I-beaver ingenye yalezo zilwane okuthi uma ufunda kabanzi ngazo, zibe zimangalisa kakhulu. Leli gundane elikhulu elihlala emanzini liyakwazi ukwakha kabusha imifula yonke.Bakha amadamu abonakala emkhathini futhi badale izindawo zokuphila lapho ngaphambili kwakukhona khona umfula omncane kuphela. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi baziwa ngokuthi "onjiniyela bezinto eziphilayo."
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, I-beaver iphawule umlando, umnotho, ngisho namasiko amazwe amaningiikakhulukazi enyakatho yezwe. Kusukela ekuhwebeni ngoboya okwakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwamakoloni eNyakatho Melika kuya endimeni yaso yamanje njengesilwane esiyinhloko ekubuyiselweni kwezindawo ezimanzi, lesi silwane siye sasuka ekuzingelweni saya cishe ekushabalaleni saba uphawu lwesizwe, ngaphansi kokuvikelwa okuqinile, kanye nomlingiswa omkhulu wamaphrojekthi okuvuselela kabusha kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
I-taxonomy ye-beaver kanye nezinhlobo zayo
Ama-beaver ayingxenye yohlobo lwe-Castor emndenini we-Castoridae.I-Castor, iqembu lamagundane asemanzini agxile empilweni emanzini ahlanzekile. Ngaphakathi kwalo mndeni, i-Castor yiyona kuphela uhlobo olusekhona nanamuhla, yize esikhathini esidlule kwakukhona amanye ama-castorid asephelile manje.
Ngokwemigomo ye-taxonomic, I-beaver ihlukaniswe embusweni i-Animalia, i-phylum Chordata, i-class Mammalia, i-order Rodentia kanye nomndeni i-Castoridae.Njengesilwane esincelisayo, siyisilwane esinomgogodla esinegazi elifudumele esinezinwele nezindlala zebele; njengegundane, libonakala ngokuba nezimbongolo ezimbili eziphezulu kanye nezinye izimbongolo ezimbili eziphansi ezikhula njalo futhi okumele zigugiswe ukhuni oluququdayo.
Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziphilayo ze-beaver eziqashelwa: i-beaver yaseYurophu (i-Castor fiber) kanye ne-beaver yaseMelika (i-Castor canadensis)Uhlobo lwesithathu, i-Kellogg's beaver (Castor californicus), yanyamalala ePleistocene futhi yaziwa kuphela ngama-fossil atholakale ikakhulukazi entshonalanga ye-United States nasenyakatho yeMexico.
Nakuba isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-beaver yaseYurophu neyaseMelika yayimane nje iyizinhlobo zezindawo zohlobo olufanayo, Izifundo zezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-cytogenetic zikwenze kwacaca ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezihlukilengenani elihlukile lama-chromosome (2n = 48 ku-C. fiber kanye no-2n = 40 ku-C. canadensis). Lo mehluko uvimbela ukuthi zizalane, futhi azikho izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe ezikhona eziye zabhalwa phansi.
Uhlobo lwe-Castor lumelela ingxenye encane kakhulu ngaphakathi kwamagundane: cishe u-0,13% wezinhlobo zamagundane ezingaphezu kuka-2.200 ezaziwayoKodwa-ke, umthelela wayo kwezemvelo nakwezamasiko mkhulu kakhulu kunalokho umuntu angakulindela ezinhlotsheni ezimbalwa nje.
Imvelaphi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezihlobo ze-beaver
Umlando wama-beaver usukela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingamashumi eminyaka. Umndeni wakwaCastoridae uvela kurekhodi lamathambo ekupheleni kwe-Eocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-35-34 edlule, eNyakatho Melika., lapho yanda khona ngokushesha yaya e-Asia naseYurophu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukutholwa okubalulekile kwakuyi-Daemonelix, eyatholakala ngo-1891 eNebraska. Ekuqaleni kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyisiponji sakudala, kodwa kamuva kwahlonzwa njengomgodi wasendulo wePalaeocastor.igundane elihlala emgodini elihlobene nama-beaver anamuhla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli qembu lashintsha laba izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, ngobukhulu obusukela kuma-beaver amancane angaba ngu-12 mm kuya kuma-giants angempela njengeCastoroides, angadlula isisindo esingu-100 kg.
Ngaphakathi kweqembu elibanzi lamagundane, Ama-beaver ahlobene nama-squirrel (umndeni wakwa-Sciuridae) kanye nama-coypu aseNingizimu Melika.Zinezici ezithile ogebhezini nasemahlombe. Kodwa-ke, inhlanganisela yazo yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasemanzini kanye namakhono obunjiniyela bezindawo zokuhlala izenza zibe zehlukile.
I-Mofology kanye nezici zomzimba ze-beaver
I-beaver iyigundane lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ilandela i-capybara kuphela.Yisilwane esinamandla esinomhlane ogobile, intamo ejiyile, nekhanda elifushane eliyindilinga. Izilwane ezindala zivame ukuba nesisindo esingaba ngu-16-20 kg, nakuba kungavamile ukuthola izinhlobo zezilwane ezinesisindo esingama-25-30 kg, kanti ezinye izilwane ziye zaqoshwa zinesisindo esingama-40 kg.
Mayelana nosayizi, I-beaver endala ilinganiselwa phakathi kwama-60 nama-100 cm ubude bomzimbaokumele kwenezelwe umsila ongama-21 kuya ku-38 cm. Ukuphakama lapho kushwabana khona kudlula kancane ama-30 cm. Abesifazane bavame ukuba bakhulu njenge, noma ngezinye izikhathi bakhulu kancane kunesilisa, okuyisici esingavamile phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo.
