I-Las Amabala elanga, yizifunda ezimnyama ezingabonwa ngeso lengqondo enkanyezini yethu emaphakathi yesimiso sonozungezilanga, engelutho futhi engengaphansi kweLanga, zingalinganisa ngobukhulu bazo obuncane ububanzi obulingana nePlanethi Yomhlaba kanye nelikhulu kunawo wonke elakhiwa IQembu Amabala angakala cishe u-120000 K.
Iyini i-Sunspot?
I-sunspot iqukethe indawo yeLanga enezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kune-contours, kanye nomsebenzi onamandla nonamandla kazibuthe. I-Sunspot ehlukile iyindawo emaphakathi emnyama, ebizwa ngokuthi "Umbra", equkethwe uhlobo lwe-"Penumbra" olulula kakhulu.
I-sunspot eyodwa nje ingafinyelela ubukhulu bamakhilomitha angu-12.000 120.000, okuwububanzi obucishe bube ububanzi beplanethi yethu yomhlaba, nokho, iqembu lama-sunspots lingafinyelela ubukhulu obungaba amakhilomitha angu-XNUMX XNUMX ububanzi nangaphezulu.
I-penumbra yenziwe uhlobo lwesakhiwo semicu ekhanyayo futhi emnyama ngisho nenwetshiwe cishe isuka ku-umbra. Okubili esikubalulile, okungukuthi, i-penumbra kanye ne-umbra kumnyama ngenxa yohlobo lokungafani i-photosphere enalo, okwenzeka kuphela ngoba kumakhaza kunasesimo sezulu esijwayelekile se-photosphere okuwukuthi. kushisa kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, i-umbra inezinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-4 5.600 K (iyunithi yokushisa ye-Kelvin) kuyilapho i-penumbra ikwazi ukufinyelela ku-6 K (Kelvin), okungangabazeki ukuthi ingaphansi kwe-plus noma minus XNUMX XNUMX K (Kelvin) ama-granules we-photosphere.
NgoMthetho we-Stefan-Boltzmann, amandla aphelele akhishwa umzimba omnyama njengohlobo lwenkanyezi elingana namandla angu-¼ okushisa kwawo ngokuvamile asebenza kahle, ngakho ahumusha kanje :
E = σT4, lapho σ=5,67•10–8 W/m2K4
I-umbra yileyo ekhipha ukukhanya okungaphezulu noma ngaphansi kuka-32% ngendawo elinganayo ye-photosphere futhi ngokufanayo iyi-penumbra enesigaba sokukhanya esingu-71% ngaphezu kwe-photosphere. Ubumnyama obunikezwe i-Sunspot buwumphumela nje wokuqhathanisa; uma ubungabona indawo yekilasi, equkethe i-umbra elingana nePlanethi Yomhlaba, ehlukanisiwe futhi ebangeni elifanayo ukusuka eLangeni, izokhanya izikhathi ezingaba ngu-50 ngaphezu kweNyanga egcwele ngokwayo.
Amabala awanyakazi, okungukuthi, awanyakazi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-photosphere (I-photosphere noma i-photosphere indawo ekhanyayo ehlukanisa umzimba womkhathi, kungaba inkanyezi noma iLanga, kulokhu sikhuluma ngeSol) futhi yibo ababamba iqhaza ekuhambeni kokujikeleza kwelanga. Isifunda sokukhanya kwelanga esimbozwe ama-sunspots afanayo singalinganiswa ngokwezigidigidi ezibonakalayo ezingaba ngu-100 km (ikhilomitha) ubukhulu.
Umlando
Ukubhekwa okuyinhloko okwenziwa kulawa mabala elanga kwenziwa izazi zezinkanyezi zaseShayina ekuqaleni konyaka wama-28 a. C., esingakusho ukuthi kunezindaba eziqondile zekhulu lesine a. C. Phakathi kwalokho okwaba unyaka wama-28 B.C. C. kanye nonyaka ka-1638 d. C, isamba sezindawo ezilinganiselwa ku-112 zarekhodwa.
Bangase bakwazi ukubona amaqembu ezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu lapho ukukhanya kwelanga okunamandla kuhlungwa uthuli olwaluthathwe ngumoya ofanayo ovela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izingwadule zase-Asia Ephakathi.
