Isomiso sesiphenduke enye yezinkinga ezibucayi kakhulu zemvelo zesikhathi sethu, emhlabeni jikelele nasemazweni asengozini kakhulu njengeSpain. Asikhulumi nje ngemvula encane izinyanga ezimbalwa: inhlanganisela yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukuphathwa kabi kwamanzi, ukucindezelwa kwenani labantu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu komhlaba kucindezela imifula, amadamu, izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanye nazo zonke izimiso zemvelo emikhawulweni yazo. Konke lokhu kunomthelela wangempela emnothweni, empilweni, nasezimpilweni zansuku zonke zezigidi zabantu.
Ukuqonda izimbangela zesomiso, izinhlobo zaso ezihlukene, imiphumela yaso, nezisombululo ezingase zibe khona kubalulekile ekwazini ukuthi yini esingayenza.Kusukela kuma-ejensi kahulumeni kuya ezakhamuzini ezivamile, lesi sihloko sizohlola, ngokuthula kodwa ngokucacile, ukuthi kungani isomiso senzeke, ukuthi sithinta kanjani i-ecosystem kanye nomphakathi, yiziphi izindawo ezithinteka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke naseSpain, futhi yiziphi amathuluzi esinawo ukuze sinciphise imiphumela yazo futhi sivumelane neqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi lamanzi.
Siyini isomiso futhi kungani singaphezu nje “kokuntuleka kwemvula”?
Isomiso siyisimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo isikhathi eside lapho ukutholakala kwamanzi kwehla ngaphansi kwamazinga ajwayelekile endaweni ethile.Akukhona nje ukuthi unyaka owodwa lina imvula encane, kodwa ukuthi isikhathi eside noma esifushane ibhalansi phakathi kwalokho okungena ohlelweni (imvula, iqhwa, i-aquifer recharge) futhi yiziphi amaqabunga (i-evapotranspiration, ukusetshenziswa komuntu, ezolimo, izimboni, ukugeleza kwemvelo, njll.) kuphukile.
ISpain iyisibonelo esihle sendawo lapho isomiso siyingxenye yesimo sezulu esingokomlandoIkakhulukazi esifundeni saseMedithera kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, ebonakala ngezindawo ezomile neziwugwadule. Kodwa-ke, imijikelezo eyake yabikezelwa yeminyaka emanzi neyomile iya ngokuya iba ngokwedlulele futhi ingajwayelekile, ngeminyaka embalwa eyomile kakhulu elandelwa yiziqephu zemvula enamandla ezingasizi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugcwalisa imithombo yamanzi.
Izibalo zakamuva zibonisa lo mkhuba okhathazayoUnyaka wezi-2021-2022 we-hydrological year waba phakathi kweyomile kakhulu emlandweni, nemvula engaphansi kwesilinganiso, futhi 2022-2023 ilandele inkambiso efanayo, iqongelela ukuntula okungaphezu kuka-10%. Khonamanjalo, amazinga okushisa ephula irekhodi ngemva kwerekhodi, kanye ukugcwala kwe-CO₂ emkhathini kuye kwanda, okusheshisa ukuhwamuka kwamanzi atholakalayo.
Lokhu kuphazamiseka kubonakala ngokucace kakhulu kumachibi nama-aquifers.Lezi zindawo zokugcina amanzi, ezisebenza “njengendawo yokugcina amanzi” ezifundeni eziningi, zehle ngaphansi kuka-50% womthamo wazo maphakathi nehlobo, ngaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso seminyaka eyishumi edlule. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu nasempumalanga yeSpain, imikhawulo yamanzi ayisahlukile, kodwa isimo esivame ukwanda. Ezimweni eziningi, izinkinga ezithinta amadamu kanye nama-aquifers Axhumene ngqo nezinqumo mayelana nokuphathwa nokusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Izinhlobo zesomiso nendlela ezithinta ngayo imvelo kanye nomphakathi
Alukho nje uhlobo olulodwa lwesomiso, kodwa izigaba eziningana ezixhunywe ndawonye.Ukuziqonda kusiza ukubona ukuthi ukushoda kwemvula “okulula” kugcina kube yinkinga enkulu kwezolimo, ezomnotho, ezenhlalo nezemvelo.
