Njengoba isintu sasiphupha ngokunqoba indawo, ukuhlola nge Izilwane njengamaphayona e-cosmos bekuyisisekelo. Ngaphambi kokuba abantu balokothe ​​badlulele ngaphesheya komkhathi, izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukene zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlola izingozi nezinselele zokuhamba emkhathini. Izimpukane, izinkawu, izinja, ngisho namakati enza izindiza eziyingqopha-mlando, abeka isisekelo sokuhlola indawo, futhi okuningi kokuphumelela kwabo kusalokhu kugxilile enkumbulweni ehlangene. Kodwa babengobani laba bahambi abanesibindi, kwenzeka kanjani ukuthunywa kwabo, futhi yini ngempela esayifunda kubo?
Kulesi sihloko uzothola ngokuningiliziwe indaba yezilwane ze-astronaut: izindiza zokuqala, izinhlobo ezibamba iqhaza, izimpumelelo ezidume kakhulu, kanye nentuthuko yesayensi nezimiso zokuziphatha eziphawula ikusasa lomjaho wasemkhathini. Sizobuyekeza ngokulandelana kwezenzakalo ezibalulekile, ama-anecdotes, namaqiniso athakazelisayo. Futhi sizohlaziya ifa lala maphayona anoboya, anezimpaphe, nangamascaly, ngaphandle kokukhohlwa izindaba zokuziphatha kanye nokuvela kocwaningo lwamanje.
Iziqalo: izidalwa zokuqala emkhathini
Uhambo lwezilwane ukuya emkhathini aluzange luqale ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu, kodwa nge izinambuzane ezincaneNgoFebhuwari 20, 1947, i-United States yethula ucwaningo lwayo lokuqala lwebhayoloji ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba: i-rocket ye-V-2, eyathathwa kumaJalimane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, yasuka esiteshini sezindiza saseWhite Sands eNew Mexico. Yathwala izimpukane izithelo kanye nezinhlamvu zommbila. Irokhethi yafinyelela ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha angu-109, yadlula kokubili umkhawulo wesikhala se-US Air Force (amamayela angu-50, noma cishe amakhilomitha angu-80) kanye nencazelo yamazwe ngamazwe (i-100 km).
I-capsule enezimpukane yakhishwa futhi ngemva kokudlula emkhathini, yamiswa nge-parachute futhi yalulama phansi. Kwamangala wonke umuntu, i izimpukane zasinda ohambweni, okuvumela ososayensi ukuthi baqoqe Idatha engashicilelwe emiphumeleni yemisebe nokungabi nesisindo ezintweni eziphilayo. Lo msebenzi oyimpumelelo wabeka isisekelo socwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo futhi wavula umnyango wokuhlola ngezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukukhethwa kwezimpukane zezithelo, ezaziwa ngokuthi I-Drosophila melanogaster, kwakungaqondanga. Lezi zimpukane zihlanganyela cishe u-75% wezakhi zofuzo ezibangela izifo zabantu, umjikelezo wempilo yazo mfushane futhi zizala ngokushesha, okwenza kube lula ukubona izizukulwane ezimbalwa ngesikhathi esifushane. Baba a imodeli yomzimba okuyisisekelo ocwaningweni lwasemhlabeni nasemkhathini.
Ngemva kwalezi zimpumelelo zokuqala, kwenziwa ezinye izivivinyo nezinye izinhlobo zokuphila okulula, njenge ubulembu nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane, ukubona indlela abasabela ngayo emisebeni nasekungabi nasisindo komkhathi wangaphandle.
Primates emjahweni womkhathi
Lapho isigaba sezinambuzane sesiphelile, ukunakekelwa kwaphendukela ezilwaneni ezaziseduze nathi ngokwezinto eziphilayo: i i-monosUmgomo wawuwukuhlaziya ukusabela kwezilwane ezincelisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zasemkhathini futhi zibikezele izingozi ezizotholwa abahambi abangabantu esikhathini esizayo.
Ngo-1949 kwenziwa umzamo wokuqala ukuthumela inkawu emkhathini ngayo Albert I, inkawu i-rhesus yethulwe ngerokhethi i-V-2. Imishini ayizange ifinyelele ukuphakama okuhleliwe futhi u-Albert I wafa. Ngemva konyaka, Albert II Ukwazile ukundiza ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100, kodwa akazange asinde emthelela we-capsule noMhlaba ngenxa yokwehluleka kweparachute.
