. Kukhona "iCalypso neTelesto" yizinyanga zeThrojani zenyanga "Tethys", "Pollux and Helena" ezingakaze zitholwe isikhathi eside, yi-Cassini-Huygens mission, ziyiTrojan zenyanga Dione.
- Izinyanga ze-Coorbital: Ziyizinyanga ezihlanganyela umjikelezo wazo phakathi kwazo, kuleli qembu kukhona "Epimetheus noJanus", lapho kutholakala ukuthi kukhona okudidayo, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi i-satellite nje, ku-orbital dynamics benza uhlobo loshintsho. phakathi kwabo ukuze ugweme ukungqubuzana.
- Izinyanga Ezingavamile: Kuleli sethi kukhona iningi, inyanga enobukhulu obukhulu "Febe"; izinyanga ezisele zincane, azikho amakhilomitha amaningi ububanzi, zizungeza kude neplanethi. Le sethi ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amancane, njengesethi ye-Inuit, isethi yamaNorse, nesethi ye-Galic.
- Izinyanga zangaphakathi ezincane: Izinyanga ezincane ezizungeza phakathi kwezinyanga i-Mimas ne-Enceladus, i-Palene ne-Metone, esanda kutholwa yimishini ye-Cassini-Huygens. Ngenxa yokubambisana kwalo mkhankaso, kuye kwatholakala okumbalwa okutholakele, okufana ne-arc yamadiski azungeza eduze kwalezi zinyanga, njenge-Metone ne-Anthe, imbangela ingase ibe ngenxa yokushayisana okungenzeka kwamanye ama-meteorite kulezi zinyanga.
Izinyanga Ezingenagama
Lapho inyanga itholwa, njalo inikezwa igama lesikhashana kuyilapho igama linikezwa yi-International Astronomical Union. Ahlala elawulwa yimithetho ethile:
- Inikezwe inhloko-dolobha "S" enikeza uphawu lwe "satellite".
- Bese kulandela i-slash "/" kanye nonyaka wokutholwa kwayo.
- Isiqalo segama leplanethi lapho izungeza khona sinezelwa; Isibonelo, uma izungeza iSaturn, i-"S" ihlale inosonhlamvukazi.
- Incazelo iphetha ngenombolo ye-ordinal yedethi eyatholwa, ibeka unyaka. Isibonelo: S/2006 S 14, kusho ukuthi isathelayithi yeshumi nane etholwe ngo-14.
Iringi Systems of the Planet
Enye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu zePlanethi iSaturn izindandatho zayo, okwakuwumthombo wokumangala kososayensi bokuqala kanye nabantu ababenelukuluku lokwazi abeza ukuzoyibona ngeso lengqondo, njengoba kwenzeka ngoGalileo. Ukuthi wayengenaso isibonakude esinamandla okuhlukanisa ngokucacile lokho okwakusemaceleni eSaturn, ecabanga ukuthi iplanethi yayihambisana nezakhi ezimbili ohlangothini ngalunye.
Kwadlula iminyaka eminingana, kwaba yilapho sebekwazi ukubona ngokucacile ukuthi kwakukhona izindandatho ezimbili ohlangothini ngalunye, uGalileo wamangala lapho ezwa ngokunyamalala kwezinto ezaziseduze neplanethi. Khona-ke uChristiaan Huygens ngonyaka ka-1659, waba nesibonakude esinamandla engeziwe.
Ngikwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo izindandatho zomhlaba, lezi zinwebeka endaweni ye-equatorial yeSaturn ukusuka kumakhilomitha angu-6.730 kuya kwangu-120.700 ngaphezu kwenkabazwe yeplanethi futhi okuqukethwe kulawa masongo kuyizinhlamvu ezihambisana nenani elikhulu lamanzi abandayo.
Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu ziyahlukahluka kusuka kumatshe amancane kuya kumitha elilodwa.
