I-Astronomy iyisango lokuqonda ukuthi sikuphi nokuthi yonke into ekhona yenziwe ngani.Kusukela ekukhanyeni kwezinsalela ze-Big Bang kuya emasongweni e-Saturn, kusukela emithaleni ekude kuya enyangeni eshisayo, i-cosmos iyindaba yemvelaphi, izinguquko, kanye neziphetho ezingaba khona esiqhubeka nokuzichaza.
Kule migqa siyakutshela, ngolimi olucacile nolujwayelekile, imiqondo ebalulekile kanye nezinto eziningi ezithokozisayo eziphikisanayo: ubudala nosayizi wendawo yonke, ukuthi sazi kanjani ukuthi iyakhula, ukuthi ubumnyama bubukeka kanjani, kungani iNyanga isuka emhlabeni, yini eyenza i-Io noma i-Triton ihluke, nokuthi ungaqala kanjani ukubuka kwakho isibhakabhaka ngezinsiza ezitholakala kunoma ubani.
Iyini i-astronomy futhi kungani sinendaba?
I-Astronomy isayensi ehlola izindikimba zasemkhathini nezimo ezingaphezu komkhathi womhlaba., ngenhloso yokuqonda imvelaphi yayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokusebenza kwayo iyonke.
I-astronomy ayikona ukufunda izinkanyeziEsokuqala sisekelwe endleleni yesayensi, idatha, namamodeli angaqinisekiswa; okwesibili uhlelo lokukholelwa ngaphandle kwesisekelo sobufakazi.
Umkhathi: iminyaka, ubukhulu, ukwakheka kanye nokuthi yenziwe ngani
Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi indawo yonke ineminyaka engu-13.799 ± 21 million ubudala. nokuthi imbulunga yendawo yonke ebonakalayo ilinganisa iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-93.000 yokukhanya.
Indida esobala yamabanga amade kangaka ngesikhathi “esifushane” kangaka iyaxazululwa ngoba isikhala ngokwaso siyakhula.: Ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kuvumela indwangu yesikhathi sesikhala ukuthi ikhule ngaphandle kokukhawulelwa isivinini sokukhanya, nakuba izinto zingahambi emkhathini ngokushesha kunokukhanya.
Ngokwesilinganiso, indawo yonke i-homogeneous futhi isotropic ngezikali ezinkulu., iphansi ngaphakathi kwekhasi elincane lephutha, futhi i-Euclidean geometry isebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphandle “kokubimbi” kwasendaweni okubangelwa uquqaba olugoba isikhathi sesikhala.
I-inventory yakho yamanje yamandla ibuswa yilokho esingakuboni ngokuqondile.: cishe u-68% wamandla amnyama, u-27% wento emnyama futhi cishe u-5% wendaba "evamile" (i-baryonic) eyenza izinkanyezi, amaplanethi kanye nathi.
Kusukela ku-Big Bang kuya ekukhanyeni kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi: ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye nesizinda se-cosmic
Imodeli ye-Big Bang ichaza ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi sasemkhathini kusukela esimweni esiminyene kakhulu nesishisayo, lapho isigaba sokwehla kwamandla emali okusheshiswayo "sibushelelezi" ukungahambi kahle futhi sahlwanyela imbewu yesakhiwo.
Kuma-microsecond okuqala indawo yonke yayiyi-plasma yama-quark nama-gluons; lapho liphola, kwavela ama-proton nama- neutron, kwase kuba ama-athomu, kamuva kwaba izinkanyezi nemithala.
I-cosmic microwave radiation background (≈ 2,725 K) iyi-echo eshisayo yaleyo nkathi, kutholwe u-Penzias no-Wilson, futhi kwadwetshwa ngemishini efana ne-COBE ne-WMAP, ekala ukhiye we-anisotropies omncane wokuqonda ubudala, ukugoba nokuqamba.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kuchaza indlela izinto ezihlangene ngayo ukuze zakhe imithala yokuqala., okungenzeka ukuthi zazincane futhi zisebenza kakhulu, zenza i-ionizing igesi ezungezile futhi zibe negalelo ekubuyiselweni kabusha kwendawo yonke yokuqala.
Sazi kanjani? I-Redshift nokwandisa
I-Redshift yembula ukuthi imithala ekude iyahamba, futhi lapho isuka kude, kulapho ijubane layo elibonakalayo lilikhulu., ubudlelwano obulinganiswa ngumthetho ka-Hubble futhi obuhambisana nezixazululo ze-cosmological zokuhlobana okujwayelekile.