Indlela egcwele izinhlekelele
Indlela yayiphawulwe yizinhlekelele eziningi: izindiza ezilandelanayo nezinkawu, eyaziwa ngokuthi "Albert" series, kwaphumela ekufeni kwabahlali bayo kwaze kwaba, ngo-September 1951, U-Yorick -inkawu ye-rhesus- ikwazile ukubuyela eMhlabeni iphila ngemva kwendiza engu-72 km ye-suborbital, ephelezelwa amagundane ayi-11.
Impumelelo yangempela yafika ngo-1961 nomsebenzi we UHamu, i-astrochimpanzeeU-Ham wayeyi-hominid yokuqala emkhathini futhi wabonisa ikhono lokwenza imisebenzi elula phakathi nendiza, njengokudonsa amaleveli, okubonakale kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kwemishini yesikhathi esizayo eyenziwa abantu. UHam wethulwa kuMercury-Redstone 2 capsule futhi, naphezu kwezithiyo ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe, wakwazi ukuqedela umsebenzi wakhe futhi walulama ngokuphepha, waba iqhawe lamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngokuphelele, Izinkawu ezingu-32 ziye zaya emkhathini, phakathi kwama-rhesus macaques, izinkawu zezingwejeje, izinkawu ze-cynomolgus, nama-macaque anomsila wengulube. Imisebenzi yabo inikeze ulwazi nge-physiology nokuziphatha ngaphansi kwe-microgravity, ukumelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu kanye nemiphumela yangemva kwemisebe.
Enye imfene, yona, yaba inkawu yokuqala ku-orbit ngasekupheleni kuka-1961, igibela i-Mercury-Atlas 5, iqeda imijikelezo eminingana yoMhlaba ngaphambi kokuba ibuye iphila. Ulwazi lwakhe ngezinkawu lwavulela indlela u-Alan Shepard, owaqalwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu uHam ebalekile.
Ukuhlola amagundane, amagundane nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane
Ngokuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwezinkawu, kwenziwa izivivinyo eziningi amagundane namagundane. I-United States yethulwa ngo-1958, igibele imicibisholo ye-V-2, amagundane okuqala emkhathini, ukufunda imiphumela yokusheshisa nemisebe emizimbeni yabo. Nakuba ekuqaleni izindiza eziningi zingafinyelelanga ukuphakama okudingeka kubhekwe njengondizamkhathi, ohambweni lwaba nzima kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Amagundane abonakala elungele ucwaningo Ukuthi i-microgravity kanye nemisebe kuyithinta kanjani intuthuko, ukukhiqiza, kanye nempilo yesikhathi eside ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lazo lokusingatha izibonelo eziningi kanye nokufana kwazo ngokofuzo kubantu kwazenza izifundo ezibalulekile zokutadisha, kokubili ku-NASA kanye nesikhungo sasemkhathini saseSoviet.
Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisithupha namashumi ayisikhombisa, I-France ijoyine umjaho wasemkhathini futhi yethula amagundane amaningana emkhathini, amaphayona aseYurophu kulo mkhakha, ngamaphilisi atholakalayo. I-Argentina iphinde yagqama ekuhloleni kwayo ngamagundane kanye nezifanekiselo I-Monkey John, inkawu yokuqala yaseLatin America ukuya emkhathini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izifundo zadluliselwa kwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, njengezingulube, kufakwe ezindizeni ze-Soviet orbital ngohlelo lwe-Vostok, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuzala kwezilwane ezimweni zero gravity.
Izinja kanye ne-epic yaseSoviet: uLaika, uBelka noStrelka
Uma izinkawu zanda kakhulu e-United States, ku i-Soviet Union Kwakubhejwa kakhulu ku izinjaLokhu kukhetha kwakungenxa yokuthobeka, ukukhuthazela, nekhono labo lokubekezelela amahora amade ezindaweni ezivalelwe. AmaSoviet akhetha izinja ezixubile ezithathwe emgwaqweni, ezijwayele isimo sezulu esibi kanye nokushoda, okwandisa amathuba abo okusinda.
Ngo-Agasti 15, 1951, Dezik futhi Tsygan Baba yizinja zokuqala ezethulwa emkhathini ngerokhethi i-R-1. Bafika endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-110 futhi babuya bephila, bephawula ingqopha-mlando yohlelo lwaseSoviet. Nokho, ukuthunywa okwalandela akuzange kube nenhlanhla, futhi izilwane eziningi zabhubha.
