Amafu, ngokungangabazeki, angomunye wemibukiso eheha kakhulu futhi yansuku zonke esisinikeza yona emkhathini.. Ukubuka phezulu esibhakabhakeni futhi uthole izimo ezihlekisayo noma “izintaba” ezimhlophe ezinkulu, kuyilapho uzama ukuthola ukuthi lizona noma isimo sezulu esihle, kuwukuzilibazisa kwendawo yonke. Kodwa bewazi yini lokho Ngemuva kobuhle bayo kunesigaba esinembayo nesingokwesayensi lokho kusivumela ukuthi sizehlukanise ngobude bazo, ukwakheka nezici? Ngakho-ke, sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo zamafu nokuthi kungani zakha.
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko sizongena ezweni elithakazelisayo lamafu.: ukuthi zakhiwe kanjani, yiziphi izinhlobo zazo kanye nezinhlobo zazo, izinhlobo zazo nezinhlobonhlobo, ukuthi zibhekwa kanjani ngokusekelwe ekuphakameni nasekubunjweni kwazo, nokuthi zidlala yiphi indima kusimo sezulu soMhlaba kanye nesimo sezulu. Ngemva kokuyifunda, Uzokwazi ukubona nokuqonda wonke lawo mafu ahlobisa isibhakabhaka futhi lokho kusinikeza imikhondo eminingi mayelana nesikhathi nendawo.
Liyini ifu futhi lakha kanjani?
Ifu aliwona nje umhwamuko wamanzi ontanta emoyeni, njengoba uvame ukuzwakala. Eqinisweni, umhwamuko wamanzi awubonakali. Amafu ayinqwaba ebonakalayo yamaconsi amancane amanzi, amaconsi amanzi ayiqhwa, amakristalu eqhwa, noma ingxube yakho konke lokhu.. Lezi zinhlayiya zincane ngosayizi (imvamisa ziphakathi kuka-0,004 no-0,1 mm) kangangokuthi zingahlala zilenga emkhathini. Ahlanganiswe ngezigidi ku-cubic centimeter ngayinye.
Ukwakheka kwamafu kwenzeka kusukela ekukhuphukeni kwezixuku zomoya oswakeme. Njengoba umoya ukhuphuka, uyaphola ngenxa yomfutho ophansi futhi ulahlekelwa ikhono lawo lokubamba umhwamuko wamanzi. Uma izinga lokushisa lehla ngokwanele, lowo mhwamuko wamanzi uyajiya ube yizinhlayiya ezincane eziqinile ezimisiwe (njengothuli, impova, noma amakristalu kasawoti), ukwakha amaconsi namakristalu amafu. Le nqubo ingenzeka ngokujiya (umhwamuko emanzini awuketshezi) noma nge-sublimation (umhwamuko kumakristalu eqhwa).
Kungani umoya ukhuphuka? Kunezindlela eziningana: i-convection (umoya oshisayo ukhuphuka njengoba wenza embizeni yamanzi), i-orography (umoya uphoqeleka ukuba uphakame lapho uhlangana nezintaba), ukuba khona kwezivunguvungu noma izivunguvungu (umoya uyahlangana bese uphoqeleka ukuphakama), kanye izimo zezulu (izindawo zokuxhumana phakathi kwezindimbane zomoya zokushisa okuhlukene kanye nomswakama).
Uma sekufinyelelwe endaweni efanele, Amaconsi ahlangana ndawonye ngezigidi futhi, uma eba mkhulu ngokwanele,, iwa ngendlela yemvula. Noma kunjalo, ibhalansi yamandla ngaphakathi kwefu ingayigcina izinzile isikhathi eside.