Umsila wayo ungenye yezici zayo ezivelele kakhulu: ububanzi, buyisicaba futhi bumise okweqanda, bumbozwe yizikali ezimnyama ezinezimpondo ezihlangeneayigobeki. Ingalinganiselwa ku-20-25 cm ubude kanye nobubanzi obungaba ngu-15-20 cm. Isebenza njengesiqondiso emanzini, indawo yokusekela ukuma uqonde, kanye nendawo ehlaba umxhwele yokukhipha izimpawu ze-alamu.
Uboya be-beaver bukhulu kakhulu futhi buyigugu kwezentengiselwano. Inesendlalelo esiphindwe kabili: i-undercoat encane, ethambile, empunga, kanye nesendlalelo sangaphandle sezinwele ezinde neziqinile ezinombala onsundu noma obomvu onsundu.Le ngubo ayingenwa manzi futhi inikeza ukuvikela ukushisa okuhle kakhulu, okuvumela ukuthi ihlale emanzini abandayo unyaka wonke.
Ama-incisor abo angenye into ebalulekile: amazinyo angaphambili amane amakhulu, abukhali kakhulu, anombala o-orenji ebusweni bawo bangaphandle Ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-ferrihydrite ku-enamel, okuzinika ubulukhuni obukhulu, lezi zitho zikhula njalo futhi ziguge ngenxa yokhuni oluququdayo; uma isilwane singazisebenzisi ngokwanele, zingagcina zibhoboze umhlathi ongezansi.
Amagatsha abonisa ukuzivumelanisa okucacile nokuphila okuhlala emanzini angaphansi. Imilenze yangemuva inde, inamandla, futhi igcwele ulwebu, inezinzwane ezinhlanu ezihlanganiswe ulwelwesi oluphakathi kwedijithali.okwenza kube lula ukubhukuda. Imilenze yangaphambili, ngakolunye uhlangothi, mifushane, ayinazo izintambo, futhi ifana nezandla ezincane, ifakwe izinzipho eziqinile zokumba, ukuphatha amagatsha, nokuthwala udaka namatshe.
Ngemuva komzimba, phambi kwezindlala zendunu, I-beaver inezindlala ezimbili zephunga ezikhiqiza uketshezi olubizwa ngokuthi i-castereum, iyinto ephawulekayo futhi ethakazelisayo kakhulu emlandweni ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo ekwenzeni amakha kanye nemithi yendabuko.
Izinzwa, i-physiology, kanye nobuhlakani
Nakuba engase abonakale eyisiwula emhlabeni, I-beaver ijwayeleke kahle ezimpilweni zasemanziniAmehlo ayo mancane futhi ukubona kwayo akukuhle kangako, kodwa ine-membrane ehlabayo (ijwabu lesithathu elibonakalayo) eliyivumela ukuthi ibone ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphandle kokulimaza inhlamvu yeso.
Ngenxephezelo, Izinzwa zabo zokuzwa, zokuhogela, nezokuthinta zithuthuke kakhulu.Uma ibhukuda, ingavala ikhala layo kanye nezimbobo zendlebe ukuze ivimbele amanzi ukuthi angangeni. Uhlelo lwayo lokuphefumula luyivumela ukuthi ihlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eyi-15 ngaphandle kokudinga ukukhuphuka, okuyinika ithuba elikhulu ngokumelene nezilwane ezidla ezinye.
Ngokombono we-neurological, I-beaver inobuchopho obubushelelezi (lissencephalic), kodwa ine-cerebral cortex ebanzi kakhulu futhi ethuthukile. uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amagundane. Lesi sici sihlotshaniswa nekhono laso lokufunda elimangalisayo, inkumbulo yendawo, kanye nokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi okwakhayo, okusibeka phakathi kwamagundane ahlakaniphe kakhulu.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-beaver yaseYurophu ne-beaver yaseMelika
Uma uqala ukubheka, I-beaver yaseYurophu (i-Castor fiber) kanye ne-beaver yaseMelika (i-Castor canadensis) zifana kakhulu.Zinobukhulu obufanayo, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuziphatha okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo eziningi zokwehluka kwesimo, izakhi zofuzo, kanye nezemvelo ezivumela ukuthi zihlukaniswe.
Ngokwesimo somzimba, Umehluko omkhulu usekumeni kwamathambo ekhala kanye nokwakheka kwekhanda.I-beaver yaseYurophu ngokuvamile inekhanda elincane kancane, i-fossa ethanjeni le-basioccipital enesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi esingaphansi kuka-1, kanye nenqubo ebanzi ye-zygomatic ye-maxilla. Ku-beaver yaseMelika, i-fossa inde kakhulu (isilinganiso esikhulu kuno-1), inqubo ye-zygomatic incane, futhi ukuvela kwamathambo athile ethambo le-palatine kukude.
Umsila nawo uhlukile kancane: Ku-beaver yaseYurophu incane, kanti eMelika ibanzi futhi iqine kakhudlwana.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu bomzimba obujwayelekile be-C. canadensis buvame ukuba bukhulu kancane kunobe-C. fiber.
Ngokuphathelene nemvelo yayo, I-beaver yaseMelika ivame ukwakha amadamu nezindawo zokuhlala eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eziqhele kancane ogwini lolwandleNakuba i-beaver yaseYurophu ivame ukubeka izindawo zayo zokuhlala eduze komfula futhi amadamu ayo ngokuvamile awathuthuki kangako, i-beaver yaseNyakatho Melika nayo ibhekwa njengevame ukuncintisana kakhulu futhi inezimpawu zephunga ezinkulu neziningi kakhulu kunezaseYurophu.