Ukusheshisa ukunwetshwa, okutholwe kuma-90s, kudinga ingxenye yengcindezi engalungile. (i-cosmological constant/amandla amnyama) ukuze ilingane nokuhlobana okujwayelekile nokubhekwayo.
Izindawo ezingaba khona ze-cosmos
Ikusasa lincike kubuningi, ijometri futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ubunjalo bamandla amnyama.: Izimo ezifana ne-Big Freeze (ukupholisa nokuhlakazeka), i-Big Crunch (ukugoqa kabusha) noma i-Big Rip (ukudabula uma w <−1) ziphezu kwetafula.
Ku-Big Rip, izikhathi ze-oda lika-3,5 × 10^iminyaka engu-10 ngemva kwe-Big Bang zihlongoziwe.; kulolo hlaka, izakhiwo ezinkulu zaziyowa kuqala, bese kuba imithala, izinhlelo, izinkanyezi, futhi ekugcineni, ama-athomu.
Amanye amamodeli afana nomhlaba ozungezayo noma isiphakamiso se-ekpyrotic Baphakamisa imijikelezo yokufinyela/yokwandisa noma “ukushayisana” kolwelwesi olusezingeni eliphezulu okuqalisa ama-Big Bang amasha.
Umqondo wokuhlukahluka uphakamisa “amabhamuza” amaningi anezakhiwo ezahlukene.; akubona ubufakazi obuqondile, kodwa buvela kwezinye izinhlaka zethiyori futhi bubhebhethekisa izinkulumo-mpikiswano zemingcele.
Isakhiwo esikhulu: kusuka ku-fractal yendawo kuya kumfaniswano womhlaba jikelele
I-cosmos ibonisa ukulandelana kwezigaba: izinkanyezi → imithala → amaqoqo → amaqoqo amakhulu axhunywe imicu; endaweni ingase ibonakale “njenge-fractal”, kodwa emabangeni amakhulu ukusatshalaliswa kuba yinto efanayo.
Amamephu wengemuva le-microwave kanye ne-baryon acoustic oscillations asekela lesi sithombe., evumelana nesimiso se-cosmological.
Imithala: izinhlobo, inombolo kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Imithala ihlukaniswa njenge-elliptical, spiral (elula futhi evinjelwe), i-lenticular nengavamile., ngokuya nge-morphology, okuqukethwe kwegesi/uthuli kanye nezinga lokwakheka kwenkanyezi.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezigidi zemithala endaweni yonke ebonakalayo. (enezinombolo ezikhule ngohlolo olungcono), ngayinye inezigidi kuya ezigidini zezinkanyezi.
Ukuvela kwe-Galactic kumakwa ngokuhlangana nokusebenzisana eziguqula izakhiwo, zithungele ukuqhuma kokwakheka kwezinkanyezi, futhi ziphakele izimbobo ezimnyama ezimaphakathi.
I-Milky Way kanye nomakhelwane
Umthala wethu uwukuzungeza okuvinjiwe okungaba iminyaka engu-100.000 yokukhanya ububanzi futhi ≈ 10^12 ubukhulu belanga, enezinkanyezi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200.000 kanye neLanga ~ 27.700 light years kusukela phakathi nendawo, engalweni ye-Orion.
Iqembu Lendawo lihlanganisa i-Milky Way, i-Andromeda, kanye nemithala emincane eminingi; ngeso lenyama, ngaphezu kwe-Milky Way, singabona i-Andromeda futhi, ukusuka eningizimu, iMagellanic Clouds.
Amaqoqo ezinkanyezi amaphethini ezinkanyezi azenzela nje. okubekwe i-IAU ngokusemthethweni ezifundeni ezingama-88 ukuze ihlele isibhakabhaka esibonakalayo.
Izinkanyezi: kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni, ngezimo ezimbi kakhulu
Izinkanyezi zizalwa nge-nebulae, ziqala ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydrogen, ziguquke zibe imidondoshiya ebomvu, futhi zigcine njengezincane ezimhlophe. Uma ziyisisindo esiphansi/emaphakathi, ikhiphela izendlalelo ku-interstellar medium.
Ezinkulu kakhulu ziqhuma njenge-supernovae futhi zishiya izinkanyezi ze-neutron noma izimbobo ezimnyama., ukujova izakhi ezisindayo ezicebisa igesi yezizukulwane zezinkanyezi ezizayo.