Isomiso sesimo sezulu
La isomiso sezulu Yisigaba sokuqala futhi sisho isikhathi eside esinemvula engaphansi kokwejwayelekile. maqondana namagugu omlando wendawo. Kukalwa ngokuqhathanisa imvula nesilinganiso seminyaka eminingi futhi, lapho kushoda iqhubeka, kubhekwa ukuthi sibhekene nesimo sesomiso sezulu.
Esimweni saseMedithera, lezi zikhathi zokuna kwemvula encane zivamile.Kodwa lapho ehlala iminyaka eminingana noma ehlanganiswe namagagasi okushisa anamandla kakhulu, aba yimbangela yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu: ukushajwa kabusha kwe-aquifer encane, inhlabathi eyomile, ukucindezelwa kwamanzi ezimila futhi, ekugcineni, amanzi amancane atholakalayo kuyo yonke into.
Isomiso sezolimo noma ezolimo
Isomiso sezolimo senzeka lapho umswakama womhlabathi unganele ukuze izitshalo zikhule ngendlela evamile.Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemvula, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu elikhuphula ukuhwamuka, noma ukuhlelwa kwezolimo okungavumelani kahle nezimo zezwe nesimo sezulu.
Imiphumela yako ibonakala ngokushesha ekukhiqizweni kokudla: ukwehla kwesivuno, ukulahleka kwezitshaloUkwehliswa kwamadlelo emfuyo kuholela emalini ephansi kubalimi kanye namanani aphezulu emikhiqizo ethile ezimakethe. Ezifundeni zasemaphandleni ezithembele kakhulu kwezolimo, isomiso sezolimo esithatha isikhathi eside singaphumela ebumpofu, ezikweletini, ngisho nokulahlwa kwamapulazi.
Isomiso samanzi
Isomiso samanzi senzeka lapho ukuntuleka kwemvula kubangela ukugeleza okuphansi ngokungavamile emifuleni, emachibini, kumachibi kanye nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba.Lesi isici esibonakala kakhulu kuningi labantu: amadamu emazingeni aphansi kakhulu, imifula encishisiwe yaba amathonsi amanzi, nemithombo eseyaqala ukusha.
Kulesi sigaba, isiqinisekiso sokuhlinzeka siba nzima kakhulu. ukusetshenziswa kwasemadolobheni, ezolimo, izimboni, kanye nemvelo. Iziphathimandla ziphoqelekile ukuthi zisebenze izinhlelo ezikhethekile zesomisoukukhawulela ukusetshenziswa, ukubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa okuthile ngaphezu kokunye futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukumisa ukusikeka kwesikhashana emanzini okuphuza noma ukuchelela.
isomiso sezenhlalo nezomnotho
Isomiso senhlalo-mnotho senzeka lapho ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuqala ukuphazamisa kakhulu umsebenzi wezomnotho kanye nempilo yenhlalo.Akukhona nje ukushoda kwemithombo yamanzi, kodwa imikhakha ebalulekile njengezolimo, imfuyo, amandla, ezokuvakasha kanye nezimboni iyahlupheka, idala ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungezwani kwezindawo futhi, kwezinye izimo, nokufuduka kwabantu.
Emazweni ngamazwe, iziqephu zokungavikeleki kokudla, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ubumpofu, nezingxabano ezihambisana nesomiso esibi sezibhaliwe.Izinhlangano ezifana ne-WHO kanye ne-NOAA zigcizelela ukuthi emazweni amaningi asathuthuka, isomiso sibhebhethekisa ubuthakathaka besibalo sabantu, sandise ingozi yezifo, ukungondleki, nokufa, futhi siphoqelele ukufuduka kwangaphakathi noma ukuwela imingcele. Kulesi simo, i- ukungavikeleki kokudla Kungomunye wemiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi eqhubekayo.
Izimbangela eziyinhloko zesomiso: phakathi kwesimo sezulu nomsebenzi womuntu
Isomiso sinengxenye yemvelo engenakuphikwa, kodwa namuhla ayikwazi ukuchazwa ngaphandle kokucabangela umthelela womuntu esimweni sezulu kanye nendawo.Ngezansi sihlukanisa izici ezihambisana kakhulu ezibangela noma eziqinisayo.