Ezifundeni zasentshonalanga, izindaba ezindala kakhulu mayelana nohlobo lwe-sunspot yilezo ezivela ku-Life and Works of Charlemagne, eyabhalwa ngonyaka ka-807 AD. C. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva izindawo ezifanayo zabonwa izazi zezinkanyezi ezinemvelaphi yobuMuslim njenge-Averroes futhi ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, zabonwa izazi zezinkanyezi zase-Italy.
Ngonyaka ka-1610, izazi zezinkanyezi okuthiwa uDavid Fabricius nendodana yakhe uJohannes yibona ababona lezi zindawo ngezibonakude. UDavid wayengumuntu owanyathelisa umbhalo ngenyanga kaJune wonyaka ka-1611. Isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile okuthiwa uGalileo Galilei wayengumuntu owafundisa iningi lezazi zezinkanyezi eRoma ngama-sunspots futhi kwakunguSchneider okungenzeka ukuthi wawabona esikhathini esilandelayo. 2 noma 3 izinyanga.
Impi elandelayo eneshwa yohlobo lokuphiwa okwakuzonikezwa lowo owayethole amabala elangeni phakathi kwesazi sefilosofi uGalileo noSchneider, kwaba okuhlala njalo, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi akekho kubo owayewazi ngophenyo. kaFabricius, kangangokuthi kwaba yize ngokuphelele. Ama-sunspots ayebaluleke kakhulu engxoxweni mayelana nemvelo yesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Kwakubonisiwe ukuthi iLanga lalijikeleza futhi lalivame ukwenza izinguquko ezithile, okwakuphambene nemifanekiso ka-Aristotle omkhulu. Imininingwane yokunyakaza okushiwo, eyayicacile, yayingenalo uhlobo lwencazelo enengqondo eyayilula, ngaphandle kwaleyo enikezwe uhlelo lwe-heliocentric lweCopernicus.
Funda kabanzi mayelana ne- ukwakheka kwelanga, futhi uzobona ukuthi amabala elanga anjalo avamile kanjani kulenkanyezi enkulu emaphakathi yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Umsuka wama-Sunspots
Kuma-sunspots kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwezibuthe olunamandla angaba ngu-0,3 T. Nakuba imininingwane yokwenza ama-sunspot kuseyindaba yocwaningo, ngakho-ke kusobala kakhulu ukuthi ama-sunspots solar ahlanganisa isici esibonakalayo sohlobo oluthile lweshubhu. i-flux kazibuthe eyakhiwe engxenyeni engezansi ye-photosphere.
Kuzo zonke ingcindezi kanye nokuminyana kuvame ukuba phansi futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu ziyakhuphuka futhi zipholile. Lapho ishubhu yamandla iphukile ebusweni be-photosphere, i-facula iyavela, okuwuhlobo lwezoni eno-10% ogqame kakhulu kunayo yonke indawo. Nge-convection kukhona ukugeleza kwamandla avela ngaphakathi elangeni.
Ishubhu kazibuthe is screwed by differential rotation. Uma ukudonsa ekugelezeni kweshubhu kufinyelelwa yizinhlobo ezithile zomkhawulo, ishubhu kazibuthe liyagoqa njengebhande lerabha. Ukudluliswa kokugeleza kwamandla ashiwoyo avela phakathi ekujuleni kwelanga kuyavinjelwa, kanye nalo izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu.
Ukuqaphela kwakamuva okwenziwa isathelayithi "SOHO" kusetshenziswa amaza omsindo ahamba ku-photosphere yeLanga kuyivumela ukuthi yakhe uhlobo lwesithombe esinemininingwane yokuthi siyini isakhiwo sangaphakathi sama-sunspots, ngaphansi kwalawo ma-sunspots. uhlobo lwe-vortex ejikelezayo luyakhiwa, yilokhu okubangela ukuthi yonke imigqa yensimu kazibuthe enayo ihlangane ndawonye.
Ama-sunspots kufanele aziphathe ngezikhathi ezithile ngezici ezifana neziphepho ezakheka lapha emhlabeni wethu.