Inani elikhulu "le-irradiation" elibonakala ebusweni ngokuphathelene "nemisebe" ewela kule ndawo, "i-albedo", etholakala emasongweni, okubonisa ukuthi yakamuva maqondana nesikhathi isidlulile, nendlela Sakheka kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga.
Ekuqaleni, ngangicabanga ukuthi lezi zindandatho zazingazinzile, lokhu kwakukholelwa isikhathi eside, mhlawumbe izigidi zeminyaka, kukhona elinye iqiniso elitholakala esikhathini esingeside esidlule, ama-Cassini probes abala ukuthi izindandatho zindala kakhulu kunalezo ezilinganiselwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi. .
Lezi zindandatho zinokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-orbital, ukukhulula amagagasi okuminyana, kanye nokushintshana namasathelayithi ale planethi, ikakhulukazi neziphuphutheki ezibizwa ngokuthi abelusi. Njengoba behlezi beshaya ngaphakathi kwe-"Roche", ama-hoops avinjelwa ukuthi athuthuke futhi akhe njengomzimba ongaphezulu.
Amaringi ahlukaniswe abe yizindawo ezinenani eliphezulu kanye nenani elincane lokuminyana kokuqukethwe, okushiya ukuhlukaniswa okusobala ezindaweni. Amasongo abaluleke kakhulu akhona futhi abizwa ngokuthi A no-B, ahlukaniswe yi-Cassini partition. Endaweni engaphakathi yendandatho B ungabona enye indandatho elula kodwa ebanzi: C futhi lena enye indandatho elula nezacile: D.
Endaweni yangaphandle kungenzeka ukubona indandatho enhle futhi entekenteke enegama lendandatho F. Indandatho ecashile u-E isuka ku-"Mimas" iye ku-"Rhea" futhi ifinyelela ekuminyaneni okuphezulu eduze kwe-"Enceladus", kuqondwa ukuthi lokhu iwuhlinzeka ngezinhlayiya, ngenxa yamasampula amanye amagiza atholakala eSouth Pole.
Kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-XNUMX, umthethosisekelo wezindandatho wadalulwa ngokusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi abonakaliswa amasathelayithi aseduze kakhulu.
I-Voyager probe ithole umthethosisekelo onama-radial and shadowy otholakala ku-B ring futhi unegama lama-radial wedges noma izipoki, ezazingenayo incazelo, ngenxa yokuthi ukunyakaza okuzungezayo okuzungeza amaringi kwakungahlali unomphela ku-orbital mechanism.
Kuyaqondakala ukuthi la maqoqo anethunzi ahlobene nendawo kazibuthe yeSaturn, ngoba ukunyakaza kwawo kokuzungeza kuya emasongweni kwakunejubane elifana nejubane le-magnetosphere yeplanethi. Nakuba uhlelo olufaka izimpawu zohlelo lwayo lungakahlonzwa. Kukhona amathuba okuthi amaweji azovela futhi ahlakazeke ngendlela enganyakazi.
Ngo-2005, ngo-August 15, izinto ezazingaphakathi kumkhumbi-mkhathi i-Cassini zaveza ukuba khona kwesampula efana nomkhathi ozungeze isimiso sendandatho, owakhiwe kakhulu umoya-mpilo wamangqamuzana.
Ngalolu lwazi, kwafinyelelwa isiphetho: umkhathi ohlelweni lwendandatho yeplanethi ufana kakhulu nezinyanga zeJupiter, okuthiwa "iYurophu neGanymede".