Esinye isici esibalulekile esihlukanisayo ukukhiqiza kabusha: Ama-litter e-C. fiber ngokuvamile angama-puppy angu-2-3, kanti kuma-litter e-C. canadensis ama-puppy angu-3-4 avamile.Futhi, njengoba kushiwo, inani lama-chromosome liyahluka phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili, okuvimbela ukuvunda okuvundile.
Ukusabalala kanye nendawo yokuhlala yama-beaver
Ama-beaver ahlala kuphela enyakatho yezwe esimweni sawo semveloNakuba seziye zaziswa ezindaweni zaseNingizimu Yenkabazwe lapho manje zisebenza khona njengezinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Indawo yazo evamile imifula, imifudlana, amachibi, nezindawo eziseduze nogu lolwandle ezinezihlahla eziningi ezinqumayo kanye nezitshalo zasemanzini.
I-beaver yaseYurophu manje isatshalaliswe kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, yakha ingxenye ye- izilwane zasendle zaseYurophu. Ingatholakala emazweni anjengeRussia, iPoland, i-Ukraine, iBelarus, iKazakhstan, izifundazwe zaseScandinavia, iFrance, noma iMongoliaNgokomlando, yayithatha cishe lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, kusukela eziQhingini zaseBrithani kuya eRussia, okuhlanganisa nemifula enyakatho yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, njengeDuero ne-Ebro.
Ukuzingela kakhulu uboya bayo kanye ne-castereum kwaletha lolu hlobo engcupheni yokuphela eYurophu phakathi kwekhulu le-18 nele-19. Ezindaweni ezifana neGreat Britain, i-beaver yanyamalala ngekhulu le-16, kwathi e-Iberian Peninsula yaphela cishe ngekhulu le-19.Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwasinda abantu abambalwa kuphela ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi zaseJalimane, eBelarus, eNorway, eRussia, noma eMongolia.
Ngenxa yezinyathelo eziqinile zokuvikela kanye nokubuyiselwa okuhleliwe, Isibalo sama-beaver aseYurophu sikhuphuke kakhuluUkukhishwa kwezithombe kuye kwenziwa eFrance, eSweden, eFinland, eJalimane, eNetherlands, eSerbia, eScotland ngisho nasekwakhiweni kabusha okuphikiswana ngakho eSpain (eNavarra naseLa Rioja) okwenziwa ngasese yizinhlangano zemvelo.
I-beaver yaseMelika, yona, Isabalala cishe kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, kusukela e-Alaska kuya enyakatho yeMexico.Ayitholakali ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zase-Arctic, ogwadule oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, kanye ne-peninsula yaseFlorida. EMexico, izindawo zayo zemvelo zikhawulelwe ezindaweni zaseRio Grande kanye noMfula iColorado, ezifundazweni ezifana neChihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, kanye neSonora.
Ngaphezu kwendawo yayo yemvelo, I-C. canadensis yethulwe ezingxenyeni eziningana zomhlabaIFinland (1937), ezinye izindawo zaseRussia, iKamchatka Peninsula, iSakhalin Island, kanye, ngendlela eyinkinga kakhulu, eTierra del Fuego (Argentina naseChile) kusukela ngo-1946, lapho ikhule khona kakhulu.
Icala le-Tierra del Fuego: ama-beaver ahlaselayo
Ngo-1946, uMnyango Wezempi Wase-Argentina wakhulula amabhangqa angu-25 e-beaver aseMelika e-Isla Grande yaseTierra del Fuego. Inhloso kwakuwukukhuthaza imboni yoboya esifundeni esingenazo izinhlobo ezifanele leyo njongo, futhi kukhulunywa nangokuthi amasosha asemanzini ayehlose ukusebenzisa izikhumba zawo ukuze enze izigqoko zamaphoyisa.
Ngaphandle kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane eziyingozi kanye namahlathi amaningi emvelo angavumelani nokuba khona kwawo, Inani labantu landa kakhulu lafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zabantuIzilinganiso zisukela ku-70.000 kuya ngaphezu kwe-100.000, futhi kubalwe ukuthi iSiqhingi saseNavarino sodwa singase sibe nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20.000.
Ama-beaver angenisiwe asheshe ahlala emifuleni nasemachibini, Bawela iBeagle Channel bafika eBrunswick Peninsula, ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika.Ukwanda kwayo kulinganiselwa cishe kumakhilomitha angu-6-8 ngonyaka enyakatho, okubeke iziphathimandla nososayensi e-Argentina naseChile esimeni sokuqapha.
Umthelela wemvelo ube mubi kakhulu: Amahlathi ase-subantarctic, ikakhulukazi lawo ezihlahla ze-lenga, awakwazi ukubekezelela ukugawulwa kwezihlahla okunamandla noma izikhukhula ezinde.Ngokungafani nezihlahla eziningi zaseNyakatho Melika (imingalukazi, ama-poplar), izinhlobo ze-Fuegian azihlumi kalula ezitshalweni ezihlumayo, ngakho-ke izizinda zamahlathi ziyabhujiswa futhi kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuzivuselela.