NgoNovemba 3, 1957, umhlaba wabona esinye seziqephu ezikhumbulekayo: Laika, inja elahlekile evela eMoscow, yaba yisidalwa sokuqala esiphilayo ukuzungeza uMhlaba sigibele Sputnik 2Isiphetho sakhe sasibuhlungu; washona emahoreni ambalwa ngemva kokwethulwa ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile nokucindezeleka. Nokho, umhlatshelo wakhe wanikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokuphila kwezilwane ezimweni ezizungezile futhi wabeka iSoviet Union igxathu elilodwa phambili emjahweni womkhathi.
ULaika kamuva wahlonishwa ngezikhumbuzo nokuhlonishwa ngeqhaza lakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi, nakuba impikiswano yokuziphatha ngokudalelwa kwayo yadala impikiswano. Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, omunye wososayensi ababephethe lo mkhankaso, u-Oleg Gazenko, wavuma ukuthi uyazisola ngokulahlekelwa yinja futhi wacabanga ukuthi kuncane okwakukufundile uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokuziphatha.
I-Belka ne-Strelkca, izithonjana ezimbili zesikhala
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, ngo-August 1960, ukunqoba kokuqala okunesiphetho esijabulisayo kwafika: UBelka noStrelka —izinja ezimbili nazo ezacoshwa emgwaqeni— zahamba zaya emkhathini I-Sputnik 5. Kanye nonogwaja, amagundane angu-42, amagundane amabili nezimpukane ezimbalwa zezithelo, ukuqeda izindlela eziyi-18 nokubuyela eMhlabeni ngokuphepha. Babeyizidalwa zokuqala eziphilayo ezandiza nge-orbital futhi zasinda, zahlanganisa impumelelo yobunjiniyela baseSoviet futhi zavula umnyango wokundiza emkhathini komuntu.
UBelka noStrelka baba yizithonjana zikazwelonke, futhi omunye umdlwane kaStrelka, uPushinka, wanikezwa umndeni wakwaKennedy njengophawu lobungane phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu. Lolu hambo luphawule ukuqala kohlu olude lwemishini ye-suborbital ne-orbital enezinja, ezinye eziphule amarekhodi esikhathi emkhathini, njenge Veterok futhi Ugolyok, okwathi ngo-1966 yahlala izinsuku ezingu-22 isendleleni.
Amakati kanye ne-French Odyssey: Icala lika-Félicette
I-Los amakati Abavamisile ukuba phakathi kwezilwane ezithambile noma okulula ukuziqeqesha, okwenze ukubamba iqhaza kwazo umjaho wasemkhathini ubuyindlala futhi bekufanele ukuba kukhulunywe ngabo ngokukhethekile. I-France, eyake yethula amagundane ngaphambilini, yanquma ukuqhubekela phambili futhi iqeqeshe amakati ngezindiza ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Ngakho, ngo-October 18, 1963, Félicette, ikati laseParis elinoboya obumnyama nobumhlophe kanye nomlingiswa opholile, likhethwe ngemva kokuzilungiselela kakhulu ama-capsules we-centrifugal kanye namagumbi okucindezela. Egibele irokhethi i-Véronique AGI 47, uFélicette wafinyelela ukuphakama okungamakhilomitha angu-160 futhi wachitha imizuzu engaphezudlwana nje kwemihlanu ku-microgravity. I-capsule yakhe yahlala ngokuphepha, futhi walulama ephila, nakuba kamuva wanikezwa amandla ukuze ahlaziye imiphumela yendiza ebuchosheni bakhe nesimiso sezinzwa.
Inhloso ka-Félicette ibonakale ibalulekile ocwaningweni lomsebenzi wezinzwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zasemkhathini, ngenxa yama-electrode afakwe ngokuhlinzwa aqopha amandla akhe. Naphezu kwesiphetho sakhe esidabukisayo, ifa lakhe liye lahlonishwa kwezesayensi, ngisho nangezikhumbuzo zakhe ezimhloniphayo.
Ngaphandle kwezinja, izinkawu namakati: ezinye izinhlobo zamaphayona
Umlando wosonkanyezi bezilwane awugcini nje ngezilwane ezincelisayo. Imishini yesikhala ifakiwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezimangalisayo:
- I-TortugasNgo-1968, i-Soviet Union yethula izimfudu ze-Horsfield emkhathini we-Zond 5, okwenza uhambo lokuqala lwe-circumlunar nezilwane eziphilayo, kanye nezibungu nezimpukane zezithelo. Izilwane zasinda isonto lonke emkhathini.