Ngo-September 19, 2006, i-NASA yadalula ukutholakala kwenye indandatho endaweni Iplanethi iSaturn, ngomkhumbi-mkhathi uCassini phakathi nophenyo lwelanga, kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho iLanga ladlula khona kanye ngemva kweSaturn futhi ngaleso sikhathi umkhumbi-mkhathi uCassini usethunzini elishiywe nguSaturn futhi ngaleso sikhathi izindandatho ziboniswa ngokugqama. futhi kukhanye.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJB1xlsLKdA
Kujwayelekile ukuthi ijazi lelanga lihlale ihora, kodwa ngoSepthemba 17 walowo nyaka kwaba amahora acishe abe yishumi nambili, leli kube yilona elide kunawo wonke arekhodiwe yimishini yeCassini. Lokhu kulumba kwavumela u-Cassini ukuthi enze imephu yokuba khona kwezinto ezincane kakhulu ezazingabonwa njalo, ohlelweni lwendandatho.
Indandatho etholakele, akubonakali kangako, itholakala phakathi kweRing F neRing G.
Lezi zixhumanisi zivumelana nemizila yamasathelayithi eSaturn "Jano no-Epimetheus", yizinyanga ezimbili ezihlangene zeplanethi lapho ukuhlukaniswa nenkaba yeplanethi kunomehluko omncane kakhulu ngobukhulu bamasathelayithi, ane- uhlobo lomdanso olunyakazayo phakathi kwawo.
Ososayensi e-NASA banesiqiniseko sokuthi ukushayisana kwama-meteorite namasathelayithi kubangele olunye udaba ukuthi lujoyine iringi.
Izithombe ezithathwe umshini osemkhathini weCassini zithole into enezinga lokushisa eliphansi elitholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ukusuka e-Enceladus, kunobunye ubufakazi obukhombisa ukuthi lesi sathelayithi. iqala izinhlayiya ezingase zibe imbangela yokwakheka kwendandatho ye-E.
Inyanga "Enceladus" ibonakale ngendandatho engu-E ibona amajethi aphuma phezulu abukeka "njengeminwe", aya ngakule ndandatho, lawa majethi akhiwe izinhlayiya ezibandayo ezipholile kakhulu, lawa akhishwa ama-geyers. etholakala eSouth Pole ye "Enceladus" bese ufaka indandatho ethi E.
"Kokubili indandatho entsha kanye nezakhiwo ezingalindelekile ku-E zisinika umkhondo obalulekile wokuthi izinyanga zingaqalisa kanjani izinhlayiya ezincane futhi zenze indawo yazo yendawo," kusho uMatt Hedman, ozakwabo bocwaningo e-Cornell University e-Ithaca, eNew York.
UCassini uphinde wakwazi ukuthwebula isithombe sombala weplanethi enguMhlaba, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba yinkulungwane namakhulu amahlanu ezigidini, kulesi sithombe kubonakala imbulunga yasezulwini. Kukhona esinye isithombe, esithwetshulwe esehlakalweni esifanayo, lapho ungabona khona iNyanga.
Umuntu oxhumanisa iqembu eliphethe amathuluzi e-Cassini probe, ubizwa ngokuthi uCarolyn Porco, we-Institute of Space Sciences eBoulder, Colorado, waphawula ngalesi senzakalo:
"Akukho lutho olunamandla amakhulu okushintsha indlela esibheka ngayo thina nendawo yethu endaweni yonke njengalezo zithombe zoMhlaba esizithola ezindaweni ezikude njengeSaturn."
Ngomhla zingama-24 kuMfumfu wezi-2007, i-NASA yabika ngokutholakala kohlobo lwebhande le-micromoon elinengxenye engaphandle yendandatho A futhi izilinganiso zazihlukile, ibala ukuthi ukufana kwalo ngosayizi kwakungokweloli elinezilinganiso ezimbalwa, ngisho nesilinganiso esasiyisilinganiso esilinganiselwe. okufana nenkundla yezemidlalo, bathi kungase kube ngenxa yokulahlekelwa enye yamasathelayithi amancane.
I-Spitzer Space Telescope yembula indandatho enkulu ezungeze iSaturn, enkulu kunamanye amaringi ayizungezile. Kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukuba kutholakale, njengoba kuyinqaba kangangokuthi akulula ukuyibona.