Ubhekene nalesi simo, Ohulumeni baseChile nase-Argentina baqalise izinhlelo zokulawula nokuzingelwa kwama-beaver ngobuningiokuvumela ukuvunwa kwezikhumba nenyama yazo. Phakathi kuka-2004 no-2007, kwazingelwa cishe izinhlobo ezingu-11.700 eTierra del Fuego, futhi kuye kwasungulwa isilinganiso saminyaka yonke sezinkulungwane zezilwane. Noma kunjalo, ukuqothulwa okuphelele akukafinyelelwa, futhi inani labantu liyaqhubeka nokukhula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokubambezeleka kwemiklamo yokulawula ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-COVID-19.
Ukuziphatha komphakathi kanye nendawo
Ama-beaver ayizilwane ezithandana nabantu kakhulu. Zihlala emaqenjini emindeni noma emakoloni avame ukuba nezinhlobo ezimbili ezizalanayo, inzalo yonyaka wamanje, kanye nenzalo yonyaka odlule., kanye nabantu abafika kwabayi-10-12 eqenjini ngalinye ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle.
Umsebenzi wabo ungowobusuku ikakhulukazi: Ziphumula emini emihumeni noma ezindlini zazo bese ziphuma ebusuku ukuzondla nokwenza umsebenzi wokulungisa emachwebeni nasezindaweni zokukhosela.Nakuba zibhukuda ngokushesha kakhulu kunokuhamba ngezinyawo, zingahamba emhlabathini uma kudingeka, yize zinobunzima obukhulu kanye nesivinini esiphansi (cishe amakhilomitha ayi-10 ngehora okungenani).
Indawo iwumthombo obalulekile kubo, ngoba idinga umzamo omkhulu wokwakha. Ikoloni ngalinye livikela indawo yalo ngamandla kuma-beaver angajwayelekile, ikakhulukazi uma ezwa iphunga elingajwayelekile.Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukuthola umthombo wephunga kuba yinto eza kuqala, ngisho nangaphezu kokufuna ukudla, futhi bangase balwe nomuntu ohlaselayo aze afe.
Ukuze ugweme izingxabano, Ama-beaver aphawula imingcele yendawo yawo ngezindunduma zodaka oluxutshwe ne-castereum.Lezi zimpawu zephunga zisebenza njengezibonakaliso zamakhemikhali ezibonisa ukuba khona kwekoloni elimisiwe kanye "namandla" alo. Uma izimpawu eziningi, kulapho ikoloni libonakala linamandla khona futhi amathuba okuhlasela ayancipha.
Ubukhulu bokumaka buyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi sonyaka kanye nobuningi babantu. Ngesikhathi sokuzala (uJanuwari-uFebhuwari) kanye nangesikhathi sokuhlakazeka kwezinyoni ezincane (cishe ngo-Agasti), ukumaka kuyakhula.Ezindaweni ezinamakoloni amaningi aseduze, ubuningi bezimpawu zephunga bungaba phezulu kakhulu. Zombili iziduna nezinsikazi zihlanganyela ngokulinganayo kulokhu kuvikela indawo kanye nokugcinwa kwamadamu nemigodi.
Ukudla okunempilo: ukudla okukhethekile okunokudla okuluhlaza
I-beaver ithanda uhlaza kuphela futhi ingenye yezilwane ezimbalwa ezinomgogodla ezicacile ukuthi zi-xylophagous.Okusho ukuthi, iyakwazi ukudla nokusebenzisa izinkuni ngobuningi. Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe ikakhulukazi amagxolo, i-cambium (ungqimba lwangaphakathi ngaphansi kwamagxolo), amagatsha, amaqabunga, kanye nezimpande zezitshalo zasemanzini.
EYurophu, Ama-beaver athanda kakhulu izihlahla zemifula, izihlahla ze-birch, izihlahla ze-hazel kanye nezihlahla ze-poplar.ENyakatho Melika, bathanda izihlahla zeminduze, i-poplar, i-aspen, izihlahla ze-cherry, ama-maple, ama-alders, kanye nezinye izihlahla zasemanzini. Kodwa-ke, bangabantu abavamile phakathi kwezitshalo ezidliwayo endaweni yabo futhi bazosebenzisa noma yisiphi isitshalo esitholakalayo, okuhlanganisa utshani, amakhambi, nezithelo uma kuvela ithuba.
Ukugaya i-cellulose, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezincelisayo eziningi, Le nqubo yenziwa lula ku-beaver ngenxa yezitshalo ezincane ze-cecum yayo.lapho kuhlala khona amabhaktheriya akhethekile ekubhidlizeni le polysaccharide. Lokhu kuwavumela ukuthi asebenzise izinto zezitshalo ezinemicu eminingi.
Elungiselela ubusika, ama-beaver akha izitolo ezinkulu zokudla. Basika amagatsha neziqu bese bezicwilisa eduze komnyango ongaphansi kwamanzi womgodi, bakhe "indawo yokugcina" engaphansi kwamanzi.Babeka amagatsha aqinile kakhulu phezulu kanye namancane phansi ukuvimbela ukuthi awekho umoya. Ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu, lokhu kugcinwa kubalulekile ngoba bangachitha isikhathi esiningi sasebusika ngaphakathi, bedla amagatsha agciniwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amagatsha ashiywa entanta phezu kwamanzi ukuvimbela ichibi ukuthi lingaqandi ngokuphelele kuleyo ndawo. ukudala izindawo ezincane zokucasha zamanzi amahhala ezisebenza njengezindlela zokuphuma noma izindawo zokufinyelela uma kwenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Ama-beaver athanda indoda eyodwa: umbhangqwana owakhiwe uvame ukuhlala ndawonye iminyaka eminingi.ngaphandle uma elinye lamalungu lishona, lapho-ke osindile angathola umlingani omusha. Lokhu kushada nomuntu oyedwa kuhlobene kakhulu nokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kwabazali okudingekayo ukuze kukhuliswe inzalo.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda, kodwa ngokuvamile Kwenzeka ebusika noma ekupheleni kwalo, lapho iqhwa liqala ukuncibilika.Ezizweni eziningi zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, isikhathi sokukhwelana sigxile phakathi kukaJanuwari noFebhuwari, yize ubusika obuthambile bungayiletha phambili ngoDisemba. Ukukhwelana kuvame ukwenzeka emanzini, yize kungenzeka futhi ngaphakathi emgodini noma ogwini lolwandle.
Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-60 kuya kwezingu-128, kuye ngohlobo kanye nezimo. Izinsikazi zivame ukuzala inja eyodwa ngonyaka, ngokwesilinganiso amaphuphu amabili kuya kwamane, nakuba ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu kungazalwa amaphuphu ayisithupha noma ayisishiyagalolunye.Izinsana ziza emhlabeni zimbozwe izinwele futhi zivule amehlo azo, okuzinika ithuba elithile lokuqala.
Emasontweni okuqala, Amaphuphu ahlala ngaphakathi emgodini, enakekelwa futhi evikelwe nguninaAmancane onyaka odlule, aneminyaka engaba ngu-1 ubudala, asiza ekunakekeleni amathole asanda kuzalwa, kuyilapho elesilisa elidala linesibopho sokuqapha indawo nokuletha izitshalo. Ukuncelisa kuvame ukuhlala cishe inyanga, ngemva kwalokho umama uqala ukwengeza ubisi ngamaqabunga athambile nokunye ukudla okuthambile.
Uma sebefinyelele ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, cishe eminyakeni engu-2-3 ubudala, Intsha ivame ukushiya ikoloni yomndeni ukuze isungule indawo yayoKodwa-ke, uma kukhona ukushoda kokudla, isomiso, noma ukuminyana kwabantu abaningi, bangase bahlehlise ukuhamba kwabo, njengoba amathuba abo okuphumelela encipha ngaphansi kwalezo zimo. Uma sebezimele, ngokuvamile abaphambuki kakhulu endaweni abadabuka kuyo.
Ngenkululeko, Isikhathi sokuphila se-beaver singaba yiminyaka eyi-10-12, kanti ezinye zifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15.Lapho zithunjiwe, zivikelekile ezifweni nasezifweni ezidla ezinye izilwane, zingaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-20.
Abazingelayo kanye namasu okuzivikela
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, I-beaver inezitha eziningana zemvelo, ikakhulukazi uma isencane.Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu kukhona izimpisi, amabhere ansundu namnyama, ama-lynxes, ama-pumas, ama-wolverine, izimpungushe, kanye nezinyoni ezithile ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, ukuphila kwayo kuhlobene kakhulu namanzi kanye nobunzima bezindawo zayo zokuphephela kusho ukuthi ukudla izilwane akuphakeme njengoba umuntu angalindela.
Isu layo eliyinhloko lokuzivikela lisekelwe ekutholeni ingozi kusenesikhathi kanye nokucwiliswa emanzini ngokushesha. Uma i-beaver yesaba, ivame ukushaya amanzi ngamandla ngomsila wayo oyisicabaikhiqiza umsindo omkhulu kakhulu wokuchaphaza ongazwakala usuka ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100. Lesi signali se-alamu senza wonke ama-beaver aseduze angene emanzini futhi ahlale efihliwe isikhathi eside.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, Ama-beaver avame ukusabela kakhulu ezimpawini ezikhishwa abantu abadala kunabantwana.ngoba laba bokugcina abakafundi kahle lapho kudingeka ukuxwayisa iqembu futhi ukungqongqoza kwabo kukhiqiza umsindo ohlukile, onemisila emincane.
Nokho, indlela engcono kakhulu yokuzivikela ye-beaver ukwakheka kwayo: iminyango yokungena engaphansi kwamanzi, amakamelo angaphakathi avikelwe, kanye nemisele edala amachibi ajulile lapho izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni zikuthola kunzima kakhulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Beaver: amadamu, izindawo zokuhlala kanye nemisele
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zalezi zilwane ikhono lazo lokwakha. Ama-beaver akha amadamu ngamagatsha, udaka, namatshe ukuze anciphise ukugeleza kwemifula nemifudlana.ukudala amachibi azolile najulile lapho angakha khona umgodi wawo futhi agcine ukudla ngokuphephile.
Umklamo wedamu uncike ohlotsheni lwamandla kagesi. Emanzini ahamba kancane ivame ukuba cishe iqonde, kanti emanzini anamandla ithatha isimo esigobile lapho ukuguquguquka kubhekene nomsinga. ukuze imelane kangcono nomfutho wamanzi. Ama-dike ngokuvamile aphakama cishe ngamamitha angu-1,5 futhi abe ngu-3 m ubukhulu phansi, encipha phezulu, yize kwezinye izimo ezimbi kakhulu afinyelela ubukhulu obumangalisayo.
Amadamu amakhulu akhiwe yimindeni embalwa yama-beaver ahlobene nawo abhalwe phansi. Enye yezindawo ezidumile kakhulu, eduze neThree Forks (Montana), yayinobude obungamamitha angu-652, ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-4 kanye nobukhulu obungamamitha angu-7 phansi., kanti idamu le-beaver lase-Alberta (Canada) lidlula ngisho namamitha angu-800, libonakala emkhathini.
Ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwesakhiwo kuvame ukwenziwa ebusuku. Ama-beaver aphatha ukhuni ngamazinyo awo futhi athutha udaka namatshe ngezinzipho zawo zangaphambili.Njengoba iminyaka idlula, ama-dire ayaqina ngenxa yokulungiswa okuqhubekayo nokuqina ngemva kwesizini ngayinye yemvula noma ukuncibilika.
Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi umsindo wamanzi agelezayo usebenza njengesikhuthazo esiyinhloko sokwakha. Ekuhlolweni kwezikhulumi ezidlala umsindo kagesi, ama-beaver ahlela amagatsha nodaka ukuze "amboze" umthombo womsindo.Babengakwazi ngisho nokugquma isandisi-zwi saze sayeka ukudlala. Babekwazi nokuvimba amapayipi ayevumela amanzi ukuba adlule edamini, noma ngabe la mapayipi ayengakhiphi msindo obonakalayo.
Ngaphezu kwama-dikes, Ama-beaver akha izindawo zokuhlala noma "ama-cabin" maphakathi nechibiLezi zakhiwo ezimise okwekhoni zakhiwe ngamagatsha, izingodo, utshani, nodaka, futhi ngokuvamile zinegumbi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu langaphakathi. Iphansi legumbi eliyinhloko lingaphezu kwezinga lamanzi futhi okungenani lineminyango emibili engaphansi kwamanzi: elinye eliqondile lokungena nokuphuma, kanye nelinye eligobile lokufaka ukhuni.
Izindawo eziningi zokukhosela zinezitezi ezimbili njengesinyathelo sokuphepha ekukhuphukeni okungenzeka kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokuncibilika kwentwasahlobo. Uphahla luvame ukuba nendawo encane esebenza njengohlelo lokungenisa umoya lwemvelookuvumela ukuvuselelwa komoya ngaphakathi.
Omunye umsebenzi wobunjiniyela ojwayelekile yimisele. Ukuze bagweme uhambo olude nolunzima ezweni, ama-beaver agubha imigudu efinyelela kumamitha ayi-100 ubude, imitha eli-1 ububanzi, kanye nemitha eli-1 ukujula.Lezi ziteshi zixhumanisa ichibi nezindawo lapho kugawulwe khona izihlahla noma iziqeshana zezitshalo. Izingodo zingantantwa zisuka endaweni yokusika ziye emgodini ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu ngokusebenzisa lezi ziteshi.
Umthelela wemvelo wamadamu e-beaver kanye namaxhaphozi
Ngokombono wemvelo, I-beaver iyinhlobo ye-keystone kanye nonjiniyela weqiniso wezinto eziphilayo kanye ne Imvelo yasemanziniNgaphandle kwabantu, asikho esinye isilwane esishintsha indawo yaso njengalesi. Amadamu namachibi abo aguqula imisinga egeleza ngokushesha ibe ama-mosaic amachibi, izindawo ezimanzi, kanye namadlelo amanzi anezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezihlobene.
Ama-dike asiza ekulawuleni izikhukhula. Uma kuvela izimvula ezinkulu noma ukuncibilika kweqhwa, amanzi aqoqana ngemuva kwedamu futhi akhishwe kancane kancane.Lokhu kunciphisa ukugeleza okuphezulu kakhulu phansi komfula futhi kunciphisa ingozi yezikhukhula ezinkulu ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi. Imifula enamadamu e-beaver ivame ukuba namazinga amanzi ahlala njalo, anezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuphakama kanye nezinga eliphansi kakhulu.
Lawa machibi asebenza njengezihlungi zemvelo. Amanzi alahlekelwa isivinini, agcina inhlabathi, futhi athwala amaqabunga, amagatsha, nezinto eziphilayo ezicebile nge-cellulose.Kulesi simo, imiphakathi yamabhaktheriya iyakhula esebenzisa i-cellulose njengomthombo wamandla, kodwa idinga i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ukuze ikhule, ngakho-ke imunca ama-nitrate nama-phosphate ancibilikisiwe, okunciphisa i-eutrophication ezansi komfula.
Ezingqimbeni ze-anoxic sediment, Izinqubo zokususa i-nitrification cishe zizokwenzekaKulezi zinqubo, ama-nitrate aguqulwa abe yigesi ye-nitrogen ngezigaba eziningana (i-nitrite, i-nitric oxide, i-nitrous oxide). Lokhu kususa i-reactive nitrogen ohlelweni, okungasiza ekunciphiseni "i-nitrate cascade" eyinkinga ebangelwa ukuqina kwezolimo.
Izindawo ezimanzi ezidalwe ama-beaver Ziyandisa kakhulu ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni.Izifundo eBavaria zibike izinhlobo ezifika ku-38 zama-dragonflies ezindaweni ezinama-beaver, okungenani ezingu-11 zizuza ngokuqondile emsebenzini wazo. Emifuleni ethonywe ama-beaver, inani lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi lingaphindeka kabili futhi ubuningi bezinhlanzi bungafinyelela amanani afinyelela ku-80 aphezulu kunezingxenye ezingenawo ama-beaver.