Umlando kanye nezigaba zokukhetha zamafu
Isidingo sokuqonda nokuhlukanisa amafu cishe sidala njenge-meteorology ngokwayo.. Ngo-1803, isazi sesimo sezulu saseBrithani u-Luke Howard sahlongoza uhlelo lwesiLatini oluhlukanisa amafu ngokwezigaba ngokubukeka nokuziphatha kwawo, ngamagama anjenge-cirrus, cumulus, ne-stratus, asekhona nanamuhla. Lesi sigaba sithuthukiswe yi- I-World Meteorological Organization (WMO) kweyakhe i-International Cloud Atlas (1930), eyasungula ukuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni ngezinhlobo, izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo.
Amafu ahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngokwemibandela emithathu:
- Ukuphakama: lapho akha khona ngokuphathelene nezinga lolwandle.
- Ifomu kanye nesakhiwo esibonakalayo: ebonakala ngamagama anjengokuthi “stratiform” (izendlalelo ezivundlile), “cumuliform” (ukuthuthukiswa okume mpo okufana nendunduma) nokuhlukile.
- Ukwakheka: Ubuningi bamanzi awuketshezi, amakristalu eqhwa noma ingxube, futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezinga lokushisa kanye nezinga lomkhathi.
Okwamanje, Uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubona izinhlobo eziyi-10 eziyisisekelo zamafu e-tropospheric ezihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo, ezihlanganisa inhlanganisela engaba ngu-100 ehlukene uma sicabangela ukuma, obala kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi.
Imindeni yamafu amakhulu ngokobude
Ukuphakama lapho isisekelo sefu sakheka khona kungenye yezikhiye zokuhlukaniswa nokubhekwa kwalo.. I-WMO ihlukanisa:
- Amafu aphezulu: Zakha ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-5.000-6.000.
- Amafu aphakathi nendawo: atholakala phakathi kwamamitha angu-2.000 no-7.000.
- Amafu aphansi: isisekelo sazo sibe ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-2.000.
- I-Vertical Development Clouds: Angakwazi ukweqa amazinga amaningana, aqale endaweni ephansi futhi adlulele ezingeni eliphezulu, njengamafu e-cumulonimbus.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa akukona okwezemfundo kuphela; Ukuphakama kwamafu kunquma kakhulu izenzakalo zomkhathi ezihambisanayo, kusukela ohlotsheni lwemvula kuye kuzibuko zamehlo njengama-solar halos.
Izinhlobo zamafu eziyinhloko eziyi-10 nencazelo yazo
I-International Cloud Atlas isungula izinhlobo eziyinhloko eziyi-10, ngasinye sinesakhiwo esihlukanisekayo, umumo nokuziphatha. Asibazane:
1. Amafu e-Cirrus (Ci)
Lawa amafu aphezulu kakhulu futhi athambile kakhulu, etholakala cishe ngamamitha ayizi-6.000. Baqashelwa ngu yakha imicu emhlophe, emihle, enemicu, ecwebezelayo futhi ebukeka njengezinwele ezintanta esibhakabhakeni. Azikumbozi noma zisithe ukukhanya kwelanga noma ukukhanya kwenyanga futhi zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, nakuba zivela phansi zibonakala zinganyakazi. Zenziwe ngokuphelele ngamakristalu eqhwa futhi ngokuvamile zibonisa isimo sezulu esihle, nakuba ukukhula kwazo noma ukuhlanganisa kungamemezela ukufika kwengaphambili noma izinguquko zesimo sezulu.
2. I-Cirrocumulus (Cc)
Zivela njengamabhange noma izingqimba ezincane zamafu amhlophe ngaphandle komthunzi wazo., ngendlela yama-granules, amagagasi, ama-globule noma “izikali” ezincane, lapho zihlangene, zenza kubonakale “isibhakabhaka esiyizimvu.” Ama-elementi amaningi amancane anobubanzi obubonakalayo obungaphansi kwedigri eyodwa. Zivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme futhi ziwuphawu lwezixuku zomoya ezijikeleza ngokushesha noma ukuba khona kwe-jet stream.
3. I-Cirrostratus (Cs)
Angamaveyili anamafu asobala futhi amhlophe, anesakhiwo esibushelelezi noma esinemicu.