Ukuvela kwe-Sunspot
Ama-sunspots avela, athuthuka, ashintsha ngokuya ngobukhulu nokubukeka kwawo abese enyamalala futhi ngemuva kochungechunge lokujikeleza kwe-solar oku-1 noma oku-2, lokhu kusho ukuthi abekhona endaweni yelanga isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezi-1 noma ezi-2, nakuba cishe uhhafu wempilo yakhona okungenani amaviki ama-2.
Amabala avela ngamabili. Okokuqala, singabona uhlobo lokwakheka okukhanyayo, okuyi-facula, bese kuba imbotshana, okuwuhlobo lwe-interstice phakathi kwe-granulation ye-photosphere (ungqimba lweLanga), okuyilona oluqala ukufiphala.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, sekuvele kune-sunspot encane, kuyilapho embotsheni ephakathi, eqhelelene ngamadigri ambalwa, kuvela elinye i-sunspot. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje amachashazi ama-2 anohlobo olusha lokubukeka okuwukuthi:
Isifunda esimaphakathi esimnyama esibizwa ngokuthi isithunzi esinamazinga okushisa aguquguquka ku-2.500 km kanye nohlobo lokukhanya okungama-20% we-photosphere, ezungeze indawo empunga enohlobo lokubukeka kwefilamentary, i-penumbra, enamazinga okushisa azungezile. 3.300 km kanye nokukhanya okungu-75% kwe-photosphere. Ukuze sazi ukuthi amaplanethi azungeza kanjani ngale nkanyezi emaphakathi, singafunda mayelana I-Orbit yesimiso sonozungezilanga futhi ngaleyo ndlela sazi ukuthi kufanele sibheke nini la mabala elanga.
Endabeni yama-filaments akhanyayo namnyama anesiqondiso se-radial. Izinhlamvana ze-Penumbra nazo zithatha ukumelela okude okungaba ngu-0,5" ukuya ku-2" ngosayizi futhi isikhathi sokuphila ngokuvamile sikhulu kakhulu kunezinhlamvana ezivamile ezisuka kumaminithi angu-40 ukuya emahoreni angu-3.
Eduze kwalezi zindawo eziyinhloko, amanye avela mancane. Wonke amabala anokunyakaza kwawo ngesivinini esingafika kumakhulu amakhilomitha ngehora (km/h). Iqembu lamabala likwazi ukufinyelela ubunkimbinkimbi obukhulu cishe ngosuku lweshumi.
Amabala amakhulu eqembu ngalinye aziphatha njengokungathi afika ekubeni nezigxobo zawo zikazibuthe omkhulu futhi onamandla ngoba phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwezibuthe ezinohlobo lokuqina phakathi kuka-0,2 no-0,4, 0,05 T kuyilapho uzibuthe womhlaba. inkambu inesigaba sokuqina esingaba ngu-XNUMX mT kuphela.
Indawo esentshonalanga yelanga ibizwa ngokuthi i-conductive kanti leyo ebheke ngasempumalanga yelanga ibizwa ngokuthi i-drive. Eningini lamaqembu, i-eksisi ephakathi kwamachashazi angu-2 ayizange ihlelwe ngendlela esempumalanga nentshonalanga, kodwa kunalokho indawo yokuqhuba itholakala kuma-hemispheres amabili aseduze nenkabazwe.
Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakeme kubonakala ukugeleza okuncane kwento okusuka ethunzini kuya engxenyeni ye-penumbra ngesivinini esingaba ngu-2.000 m/s eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Evershed effect futhi kusukela ngaphandle kuya engxenyeni emaphakathi. ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphakeme njengalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-chromosphere, ebizwa ngokuthi i-inverse Evershed effect.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwebala
Uhlobo lwe-Mcintosh lwemanuwali lukwazile ukushintsha enye imanuwali yaseZurich kulokho okuhlukaniswa kwama-sunspots. Kusetshenziswa ikilasi lezinhlamvu ezi-3 elichaza izinhlobo zeqembu lamabala, kungaba okukabili, okukodwa, noma okuyinkimbinkimbi, inqubo ye-penumbral yendawo enkulu kunazo zonke, kanye nokubumbana kweqembu.