- URanasNgo-1970, amaxoxo amabili ahamba ngesathelayithi ye-Frog Otolith ukuze afunde imiphumela yokungabi nesisindo ohlelweni lwe-vestibular.
- InhlanziI-American Skylab 3 yayiphethe inhlanzi yokuqala (idube danio ne-mummichog) kanye nezicabucabu ezifana ne-Arabella no-Anita, ezaziphotha amawebu ku-microgravity.
- Izinambuzane nama-microorganismsIzimpukane zezithelo, amabhungane, ama-nematode, amagciwane, kanye nesikhunta konke kube yingxenye yemithwalo yebhayoloji yemishini yaseRussia neyaseMelika, futhi ibalulekile ekutadisheni ukujwayela kwamaselula kanye nokumelana nezakhi zofuzo emkhathini.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlu lwanwetshwa lwafaka phakathi imibungu yenkukhuizintuthwane, izinyosi, izicabucabu ezisagolide, izinyosi, amaqanda ezinambuzane ezinamathele, ngisho nama-crustaceans afana nezimfanzi ze-brine. Ukucwaninga ngezinto eziphilayo ezikhulayo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukwenza izivivinyo ezinkulu kuyilapho kunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane.
Ukuqamba okusha, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokushintsha kwepharadigm ocwaningweni
Ekuqaleni, izimiso zokuziphatha ekuhloleni izilwane azizange zibe nesisindo esiningi njengoba zenza namuhla. Izinhlelo zasemkhathini zazizimisele ukuqhubekela phambili ngazo zonke izindlela, zisebenzisa amagundane, izinkawu, izinja namakati ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu inhlalakahle yazo. Nokho, kusukela ngawo-70 futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngemva kokuba umuntu efike enyangeni, kwenzeka izinguquko ezimbili ezibalulekile:
- Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe: Izinhlelo zokusekela ukuphila, amamojula acindezelweyo, kanye ne-telemetry ethuthukisiwe kwaqala ukuthuthukiswa, okwavumela ukuphepha kwezilwane okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuqoqwa kwedatha yesayensi efaneleke kakhulu.
- Ukushintsha kokuziphathaUkusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezinkulu kwavumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezincane, ezingaxakile kangako ezinemijikelezo yokuphila emifushane (izimpukane, i-nematodes, i-tardigrades).
Ukukhathazeka ngezimiso zokuziphatha kanye nokucindezela komphakathi kubangele ama-ejensi asemkhathini ukuba bamukele izimiso eziqinile, namakomiti e-bioethics kanye nokungafihli kwemiklamo yokuhlola. Izilwane zazingasewona nje amaphayona angathandi, kodwa zaziyizihloko zokutadisha ezinamalungelo aqashelwayo.
Njengamanje, ukuhlola kugxilwe kukho imodeli eziphilayo, njengempukane i-Drosophila, i-nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, noma amagundane, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezilwane ezinkulu kuyagwenywa ngaphandle kwalapho kudingekile ngempela. Eqinisweni, kusukela ngawo-80, izindiza ezimbalwa kakhulu ezenziwe ngezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinkulu.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva namaphayona amasha: ama-tardigrades
Kunezidalwa ezikwazi ukuphila lapho kungekho silwane esincelisayo esingasinda khona. i-tardigrades, ezaziwa ngokuthi "ama-water bear," zathunyelwa emkhathini ngo-2007 futhi zabonisa ukukhuthazela okumangalisayo ekushayweni, emisebeni ye-ultraviolet namazinga okushisa aphakeme. Bakwazi ukubekezelela indawo ezungezile engavikelekile yasemkhathini izinsuku futhi baphila, kwabangela imigqa emisha yocwaningo mayelana nokuvumelana nezakhi zofuzo kanye namandla okuphila kwamanye amaplanethi.
Ngokunjalo, ngo-2014, isidoda segundane esomisiwe sathunyelwa e-International Space Station, okufakazela ukuthi singamelana nemisebe ye-cosmic futhi sivundise imibungu lapho sibuyela eMhlabeni. Le ntuthuko ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukukhiqizwa kwabantu kanye nokwenzeka kokusungula amakoloni esikhathi eside emkhathini.