Zimboza sonke noma ingxenye yesibhakabhaka futhi ngokuvamile zikhiqiza ama-halo azungeze ilanga noma inyanga. Ukuba khona kwazo kungamemezela ukufika kwezindawo ezifudumele noma izinguquko ezinkulu zomkhathi.
4. I-Altocumulus (Ac)
Lawa mafu atholakala ezingeni eliphakathi nendawo (2.000 - 6.000 m) futhi abonakala ngokubonisa amabhange, izingubo zokulala noma izingqimba zobuningi obumhlophe noma obumpunga., ngendlela yama-slabs, ama-rollers noma "amatshe amatshe" angaba nezithunzi zawo. Isibhakabhaka esiluhlaza sibonwa phakathi kwamafu futhi ngokuvamile abikezela isimo sezulu esihle, ngaphandle uma anda ngenani futhi axubane ne-altostratus.
5. I-Altostratus (As)
Zakha amabhande ampunga noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma iziphuku, ebukekayo, emboza isibhakabhaka ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye. Ngokungafani namafu e- cirrostratus, ngokuvamile avimba ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, nakuba evumela i-solar disk ukuba ibonakale ngokuhlukana, njengokungathi ibukwa ngengilazi eyisithwathwa. Ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezifudumele futhi zibangele izimvula ezibuthakathaka neziqhubekayo..
6. I-Nimbostratus (Ns)
Bangamafu emvula ngobuhle, zikhonjwa ngombala wazo ompunga omnyama nokuma okukhulu. Ubukhulu balo banele ukufihla ilanga futhi ukubonakala kwalo kuvame ukufiphala ngenxa yemvula engapheli yamanzi noma iqhwa. Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi kwawo, kuvela izingcezwana zamafu aphansi aklebhukile.
7. I-Stratocumulus (Sc)
Zivela njengamabhange nezingubo zokulala zamafu amhlophe noma ampunga, anokubukeka okunamagagasi, okwezimvu noma okude.. Zingabonisa izindawo ezimnyama ezimakwe kakhulu futhi, nakuba zihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yesibhakabhaka, ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esihle, ikakhulukazi ehlobo. Kwesinye isikhathi zishiya imvula encane.
8. I-Strata (St)
Ngokuvamile ziyizendlalelo zamafu ezimpunga, ezinobude obuphansi ezinesisekelo esifanayo., obhekene nenkungu nokuconsa. Lapho ilanga libonakala ngemva kwawo, uhlaka lwawo lubonakala ngokucacile. Azibangeli izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana nama-halos, ngaphandle kwamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, futhi zingathatha uhlobo lwama-patches noma ama-shreds.
9. Amaqoqo (Cu)
Lawa mafu avamise ukuba yintandokazi yezibukeli ngenxa yomumo wawo omangalisayo namakhontolo achazwe kahle.. Abonakala njengamafu angawodwa, aminyene akhula aqonde phezulu, anesisekelo esivundlile kanye nezifunda ezivundlile ezivame ukufana nekholifulawa. Ezimweni ezinomswakama ophansi ngokuvamile zikhombisa isimo sezulu esihle, kodwa uma kunomswakama ophezulu kanye nemisinga enamandla, zingakhula zibe iziphepho ezinkulu.
10. I-Cumulonimbus clouds (Cb)
Amafu esiphepho ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu, ngentuthuko enkulu eqondile engaqala ukusuka ku-500 m futhi ifinyelele ngaphezu kuka-12 km ukuphakama. Zivela ngesimo sezintaba noma imibhoshongo, phezulu sicaba simise okwe anvil ngisho nemicu noma imicu. Yibo ababangela ukuduma kwezulu, isichotho ngisho neziphepho..
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-morphological: i-stratiform ne-cumuliform
Ngaphezu kobude, enye indlela yokuhlukanisa amafu ngokubukeka nokukhula kwawo.:
- amafu Stratiform: Zibanzi, zivundlile futhi ngokuvamile aziwugqinsi kakhulu. Zihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu futhi zingabangela imvula esabalele (isb., stratus, nimbostratus).