Kuye kwafakazelwa nokuthi Izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni, izinyoni zasemanzini, nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane njenge-otter noma amalulwane adla izinambuzane ziyazuza kulezi zindawo zokuhlala.Izindawo ezivulekile emahlathini asezindaweni eziseduze nolwandle zakha izindawo ezintsha zokuzingela zamalulwane ohlobo lwePipistrellus, kanti i-black stork ibonise ukwanda ezindaweni ezithile zaseYurophu ephakathi ezihambisana nokuba khona kwezindawo ezimanzi ze-beaver.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho ichibi livaleka ngenhlabathi noma umthombo wezihlahla woma, Ama-beaver ayahamba endaweni, idamu liyawohloka, futhi amanzi ayaphela.Ungqimba olukhulu lodaka oluvundile lulele phansi kwechibi langaphambili, okubangela amadlelo amanzi (amathafa ezikhukhula noma amaxhaphozi) ahlala utshani nezitshalo ezimila utshani. Lezi zindawo ziyizindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokudlisa izilwane ezinkulu ezidla utshani njenge-elk nezinkomo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadlelo aphinde atshalwe yizihlahla zasezindaweni eziseduze nolwandle (ama-aspen, ama-willow, njll.), ukudala kabusha izimo zokubuya kwama-beaver amasha kanye nomjikelezo wokuqalisa kabushaLokhu kuhambahamba phakathi kwehlathi, indawo enamanzi kanye nedlelo kudala indawo enemibala egqamile enenani elikhulu lemvelo.
Ukungqubuzana nemisebenzi yabantu kanye nokuphathwa
Nakuba izinzuzo zemvelo zisobala, Umsebenzi we-beaver udala izingxabano nengqalasizinda kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu kwendawoIzigxobo zingakhukhula amasimu, amadlelo, imizila yesitimela, imigwaqo nezinye izindawo, noma zilimaze izihlahla ezibalulekile ngokususa amagxolo azo ngaphandle kokuqeda isiqu sonke.
Kwezinye izimo, ukubhidlika kwedamu ngokuzumayo kungabangela izikhukhula ezinkulu ezansi komfula. okubangela umonakalo ezakhiweni noma ezindaweni zokuhlala ezizwelayoNgaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni lapho kunezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa ezincike emahlathini athile asezindaweni eziseduze nolwandle, ukugawulwa kakhulu kwezihlahla zemincele noma izihlahla zomcamelo kungaba yinkinga, njengoba kuye kwaphikiswana ngakho endabeni yemink yaseYurophu kweminye imifula yase-Iberia.
Kodwa-ke, eziningi zalezi zinkinga zinezixazululo zobuchwepheshe ezilula. Amadivayisi okulawula izinga lamanzi (“abadukisi be-beaver”) angafakwa ukuze anciphise ukuphakama kwamachibi ngaphandle kokudiliza idamu ngokuphelele.Izihlahla eziyigugu kakhulu zingavikelwa ngazinye ngokusonga isisekelo sazo ngensimbi noma amashidi.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, izifundo ezahlukahlukene, njengalezo ezikhuthazwa yi-University of Oxford kanye ne-Wildlife comeback in Europe ziyabika, Zibonisa ukuthi izinzuzo zokubuyiselwa kwemifula, ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukulawulwa kwamanzi kanye namathuba ezokuvakasha zidlula kakhulu izindleko zomonakalo othize.Ngakho-ke, amaphrojekthi amaningi okulondolozwa kwemvelo akhuthaza ukutholakala kwe-beaver njengomfelandawonye ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nezikhukhula.
I-beaver nobuhlobo bayo nabantu
Ngokomlando, I-beaver ibilokhu ibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnothoSekungamakhulu eminyaka, izikhumba zabo zaziphakathi kwezinto ezazifunwa kakhulu kwezohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, zisetshenziselwa ukwenza izigqoko, izingubo zangaphandle, nezinye izinto eziyigugu. ENyakatho Melika, ukuhweba ngoboya be-beaver kwakhuthaza ukuhlola nokwenziwa kwamakoloni kwezwekazi ngamandla aseYurophu.
I-Castoreum, ukukhishwa kwamafutha okukhiqizwa yizindlala zephunga, Yayithandwa kakhulu nakwezokwelapha zendabuko zaseYurophu naseMpumalanga EphakathiKuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi inezakhiwo zokudambisa ubuhlungu, zokulwa nokuvuvukala, zokulwa nokuvuvukala, zokulwa nokuvuvukala, kanye nezokuhuda. Eminye yale miphumela ichazwa ukuba khona kwamakhemikhali atholakala ku-salicin, evela emifuleni ekudleni kwayo futhi iguqulwa ibe yi-salicylic acid, enesenzo esifana ne-aspirin.
Kwezeziqholo, I-Castoreum isetshenziswe njengesithako samaphunga asezingeni eliphezuluKuthiwa iNostradamus ithole usizo lwayo ekwandiseni impilo yamakha. Yayisetshenziswa ngisho nanjengesengezo sokunambitha kwezinye izinsini zokuhlafuna. Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kulawulwa kakhulu ngenxa yenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokukhathazeka ngokulondolozwa kwazo.
ECanada, I-beaver yaseMelika iwuphawu lwesizweIvela ohlamvwini lwemali oluyi-5 cent, yavezwa esitembu sokuqala seposi samakoloni aseCanada ngo-1849, futhi yayiyisifanekiso seMidlalo Yama-Olympic yaseMontreal ka-1976 (i-Amik). Iphinde ivele ohlamvwini lwezifundazwe ezifana neManitoba, i-Alberta, neSaskatchewan, ohlamvwini lwedolobha laseToronto, kanye nasezimpawini eziningi zamayunithi ezempi, njengonjiniyela bezempi baseCanada.