Amabala elanga ayenzekayo akwazi ukufika endaweni enkulu phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa abese eqala ukuncipha ukuze indawo ebilandelwa ivamise ukunyamalala kuqala. Uhlelo lwe-Mount Wilson lusetshenziselwa ukukwazi ukuchaza uhlobo lwensimu kazibuthe okungaba lula, i-bipolar noma ngisho yinkimbinkimbi.
Ama-Sunspots kanye ne-Solar Rotation
Isilinganiso sokunyakaza kwama-sunspots kulokho okuye kwaba yi-disk yilokho okusivumela ukuba sithole ukuthi inkanyezi emaphakathi yesimiso sonozungezilanga inesikhathi sokujikeleza esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-27 noma ngaphansi. Akulona lonke iLanga elizungeza ngesivinini esilinganayo, ngoba akulona uhlobo lomzimba oqinile, ngale ndlela enkabazwe isikhathi sokuzungeza cishe izinsuku ezingama-25 ukuya cishe ku-40 ° we-latitude okwenzeka cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-28 futhi icala lezigxobo lokhu kuzungezisa kuvame ukuba kukhudlwana kakhulu.
Ukuhlukahluka Komsebenzi Welanga
Inani lama-sunspots likalwe kusukela ngo-1.700 futhi kukhona izilinganiso zeminyaka engaba ngu-11 1900 edlule. Uhlobo lokuthambekela kusukela esikhathini esingeside esidlule kuya phezulu kusukela ngonyaka ka-60 kuya ko-1826. Indoda okuthiwa u-Heinrich Schwabe yaba ngowokuqala ukubona ukuhlukahluka komjikelezo wenombolo ye-sunspot phakathi kweminyaka ka-1843 no-1848 futhi yiyona eyahola uRudolf Wolf. ukwenza imibono ehlelekile kusukela ngo-XNUMX.
Ukubambezeleka kokukwazi ukubona lolu hlobo lwezikhathi zeLanga kungenxa yokuziphatha okuyinqaba kweLanga phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Inombolo Yempisi iqukethe uhlobo lwesisho esixuba amachashaza ngamanye kanye namaqembu amachashaza futhi ekuvumela ukuthi udwebe umsebenzi welanga.
UWolf uphinde wazama kanzima ukwenza ucwaningo angalugcina kumarekhodi omlando ngomzamo wokusungula uhlobo lwesizindalwazi esinakho konke ukuhlukahluka komjikelezo wesikhathi esidlule.
Ngendlela efanayo, wasungula i-database yomjikelezo we-sunspot kuze kube unyaka we-1700. Ngaphandle komjikelezo weminyaka engu-11, kuye kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona komjikelezo owodwa weminyaka engaba ngu-1, phakathi nendawo lapho inani amabala abe phezulu kakhulu kunenye ingxenye.
UWolf nguye owasungula uhlobo lwesizindalwazi somjikelezo kuze kufike onyakeni we-1700, nakuba ubuchwepheshe namasu okubuka ngokucophelela ilanga kwase kutholakala kakade ngonyaka ka-1610. UGustav Spörer odumile wayengumuntu ayecabanga ukuthi kungani iWolf. ayikwazanga ukunweba umjikelezo ukuthi kwakukhona uhlobo lwenkathi yeminyaka engama-70 phakathi kuka-1640 no-1715 lapho okuxakile ngokwanele uchungechunge lwamachaphaza elanga lwalungabonwa.
I-Evolution of Stains in a Cycle: Butterfly Diagram
Wonke ama-sunspots avela kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres kububanzi obusuka ku-2° ukuya ku-5°. Umsebenzi welanga ngokuvamile uvela emijikelezweni engaba yiminyaka eyi-40. Iphuzu lomsebenzi welanga eliphakeme kakhulu phakathi nalo mjikelezo liyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ubukhulu belanga, futhi iphuzu lomsebenzi ophansi kakhulu ubuncane belanga.