- Amafu e-Cumuliform: Zikhula zibheke phezulu, zingabodwa noma zakha amaqembu. Ngokuvamile avela njengamabhamuza noma izindunduma eziphakama ngenxa yokushisisa. Ziyizigigaba zasendaweni futhi kwesinye isikhathi ezinodlame (isibonelo: amafu e-cumulus, amafu e-cumulonimbus).
Izikhathi eziningi, ukuvela kwesikhathi ngokwako kubangela ifu ukuthi lishintshe uhlobo lwalo. Isibonelo, ifu elincane le-cumulus lingakhula futhi liguquke libe yi-cumulonimbus.
Izinhlobo zamafu nezinhlobonhlobo: ngale kwesizukulwane
Ngaphakathi kohlobo ngalunye, Amafu angase abe nezici eziwavumela ukuba abonakale ezinhlobonhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Fibratus: isakhiwo se-fibrous
- I-Castellanus: ngama-protuberances afana nemibhoshongo
- I-Fractus: amafu aqhekeziwe noma ahlukene
- I-Mediocris: ukuthuthukiswa okume mpo okumaphakathi
- I-Strateformis: ngokuthambekela kokuzihlela ngokwezigaba
- I-Lenticularis: okumise okwelensi noma “ama-UFO asemkhathini”
- U-Opacus: ziminyene kangangokuthi zivimbela ukudlula kokukhanya
- I-Translucidus: bavumela ukukhanya
- Undulatus: ngokuhlehliswa okumakwe kahle
Ukwengeza izinhlobo, I-International Cloud Atlas ibona izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili nezinhlanganisela eziningi. Zikhona futhi isesekeli kanye namafu akhethekile (njenge-mammatus, emise okwesikhwama, noma i-Kelvin-Helmholtz, enokubonakala kwe-wavy), ngokuvamile ehlotshaniswa nezimo zomoya ezeqisayo noma ezingajwayelekile.
Indlela amafu akha ngayo ngokwenqubo yenyama
Kuye ngendlela engokoqobo eyenza umoya uphakame, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zamafu kanye nokwakheka okukhethekile.:
- Ukuhlangana: Ngenxa yokushisa komhlabathi, umoya uyakhuphuka, wenze i-cumulus, i-cumulonimbus, namafu e-convective.
- Umphumela we-Orographic: Umoya uyakhuphuka lapho ushayisana nentaba, udala amafu anjenge-lenticularis.
- IziphephoEzivunguvungwini nasezikhungweni zengcindezi ephansi, umoya uyahlangana futhi ukhuphuke, ukhiqize amafu asabalele, imvula, ama-stratus namafu e-nimbostratus.
- Isimo sezulu: Ukuthintana kwezindimbane zomoya ezibandayo nezipholile kunikeza imingcele, amafu ezendlalelo ezibanzi noma amafu e-cumulus aqondile, kuye ngesimo.
Umphumela uba ukuthi isayensi yesimo sezulu yesimanje ingabikezela isimo sezulu ngokubheka ukuvela kwemvelo nohlobo lwamafu, isiza ukubikezela ukuna kwezulu, iziphepho noma ukuzinza..
Kungani amafu emhlophe (futhi kungani ngezinye izikhathi ebonakala emnyama)?
Umbala wamafu uncike ngokuyisisekelo ngobukhulu nokugxilisana kwamaconsi amanzi awakhayo.. Amangqamuzana omoya asakaza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (yingakho isibhakabhaka siluhlaza), kodwa amaconsi amanzi emafwini, njengoba emakhulu kakhulu, ahlakaza futhi abonise yonke imibala ngokulinganayo. Umphumela uba isici umbala omhlophe. Uma ifu liminyene kakhulu noma liwugqinsi, okunye ukukhanya akudluli ngokuphelele futhi isisekelo salo siba mnyama, sivele ngemibala ehlukene empunga noma cishe emnyama.