Ibhande elisha kunazo zonke lihlanganisa yonke isistimu ye-Saturnian. Ngesisindo esiqala amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyisithupha ukusuka kuSaturn bese igoqa ifike kumakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyishumi nantathu ukusuka ububanzi bayo. Inyanga eqhelelene kakhulu neplanethi, "Phebe", ezungeza ngaphakathi kwendandatho, kungenzeka kube umsuka wesakhiwo sayo.
I-Saturn's Magnetosphere
I-Jupiter inensimu kazibuthe enamandla kunenkundla ye-Saturn, i-magnetosphere yale planethi cishe ingxenye yesithathu yaleyo ye-Jupiter. I-Saturn ine-magnetosphere equkethe iqembu lamabhande emisebe ye-toroidal futhi ngaphakathi kwayo kukhona ama-electron nama-nuclei e-athomu.
Lawa mabhande asakazwa cishe ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezimbili ukusuka enkabeni yeSaturn, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kuncane kakhulu, ahamba ngendlela ephambene neLanga, i-magnetosphere inobukhulu obungahluka, konke kuncike ekushubeni komoya welanga (okungukugeleza kwezinhlayiya ezishajiwe ezivela eLangeni).
Izindandatho zeSaturn, iziphuphutheki nomoya welanga zinikeza izinhlayiya eziqukethwe ebhande lemisebe.
Isikhathi sokwenza ukuzungezisa amahora ayishumi, imizuzu engamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye nemizuzwana engamashumi amabili nanhlanu engxenyeni engaphakathi yeSaturn, lesi silinganiso senziwa iVoyager lapho idlula kumagnetosphere, ephenduka ngendlela ehambisanayo nengxenye engaphakathi ISaturn .
I-ionosphere ixhumana ne-magnetosphere, i-ionosphere iyisiphuku esiphezulu somkhathi weplanethi, okubangela ukuboniswa kwe-auroral kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet; ihlaziya osekwenziwe futhi ithi endaweni yesigxobo esisenyakatho ikakhulukazi kunendandatho ene-auroras encane njengoba kwenzeka kuJupiter noma eMhlabeni ukuthi kukhona i-aurora eyodwa enkulu enomumo wendandatho.
Izungeza umjikelezo we-Titan, futhi inwebeke emzileni we-"Rhea", ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-toroidal okwakhiwa ama-athomu e-hydrogen angathathi hlangothi kungabonakala. Kukhona neringi ye-plasma, equkethe i-hydrogen futhi mhlawumbe ama-ion omoya-mpilo, asuka ngaphandle nje komzila we-"Tethys" futhi acishe afinyelele emzileni we-"Titan." I-plasma ijikeleza cishe ngokuphelele ekuvumelaniseni nendawo kazibuthe yeSaturn.
Ukubhekwa kwePlanethi iSaturn
ISaturn ibonakala kalula, kulula ukuyibona ukusuka noma kuphi phezulu nganoma yisiphi isikhathi futhi izindandatho zayo zingabonakala ngesibonakude esilula.
Ikhonjiswa ngaso leso sikhathi lapho kwenziwa ibanga le-angular ukusuka eLangeni (ubude) obungamadigri ayikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, lokhu kwenza kubonakale sengathi lisohlangothini oluphambene neLanga emkhathini.
NgoJanuwari 13, 2005, iplanethi yabonwa ngomkhawulo okuzoba nzima ukuwubona ngeso lengqondo futhi, kuphela ngo-2031, ngenxa yokuma kwamasongo ngokuphathelene noMhlaba.
ISaturn ingabonakala nganoma isiphi isikhathi, ebusuku ngesibhakabhaka esicacile, ibonakala njengephuzu elikhanyayo, ngaphandle kokucwayiza, ukukhanya okuphuzi okukhanyayo, ubukhulu bayo bungahluka kusuka ku-+1 kuya ku-0, ukwenza ukubuyisela eLangeni. kuthatha cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye nengxenye.