Ekuqaleni komjikelezo, ama-sunspots ngokuvamile avela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezinye zazo cishe ku-40° futhi njengoba umjikelezo usondela lapho kufika khona amaza aphezulu kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi ngasinye kuba ne-latitude encane eseduze nenkabazwe, kuze kufike umkhawulo ophezulu. ifinyelelwe.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-sunspots okuqala omjikelezo olandelayo avela ku-latitude engaba ngu-40°. Konke lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaSpörer. Okwamanje kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhathi kunkomba ye-sunspot ngokwenombolo ye-Wolf, ebaluleke kakhulu, i-sunspot ekwazile ukuba nayo ubude besikhathi obuyisilinganiso seminyaka engaba ngu-11.
Lolu hlobo lwenkathi luphinde lubonwe kwezinye izinkulumo eziningi zomsebenzi welanga futhi luhlanganiswe ngokujulile nokuhlukaniswa kwendima kazibuthe yelanga eshintsha i-polarity ngalesi sikhathi esifanayo.
Ukubhekwa kwamabala ngama-Amateurs
Ama-Sunspots ayabonakala ngisho nanganoma yikuphi Izinhlobo Zezibonakude kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhulu noma kuncane ngokuqagela. Ezikhathini ezithile, njengokushona kwelanga, amabala elanga angabonwa ngeso lenyama.
Singagqamisa ukuthi imisebe yelanga ingadala umonakalo omkhulu emehlweni abantu, ibangele ubumpumputhe unomphela. Awudingi ukubheka ngqo elangeni njengoba lesi senzo singa:
Dala umonakalo omkhulu futhi unomphela ku-retina yeso, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uphawule noma yiluphi uhlobo lomonakalo kuyo. Okutuseka kakhulu ukwenza isithombe seLanga esikrinini. Kuyamukeleka futhi ukusebenzisa uhlobo lwesihlungi selanga, nokho-ke, kufanele senziwe ngeMylar, okuyisona esimboza wonke umjikelezo wesibonakude hhayi kuphela isihlungi samehlo, ngoba lezi zivamise ukushisa kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukuphuka ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ubudlelwano Bama-Sunspots kanye Nezigigaba Zomhlaba
Imizamo yenziwe yokuhlobanisa umjikelezo weminyaka engu-11 wamabala elanga nokubonakaliswa kwemijikelezo yeplanethi yethu, njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izikhathi zokuna kwemvula nesomiso, ukushintshashintsha kobude bosuku. Sebevele bakwazi ukubona uhlobo lokuhlobana okucacile phakathi kohlobo lokukhula kwamasongo omsebenzi welanga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlobana okumbalwa kwalolu hlobo kunokwethenjelwa ngokunengqondo, okubonakala kubangelwa ukuhlukahluka okuncane kokugeleza kwamandla aphelele akhishwa yiLanga ngokwalo kanye nokuphazamiseka okuthile okuphakeme kazibuthe okungase kube yibo. kuthinta ingxenye engenhla yomkhathi womhlaba.
Okucace kakhulu kungaba ubudlelwano nesimo se-ionosphere yeplanethi yethu. Yilokhu okungasiza ukubikezelwa kwezimo zokunwetshwa kwegagasi elifushane noma konke ukuxhumana ngamasathelayithi. Kungenzeka ukuthi leso sikhathi sikhulume ngohlobo lwesimo sezulu sasemkhathini.
Imicimbi Ephawulekayo
Ngo-September 1, 1859, iLanga lafika lizokhipha uhlobo oluthile lwesignali ekhanyayo, okwathi eplanethini yethu yafika izophazamisa insizakalo yocingo. Izibani ezisenyakatho ezibangelwa emkhathini weplanethi yethu ziye zabonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile emhlabeni, njenge:
- I-La Habana
- IHawaii
- amaRom
Umsebenzi ofanayo wabonakala eningizimu nenkabazwe. Uthe isignali ekhanyayo yamandla amakhulu yabonwa amathuluzi wesathelayithi enkulu eyaqala ngo-November 4, 2003 ngo-19:29 UTC, futhi eza ukusuthisa zonke izinsimbi phakathi 11 imizuzu. I-Region 486 ibonakala iwuhlobo oluthile lwe-X-ray flux. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-holographic kanye nokubonwayo okubonakalayo yilokho okubonisa uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi oqhubekayo eLangeni.