Amagama wamafu: inhlanganisela yeziqalo zesiLatini nezijobelelo
Egameni laso lesayensi, kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yamagama esiLatini., echaza ukuma nobude bayo:
- Cumulus / Cu: inqwaba, inqwaba
- I-Stratus / iSt: ungqimba, obala
- Cirrus / Ci: imicu, izinwele
- Nimbus / Nb: imvula
- Phezulu-: ubude obumaphakathi
- I-Stratocumulus / Sc: inhlanganisela yamafu e-stratus kanye ne-cumulus
- Altostratus / As: ungqimba lobude obumaphakathi
- I-Altocumulus / Ac: amafu e-cumulus aphakathi nobude
- I-Cirrocumulus / Cc: amafu e-cumulus aphezulu
- I-Cirrostratus / Cs: ungqimba oluphezulu lwe-filamentous
- Cumulonimbus / Cb: amaqoqo amakhulu, anesandiso esikhulu esime mpo
Inhlanganisela yalawa magama isivumela ukuthi sibone ngokuphazima kweso uhlobo lwamafu kanye nokuvela kwalo okungenzeka.
Amacala akhethekile namafu angavamile
Nakuba amafu e-tropospheric kuyiwona avame kakhulu, akuwona wodwa.. Kunezinhlobo ezikhethekile noma "ezingavamile" zamafu ezakhiwe izinqubo zemvelo noma zokwenziwa:
- I-Lenticularis: amafu amise okwelensi, akhiqizwa umoya phezu kwezintaba.
- Amafu kaMammatus: izikhwama ezilenga phansi kwamafu esiphepho.
- U-Kelvin-Helmholtz: ngokubonakala kwamagagasi ngenxa yokugunda komoya okwedlulele.
- Amafu e-Pyrocumulus: okubangelwa imililo noma ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
- Contrails: imizila ekhiqizwa indiza ye-jet.
- Amafu amapharele (stratospheric): 15-25 km altitude, eyakhiwe ngamakristalu amanzi apholile kakhulu.
- Amafu we-noctilucent: itholakala phakathi kuka-80 no-85 km, ikhanyiswa ngemva kokushona kwelanga, yenziwe amakristalu eqhwa amancane.
Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zivela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi zinikeza ukuboniswa okubonakalayo okuhlaba umxhwele, okufana nama-halos aphindwe kabili, i-iridescence, noma imibala kagesi ngokuhwalala.
Amafu nesimo sezulu soMhlaba
Amafu awagcini nje ngokubukeka nje kuphela: adlala indima ebalulekile esimweni sezulu kanye nokulinganisela kokushisa komhlaba.. Imiphumela yayo inezinhlangothi ezimbili:
- UkupholaAmafu abonisa ingxenye yemisebe yelanga (albedo), ehlisa inani lamandla afinyelela phezulu.
- UkushisaNgesikhathi esifanayo, asebenza “njengengubo yokulala” ene-infrared, abambe futhi abuyisele okunye ukushisa okukhishwa emhlabathini.
Ngokuya ngohlobo nokuphakama, Imiphumela yokupholisa ingase ibe ngaphezulu (amafu aphansi futhi abanzi), noma ukufudumala (amafu aphezulu njengamafu e-cirrus). Le bhalansi iyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi ihlala ingenye yemithombo eyinhloko yokungaqiniseki kumamodeli wesimo sezulu esizayo.
Amafu angaphandle Komhlaba
Akuyona nje iplanethi yethu enamafu. Eminye imihlaba ku-Solar System nayo ine-atmosphere ekwazi ukukhiqiza amafu, nakuba inezingoma namazinga okushisa ahluke kakhulu:
- Mars: amafu eqhwa lamanzi ne-carbon dioxide.
- Venus: amafu e-sulfuric acid.
- UJupiter noSaturn: amafu e-ammonia, i-ammonium hydrosulfide namanzi.
- I-Uranus neNeptune: amafu e-methane noma e-ammonia.