I-pulsar inkanyezi ye-neutron ephenduka ngokushesha enezinkundla kazibuthe ezinamandla. ekhipha imishayo evamile, ebonakalayo emsakazweni nakwamanye amabanga.
Ama-quasar angama-nuclei asebenzayo akhanya ngokwedlulele anama-redshift aphezulu., inikwe amandla izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu ezihlanganisa izinto; ezinye zikhanya kakhulu.
ISolar System: amaplanethi, izinyanga kanye “nabancane” abanomlando omuhle
Sinamaplanethi ayi-8: iMercury, iVenus, uMhlaba, iMars, iJupiter, iSaturn, i-Uranus neNeptuneI-Pluto iyiplanethi encane. Izinkulungwane zama-exoplanets anokwehlukahlukana okukhulu seziqinisekisiwe ngaphandle kweplanethi.
Amasathelayithi agcwele: Umhlaba (1), i-Mars (2), i-Jupiter (inqwaba, ne-Io, i-Europa, i-Ganymede, i-Callisto), i-Saturn (inqwaba, kuhlanganise ne-Titan ne-Enceladus), i-Uranus (27), i-Neptune (14); ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Pluto inezi-5 (Charon, Nyx, Hydra, Cerberus, Styx).
Ama-asteroids kanye nenkanyezi enomsila agcwele amabhande namachibi akude: igqamisa ibhande le-asteroid phakathi kwe-Mars ne-Jupiter kanye ne-Oort Cloud emaphethelweni ayo, okungenzeka kube umthombo wenkanyezi enomsila yesikhathi eside.
I-Mercury ihlushwa ukushisa okushisayo, izinsuku ezinde kakhulu zelanga, futhi igcina iqhwa emigodini ye-polar enomthunzi., ngokuya ngedatha ye-radar nemisebenzi efana ne-MESSENGER.
IVenus iyona eshisa kakhulu ngenxa yomphumela we-greenhouse enonya futhi izungeza emuva.; isingathe isiteshi se-lava eside kunazo zonke esaziwayo, i-Baltis Vallis (~6.800 km), ubufakazi bentaba-mlilo enamandla.
Umhlaba uyiplanethi eminyene kunawo wonke futhi ukuphela kwento ephilayo eyaziwayo.; ukweqisa kwayo kwemvelo kusuka ku-Everest (8.848 m) kuya ku-Challenger Deep (≈10.984 m) ku-Mariana Trench.
I-Mars izishaya isifuba nge-Olympus Mons (≈22 km) ne-Valles Marineris (izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha futhi ijule kakhulu); kunobufakazi bamanzi adlule kanye nezindawo ebezingahlalwa.
I-Jupiter ikhipha ukushisa okungaphezu kwalokho ekuthola ngokufinyela kwamandla adonsela phansi, isingatha i-Great Red Spot kanye ne-zoo yezinyanga, okuhlanganisa i-Europa, ikhandidethi eliphezulu elinolwandle ngaphansi kweqhwa.
I-Saturn icwebezela ngamasongo ayo eqhwa nothuli, icoke kakhulu futhi yakhiwe ngama-resonance.I-Titan inomkhathi ominyene kanye namachibi e-methane, kuyilapho i-Enceladus ikhipha amagiza amanzi agcwele izinto eziphilayo.
E-Uranus, uMiranda unamawa amakhulu njengeVerona Rupes (ukwehla okungaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10), eqoshwe ama-tectonics kanye nokufudumala kwamagagasi okungenzeka.
I-Triton, inyanga enkulu ye-Neptune, ineqhwa, ibanda kakhulu (≈−235 °C) futhi iyasebenza, ene-nitrogen cryovolcanism kanye ne-retrograde orbit ephakamisa ukuthwebula.
Inyanga yethu ihamba ngo-~3,8 cm ngonyaka ngenxa yokukhiywa kwamagagasi; amandla adluliswa ukusuka ekujikelezeni koMhlaba ukuya emzileni wenyanga, kancane kancane andise izinsuku.
Umbala, umumo kanye “nemithetho” yendawo yonke
Umbala ojwayelekile wendawo yonke, ohlolwa ngezinga elikhulu, wabizwa ngokuthi “cosmic latte.”, umphumela wokulinganisa ukukhanya okuvela emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zemithala.