Ukushoda nokungahambi kahle kwemvula
Isizathu esisobala kakhulu ukungabikho noma ukushoda kwemvula phakathi nezikhathi zonyaka lapho kufanele ibe ningi kakhulu.Esimweni sezulu esivamile saseMedithera, ingxenye enkulu yemvula igxile ekwindla nasentwasahlobo; lapho lezi zinkathi "zomile," ibhalansi yamanzi yonyaka ithinteka kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvula ivame ukungajwayelekile futhi igxile eziqeshini ezinamandla.nezimvula ezithi, emahoreni ambalwa nje, zikhiphe amanzi amaningi. Okuxakayo ukuthi lezi ziqephu azisidambisi isomiso ngaso sonke isikhathi: ngenxa yokuthi imvula inamandla kakhulu, amanzi amaningi ageleza ngokushesha, abangele izikhukhula futhi akhukhule inhlabathi evundile, kodwa agcwalise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba namachibi angaphansi ngendlela ephumelelayo kunemvula ethambile, enesikhathi eside.
Iqhaza lokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokufudumala komhlaba
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kungenye yezinto ezihamba phambili zokwanda kwezikhathi kanye namandla esomiso.Ukwenyuka okujwayelekile kwamazinga okushisa kuvumela ukuhwamuka kwamanzi ngokushesha enhlabathini, emachibini, emifuleni nasezitshalweni, kuyilapho amaphethini okujikeleza komkhathi kuguqulwa, kulungiswa imikhondo yeziphepho kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemvula.
E-Spain, amarekhodi abonisa ukwanda okucacile kwezinsuku ezifudumele nobusuku namagagasi okushisakanye nendlela yokuna kwemvula eguquguqukayo. Lesi sithombe sihambisana nezibikezelo zomphakathi wesayensi: izikhathi ezomile kakhulu, ukushisa okwengeziwe, ukuhwamuka okukhulu, ngakho-ke amathuba aphezulu okuba nesomiso eside, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseMedithera nasezindaweni ezivele zisengcupheni ewugwadule.
Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwama-aquifer namanzi angaphezulu
Ukukhishwa ngokweqile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuchelelwe, izimboni, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kuqeda i-aquifer ethatha iminyaka, noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka, ukushajwa kabusha.Lapho ukumpompa kudlula umthamo wemvelo wokuvuselela, ukwehla okuqhubekayo emanzini kuyenzeka, iziphethu namaxhaphozi kuyasha, futhi ukutholakala kwamanzi esikhathini esizayo kuba sengozini.
Lokhu kusetshenziswa ngokweqile akugcini nje endaweni engaphansiEzimisweni eziningi zemifula, isamba sokuphambukiswa kokunisela, ukudluliswa kwamanzi, nokunye ukusetshenziswa kunciphisa ukugeleza kangangokuthi imifula ingakwazi ukugcina ukusebenza kwayo kwemvelo. Ngesikhathi sesomiso, le ngcindezi eyengeziwe yenza imithelela ibe nzima kakhulu futhi ihlale isikhathi eside.
Ukulima okujulile kanye nokungahleleli kahle kokunisela
Ukwandiswa kwezolimo eziqinile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile, kukhuphule isidingo samanziIzitshalo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amanzi ezindaweni ezinogwadule, ezindaweni ezinkulu eziniselwa ngenkasa kanye nezinhlelo zokunisela ezingasebenzi kahle noma ezingaphethwe kahle kusho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezinsiza ezikhona yabelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo.
Uma le mikhuba ingavumelani neqiniso lendawo le-hydrological, ukuncika ekucheleleni kuba yingozi.Ngezikhathi zesomiso, abalimi babhekana nemingcele ethinta ngqo indlela yabo yokuziphilisa, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okujulile kusheshisa ukwehla kweziqiwi emachibini nasezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuguguleka, nokulahlekelwa amandla okugcina inhlabathi
Ukususwa kwamahlathi nezimila zemvelo, kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwenhlabathi yezolimo, kukhinyabeza ikhono lezwe lokumunca nokugcina amanzi.Umhlabathi owonakele uguguleka kalula, ulahlekelwa izinto eziphilayo futhi ungabi nezimbotshana, ngakho-ke amanzi ageleza ngokushesha emiseleni yamanzi, esikhundleni sokungena futhi aphinde agcwale amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinguquko ziholela ezinqubweni zokuphenduka ugwadule lapho indawo ilahlekelwa khona ukuzala nokukhiqiza.Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-nitrogen namanye amakhemikhali nakho kunomthelela ekungcolisweni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okwandisa ubuthakathaka besimiso samanzi sisonke. Kulokhu, i- ukususwa kwamahlathi nezimila zemvelo Kuyisici esinqumayo ekulahlekeni kwamandla okugcina inhlabathi.