- I-Titan (inyanga kaSaturn): inkungu namafu e-methane nama-hydrocarbon.
Ilukuluku nezinto ezibonakalayo ezihlotshaniswa namafu
Amafu akhiqiza inqwaba yemiphumela yokubona, eminye evame kakhulu kanti eminye eyinqaba ngempela.. Ezinye ezigqama kakhulu yilezi:
- I-Solar noma i-lunar halos: Izindandatho zokukhanya ezakhiwe ukuphikiswa kumakristalu eqhwa e-cirrostratus.
- uthingo: Amaconsi amanzi amisiwe aphula ukukhanya kwelanga ngemva kwesiphepho.
- Coronas: Amasongo amancane anemibala, abonakala eduze nelanga noma inyanga, ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kokukhanya kumaconsi amancane kakhulu.
- Inkazimulo nezipoki ze-Brocken: Ama-arcs ayindilinga ombala nezithunzi ezivezwa emafwini noma enkunguni, ngokuvamile ezibonwa ezintabeni noma ezindizeni.
- Isibhakabhaka esinezimvu: Iphethini evamile yamafu e-altocumulus kanye ne-cirrocumulus akhumbuza umhlambi.
Ekuseni noma kuhwalala, amafu aba nombala obomvu nowolintshi ngenxa yokwenyuka kokukhanya okuluhlaza emkhathini, okubangela "isibhakabhaka somlilo" esimangalisayo esikhuthaza izithombe eziningi.
Amafu akuthonya kanjani ukubikezela isimo sezulu?
Ukubuka ngamafu kungenye yezindlela ezindala nezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokubikezela isimo sezulu.:
- Amafu e-Cirrus kanye ne-cirrostratus ukwanda kwamazinga okushisa kungase kubonise ukufika kwengaphambili elifudumele kanye nemvula emahoreni angu-24-36 alandelayo.
- Amafu amancane e-cumulus Ngokuvamile zihlotshaniswa nesimo sezulu esihle, kodwa uma zikhula ngokushesha zingaholela eziphepho.
- I-Nimbostratus ne-stratus emnyama Bamemezela imvula engapheli.
- Cumulonimbus Zihlanganisa iziphepho ezizayo, ngokuvamile ngemishini kagesi futhi ngezinye izikhathi nesichotho.
- I-Altocumulus ngamabhande noma amashidi Bangakwazi ukubikezela izinguquko zesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi uma zanda eduze kwamafu e-altostratus.
Ukufunda ukuchaza “ulimi” lwamafu kuyasiza kubahambi, abalimi, abashayeli bezindiza, nanoma ubani ofuna ukulindela izinguquko zesimo sezulu..
Umehluko phakathi kwamafu nenkungu
Inkungu ayilutho njengefu elisisekelo salo sixhumene nomhlabathi.. Ngakho, izinqubo ezifanayo zomzimba ezikhiqiza amafu zingabangela inkungu lapho ukupholisa kwendawo kumakwe kakhulu futhi nomswakama uphezulu. Kulezi zimo, ukubonakala kuncipha kakhulu futhi izenzakalo ezimangalisayo ezifana ne-hoarfrost (ukunqwabelana kweqhwa ezintweni) zenzeka.
Ukubaluleka kwamafu empilweni Emhlabeni
I-Las amafu Badlala indima ebalulekile emijikelezweni ye-biogeochemical nesimo sezulu sesifunda:
- lawula izinga lokushisa, esebenza njengesithiyo emisebeni yelanga eyeqile emini futhi ivimbele ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ngokushesha ebusuku.
- Ziwumthombo oyinhloko wemvula, yingakho ezolimo, imvelo kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kuncike emjikelezweni wakho.
- Zibonisa izinguquko zomkhathi kanye nezimo zezulu, ukusiza ukuvimbela izinhlekelele zemvelo nokwenza imisebenzi yabantu ibe ngcono.
Ngaphandle kwamafu nokujikeleza komkhathi, izingwadule beziyoba ezinkulu nakakhulu izindawo ezivundile.