Ukuma nokuxhumana komhlaba wonke kwendawo yonke kusacwaningwa.: ilingana nendawo enomkhawulo kodwa engenamngcele (njenge-3-sphere), noma isikhala esikhulu esiyisicaba; ukube ibihlangene futhi incane, besizobona amaphethini aphindaphindayo, into ebonakala ingenakwenzeka namuhla.
Ngokwazi kwethu, imithetho yemvelo efanayo iyasebenza yonke indawo.; abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe bokwehluka kokungaguquki okuyisisekelo kusukela ku-Big Bang.
Ukusuka e-Einstein kuya kumabonakude amakhulu
Ukuhlobana okujwayelekile kubikezele i-cosmos eguquguqukayo, nakuba u-Einstein wethula i-cosmological constant efuna indawo yonke emile kwaze kwaba yilapho ubufakazi ngawo-20 bushintsha umbhalo.
Ukunwetshwa kuqiniswe nge-spectra eshintshiwe ngokubomvu kanye nomthetho we-HubbleEmashumini eminyaka kamuva, uPenzias noWilson bathola imisebe yangemuva eyayisekela i-Big Bang.
Amagatsha esayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nendlela esicwaninga ngayo
I-Observational astronomy iqoqa idatha ngezibonakude, ama-probe, nezithonjana., kuyilapho i-theorist yakhela amamodeli nezifaniso ezichaza lokhu kubuka.
I-Astrophysics, i-astrochemistry, i-cosmology kanye nesayensi ye-exoplanet Ziyizindawo eziwumgogodla; ngamunye usebenzisa imithetho yemvelo kanye namakhemikhali ezikalini ezahlukene kanye nemibuzo.
Ngohlobo lokukhanya, sihlukanisa i-radio astronomy, infrared, optical noma X-ray, ngayinye izwela ezehlakalweni namazinga okushisa ahlukene, kusukela kugesi obandayo kuya ezinqubweni zamandla aphezulu kakhulu.
Izibonakude zasemkhathini zizungeza umkhathi futhi ezisekelwe phansi zisizakala ngezindawo ezinhle.; isayensi yezinkanyezi ithuthuke ngobuchwepheshe obusha kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kumaphrojekthi afana
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Isayensi yezakhamizi kanye nokubuka kwe-ateur kuletha okutholakele kwangempela, sibonga amanethiwekhi okusebenzisana namaphrojekthi avulekile enza intando yeningi isibhakabhaka.
I-Astronomy yabaqalayo: Qala Namuhla
Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-Stellarium noma i-SkySafari ungakwazi ukubona izinkanyezi ngokukhomba ifoni yakho; uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-NASA lunikeza izithombe zesikhathi sangempela nezindaba.
Ukuze uziqondise, bheka i-Orion's Belt (izinkanyezi ezintathu emgqeni) kanye ne-Big Dipper (emise okwenqola).Ngokuvamile iVenus “iyinkanyezi” egqame kakhulu, futhi iJupiter ibonakala njengenkanyezi esagolide egqamile.
Izibonakude ezihloniphekile nesibhakabhaka esimnyama sivula indawo enkulu.; kamuva, cabanga ngesibonakude esilula futhi ufunde ukuthi ungangqubuzana kanjani futhi uqondanise ngaphambi kokuthuthela emakethe.
Ukuqeqeshwa kumahhala: kunezifundo ezethulayo, amadokhumenti afana ne-"Cosmos" nezinsiza ezisemthethweni ngezinto zokufundisa eziqinile nezifinyeleleka kuwo wonke amazinga.
Izinsiza nokufunda okunconyiwe
Hlola le mithombo ukuze umbe ujule futhi uqhathanise: izincwadi zezinkanyezi
- I-100 Astronomy Basics (PDF)
- Amanothi Ayisisekelo Ezinkanyezi (PDF)
- I-NASA WMAP: I-Early Universe y I-JWST: Imithala Yokuqala
- General Relativity (Britannica)
- I-Cosmic inflation y ithiyori ehlukahlukene
I-astronomy ihlanganisa imephu ehambisanayo yendawo yonke enobufakazi obuqinisanayo., ukusuka ku-redshift kanye nengemuva le-microwave ukuya kumakhemikhali ezinkanyezi kanye nokuvela komthala. Ngamathuluzi anamuhla nokuzibandakanya komphakathi okukhulayo, unyaka ngamunye sihlunga izinombolo zethu, siphakamise imibuzo emisha, futhi siqinisekise eminye. Ingxenye engcono kakhulu ukuthi noma ubani angathatha lolu hambo futhi alujabulele ngengcebo yolwazi.