E-United States, I-Oregon yaziwa ngokuthi “i-Beaver State,” kanti i-C. canadensis yisilwane sayo sesifundazwe.Ivela ngemuva kwefulegi. Futhi iyisilwane esincelisayo sikahulumeni saseNew York futhi imelwe ophawini lwedolobha kanye nefulegi, okubonisa ukubaluleka komlando wokuhweba ngoboya esifundeni.
Isiko laseYurophu lase lijwayelene kakade ne-beaver eNkathini Ephakathi. Ku-Aberdeen Bestiary, ichazwa njengesilwane esimnene "amasende" aso ayenezimfanelo zokwelapha.Futhi inganekwane yaphindwa ukuthi wayezoziluma ukuze asindise impilo yakhe lapho ezingelwa abazingeli, ababezomsindisa lapho bebona ukuthi akasenaso isitho esiyigugu. Le ndaba, vele, iyinganekwane nje.
Emkhakheni wezemfundo nowabafundi, I-beaver yamukelwe njenge-mascot yizikhungo ezidumile njenge-MIT, i-Caltech, i-University of Toronto, kanye ne-Oregon State University.Amaqembu ezemidlalo aleli qembu abizwa ngokuthi ama-Oregon State Beavers, kanti iphephandaba le-London School of Economics libizwa ngokuthi i-The Beaver.
Ngisho nakwezenkolo, kubangele isiyaluyalu: Ngekhulu le-17, iSonto LamaKatolika lanquma ukuthi i-beaver ingabhekwa njenge "nhlanzi" ngenhloso yemithetho yokuzila ukudla nokuzila ukudla.ukuvumela inyama yayo ukuba idliwe ngesikhathi seLent. Lesi sinqumo esimangalisayo sasisekelwe ngokwengxenye ezimpilweni zayo zasemanzini kanye nasemibonweni yokuhlukaniswa kwezilwane ngaleso sikhathi ethathwe emsebenzini kaThomas Aquinas.
Emasikweni athandwayo anamuhla, I-beaver ivela ezincwadini ezifana nethi "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" (CS Lewis), ochungechungeni lwezithombe ezifana nethi "The Angry Beavers" noma "Happy Tree Friends", kanye nakubalingiswa abaphefumulelwe njengoBibarel, abavela kuPokémon.Amadokhumentari anjengethi “Beavers: The Invasion of the End of the World” agxile enkingeni yeTierra del Fuego kanye nemiphumela yayo emvelweni nakwezenhlalo.
Izinhlelo zesimo sokulondolozwa kanye nokuvikelwa
Ngemva kokwehla okukhulu emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, Inani lama-beaver lithuthuke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ngenxa yemithetho yokuvikela, ukuvinjelwa kokuzingela, kanye namaphrojekthi okubuyisela.Kodwa-ke, isimo sabo asifani kulo lonke uhla lwabo lokusatshalaliswa.
I-IUCN okwamanje ibala kokubili i-beaver yaseYurophu neyaseMelika njengezinhlobo ze-beaver. “Ukukhathazeka Okuncane” (LC)Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi, ngezinga lomhlaba wonke, inani labo lizinzile noma liyanda. EYurophu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani le-C. fiber lenyuke lisuka kumasampula ayi-1.200 kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 laya ngaphezu kwama-600.000 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kobubanzi bokusatshalaliswa kwalo.
Nokho, E-Asia, ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zihlala zincane kakhulu futhi zisengozini.Ngokwesibonelo, eMongolia, inani lama-beaver aseYurophu liye lashintshashintsha phakathi kwamakhulu ambalwa ezilwane kanye nenani elingcono kancane ngemva kwezinhlelo zokuvikela. E-China, izinhlobo ezincane ze-Xinjiang zazibalelwa cishe ku-100 ngeminyaka yawo-1970, futhi nakuba zingaba ngu-700 namuhla, zisalokhu zisesimweni esibucayi, yingakho zifakwe ohlwini lukazwelonke lwezilwane zasendle ezivikelwe ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu.
Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinsongo, Kuye kwadalwa izindawo ezithile zokugcina izilwane, njengeBulgan River Beaver Nature Reserve eShayina. (eyasungulwa ngo-1981), futhi sekuqaliswe amaphrojekthi okufuduka kanye nokuzalela okuvalelwe. EMongolia, cishe u-11% wokusatshalaliswa kwe-beaver kufana nezindawo ezivikelwe, okunikeza isivikelo esibalulekile sokulondolozwa kwayo.
EYurophu, i-beaver yaseYurophu ibhalwe ku-Bern Convention kanye ne-EU Habitats Directive, okuphoqa amazwe angamalungu ukuthi ayivikele futhi alondoloze izindawo zayo zokuhlalaNgesikhathi esifanayo, amazwe afana neFinland kuye kwadingeka aphathe ngokucophelela ukuhlala ndawonye phakathi kwe-beaver yaseYurophu ne-beaver yaseMelika eyethulwe, esebenzisa izindlela zokulawula ukuvimbela i-beaver ukuthi ingasusi indawo ye-beaver yendawo.
Ngokufingqa, I-beaver imelela kahle impikiswano yohlobo olukwazi ukuqothulwa kwezinye izindawo futhi lube yisinambuzane esihlaselayo kwezinye.Ukuqonda i-biology yayo, imiphumela yayo, kanye nezinzuzo zayo kubalulekile ekuphatheni ubukhona bayo ngokuhlakanipha, sisebenzisa ikhono layo elimangalisayo lokuvuselela imifula kanye namaxhaphozi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wezingxabano ezingazidala lapho ihlanganyela indawo nengqalasizinda nemisebenzi yethu.