Izilwane nobuchwepheshe: ukuthi bahamba kanjani futhi bahlala kanjani emkhathini
Ukuklanywa kwezindawo zezilwane nezinhlelo ezisekela ukuphila kwaletha izinselele ezinkulu. Amagundane nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zazidinga amakheji angenawo amapulangwe —njengoba ayezontanta ku-microgravity—, izinhlelo zamanzi ezinomfutho, nokudla emigoqweni ehlangene. Bekufanele bazivumelanise nezimo ezintsha ngemizuzu nje, bekhombisa amandla amangalisayo okujwayela, njengoba i-NASA iphawulile emibikweni eminingana.
Izinja zaseSoviet zazigqoka amasudi akhethekile, namahhanisi nezigqoko zokuzivikela ezaziqinisekisa ukusinda kwazo phakathi nokusuka nokundiza, nakuba ukunyakaza kwazo kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu. Amakati aseFrance nawo afakwe izinzwa kanye nezihlalo ezikhethekile ukuze qopha idatha yezemvelo neyemizwa Phakathi nohambo. Izilwane eziningi, ikakhulukazi izinkawu nezinja, zaqeqeshwa amasonto ukuze zimelane nomsindo omkhulu, amandla aphakathi nendawo, nokuvalelwa isikhathi eside.
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu kwaba ukuvuselelwa kwama-capsulesNakuba eminyakeni yokuqala lokhu kwakuhilela ubungozi obukhulu futhi amalungu ezisebenzi ayengasindiswa ephila ngaso sonke isikhathi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe yayivumela izilwane eziningi ukuba zibuye ziphephile, zinikeza idatha engenakuthathelwa indawo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlola indawo yomuntu.
Ilukuluku, ama-anecdotes kanye nefa lamaphayona
Ukuthunywa kwezilwane kuye kwahlushwa curiosity kanye anecdotes okusiza ukuqonda uhlangothi lomuntu (nesilwane) lokunqotshwa kwendawo:
- Isihlalo sikaHam, i-astrochimpanzee, yasetshenziswa usomkhathi u-Alan Shepard ohambweni olungokomlando lweMercury ngemva nje kokundiza kukaHam.
- I-Strelka, enye yezinja zaseSoviet eyayisindile, yayinemidlwane, enye yayo eyanikezwa umndeni wakwaKennedy njengesipho sobunxusa ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
- Laika Unomgodi ku-Mars kanye nezikhumbuzo ezimbalwa eRussia ngokumhlonipha, naphezu komphumela odabukisayo womsebenzi wakhe.
- Félicette, ikati laseFrance, namuhla likhunjulwa ngetshe lesikhumbuzo e-International Space University eStrasbourg.
- U-Arabella kanye no-Anita, izicabucabu zaseMelika, zaphotha ubulembu bazo emkhunjini we-Skylab, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kungase kushintshwe kube amandla adonsela phansi amancane.
Indima yalezi zilwane yayibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukisweni kwe ubuchwepheshe bokusekela impilo noma ekuvimbeleni ubungozi, kodwa nasekuvuseni ukukhathazeka ngezimiso zokuziphatha zesayensi kanye nempilo enhle yezinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kokuhlolwa.
Iminyaka yendawo yangasese kanye nekusasa losonkanyezi bezilwane
Ukwanda kokuhlolwa kwendawo yangasese kuye kwavula indlela yezinhlelo ezintsha, ezifana nalezi ukwethulwa kwamamojula ane-inflatable (uGenesise I no-II kusuka ku-Bigelow Aerospace). Zahlanganisa nokuhlola okuncane kwezinto eziphilayo, okufana namaphela aseMadagascar, amaqanda ezinambuzane ezinamathelayo, nofezela baseNingizimu Afrika. Inhloso enkulu lapha bheka ukujwayela nokuphila kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zempilo, kanye nokukhuthaza intshisekelo yezakhamizi kanye nomphakathi wesayensi.
Okwamanje, ucwaningo oluningi lwebhayoloji ku-International Space Station lugxile ezintweni eziphilayo ezincane, njengamaqanda ezigwaca, i-lilis yaseJapane, noma ama-nematode. Ukuhlala befuna ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwezilwane kanye ulwazi olusengaphambili lwezinqubo ezibalulekile zebhayoloji zokuphila endaweni ejulile.
Esikhathini esizayo, ucwaningo lwezilwane ku isikhala izoqhubeka nokuvela. Izinto eziphilayo ezincane zizoqhubeka ukhiye wokufunda ukuzivumelanisa ne-microgravity kanye nemisebe. Kodwa ukusungulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokulingiswa kwekhompiyutha, ezimweni eziningi, kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle kwezidalwa eziphilayo futhi kuqhubekele phambili olwazini lwethu.