Ngosizo lwesibonakude, ama-binoculars nanoma iyiphi idivayisi esiza ukubuka, okungenani izikhathi ezingu-20 ungabona ngokucacile izindandatho zeSaturn.
Izinsuku ezibalulekile ekubonweni nasekuhloleni iSaturn
- 1610: UGalileo ubuka ngesibonakude sakhe izindandatho zeSaturn.
- 1655: I-Titan yatholwa isazi sezinkanyezi esingumDashi uChristiaan Huygens.
- 1659: U-Christiaan Huygens ubonise izindandatho zeSaturn ngokucacile okukhulu futhi wachaza ukubukeka kwazo kwangempela.
- 1789: Izinyanga i-Mimas kanye ne-Enceladus zibonwa okokuqala, nguWilliam Herschel.
- 1979: I-overflight by Pioneer 11. Ngo-September 1, 1979, i-US probe Pioneer 11 yasondela ebangeni elingu-20,000 km ukusuka emafwini aphakeme kakhulu.
- 1980: Isheshiswe yinkundla yeJupiter yamandla adonsela phansi, iVoyager 1 yafinyelela kuSaturn ngoNovemba 12 ebangeni elingu-124 km. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ohlelweni lwendandatho yeplanethi zabonwa futhi idatha yatholwa emkhathini weSaturn kanye nesathelayithi yayo enkulu kunazo zonke, i-Titan, lapho idlula khona ngaphansi kwe-200 km.
- 1982: I-Voyager 2 isondela kuSaturn.
- 2004: UCassini/Huygens ufinyelela kuSaturn. Ibe yimoto yokuqala ukuzungeza izwe elikude futhi yasondela eduze kwamahophu ayo. Umsebenzi wasemkhathini uhlelelwe ukuphela ngo-2017.
- 2009: Ngenxa yeSpitzer Space Telescope, kutholakala enye indandatho ezungeze iSaturn, eyayingabonakali eMhlabeni futhi yona, enkulu kunazo zonke esimiso sonozungezilanga.
- 2017: I-Cassini/Huygens probe ingene idlula phakathi kweplanethi nendandatho yayo eseduze kakhulu enesivinini samakhilomitha ayi-124.000 ngehora. Kuyo yonke iplanethi kanye nonqenqema oluseduze yibanga elicishe libe ngamakhilomitha angu-2.000. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenyanga yesine yonyaka we-2017. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakudingeka anqamule eMhlabeni, aphinde aqale ukuxhumana cishe amahora angu-20 kamuva. Lokhu kwenzeke ekuhlanganeni okuseduze kokuqala okungu-22.
ISaturn Emasikweni Ahlukene
- Mayelana nenkolo eNdiya: Anamaplanethi angu-9, anamagama ama-Navagrahas. ISaturn ibizwa ngokuthi "uSani noma uShani", unguMahluleli ngaphambi kwazo zonke izinhlelo zeplanethi, uphethe ukunquma ngamunye ngokusho okwenziwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuhle noma kubi.
- Ngo isiko Chinese kanye Japanese: Baqamba i-Saturn njengenkanyezi yomhlaba, emele impumalanga yendabuko, esebenzisa izakhi ezinhlanu zokuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zemvelo.
- ngesiko lamaHebheru: ISaturn ibizwa ngokuthi iShabbathai. Ukuba noCassiel njengengelosi. Ngobuhlakani, noma umoya onenzuzo, bayi-Agiel (layga), nomoya wabo (ubuso obumnyama kakhulu) nguZazeli (Izaz).
- NgesiTurkey nesiMalay Culture: Igama elisetshenzisiwe nguZuhal, elithathwe kwelesi-Arabhu elithi زحل.
- Esikweni lamaGreki: Yaziwa ngegama le-Φαίνων.