Izinto ezibonakalayo: Indawo yaseMedithera kanye ne-orography
Endabeni yaseSpain, isimo sendawo kanye ne-orography eyinkimbinkimbi yengeza izici zayo enkingeni yesomiso.Nakuba itholakala ezindaweni ezipholile, isimo sezulu saseMedithera sisho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezwe ifudumele futhi yomile kunalokho umuntu ebengakulindela uma kubhekwa indawo ekuyo.
Iziphepho ezinkulu ezifika zivela e-Atlantic zidedela kalula ulaka lwazo eGalicia kanye nogu olusentshonalanga yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia.Nokho, bahlangabezana nemingcele yezintaba njengePyrenees, izintaba zaseCantabrian, neBetic System. Lezi zintaba zibangela izenzakalo ezinjengomphumela we-Foehn: umoya onomswakama uphoqeleka ukuba ukhuphuke, uphole, futhi udliselele emthambekeni oya ngasemoyeni, ukuze umoya owehla ngakolunye uhlangothi ufike wome kakhulu futhi ufudumale.
Umphumela uba umehluko ophawuleka kakhulu phakathi kwenyakatho enomswakama nenyakatho-ntshonalanga kanye nendawo eyomile kakhulu, eningizimu nasempumalanga.Lokhu kusatshalaliswa okungalingani kwemvula kuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izitsha, ezifana nezaseMedithera, ziba nezinkinga ezinkulu zamanzi kuyilapho ezinye izindawo zigcina amanani eseduze nesilinganiso.
Imithelela yemvelo yesomiso
Isomiso esithatha isikhathi eside sinomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.Izimila zingenye yezinto zokuqala ezibonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka: ukukhula okunciphile, amaqabunga aphuzi, ukuwa kwamaqabunga ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukufa kwezihlahla nezihlahla.
Lapho amahlathi nezinhlanga ziba buthaka, zilahlekelwa amandla azo okwenza i-photosynthesis futhi zimunce isikhutha.Lokhu kunciphisa indima yabo njengamasinki e-carbon. Lokhu kulandelwa kwe-CO₂ ephansi kunezela emiphumeleni yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokwako, kudala umjikelezo ononya: uhlaza olungaphilile kahle, ukuthathwa kwekhabhoni encane, nokufudumala okukhulu nakakhulu.
Ezinhlelweni zemvelo ezijwayelene kahle nesikhathi esomile, ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kusebenza njengesivikeloEzinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuqina kunezinye, futhi izingongolo zembewu zikwazi ukuphila iminyaka enhlabathini kanye nemijikelezo yempilo ehambisana nokutholakala kwamanzi. Nokho, ezindaweni ezishintshwe kakhulu izinto ezenziwa abantu (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, ukukhula kwamadolobha okungahleliwe), lokhu kukhuthazela kuncipha, futhi isomiso singabangela izinqubo zokuwohloka kwezimo ezingenakulungiseka.
Imithombo yamanzi yezwekazi ibuye ihlupheke ngezindlela eziningiUkuncishiswa kokugeleza emifuleni nasemaxhaphozini kulimaza izinga lamanzi. kwandisa ukugcwala kokungcolaLokhu kukhuthaza ukwanda kolwelwe kanye nezilwanyana ezincane futhi kubeka engozini izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini, nezinyoni zasemanzini ezincike kulezi zindawo zokuhlala. Ekugcineni, izinsiza eziningi ze-ecosystem zisengozini: ukukhiqizwa kokudla, ukuhlunga amanzi emvelo, ukulawula izinambuzane, ukuthuthwa kwempova, nokugcinwa kwenhlabathi evundile isesimweni esihle.
Imiphumela yesomiso kwezenhlalo nezomnotho
Ngaphandle komthelela waso emvelweni, isomiso sinengxenye eqinile yezenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezempilo.Imikhakha efana nezolimo, imfuyo, amandla kanye nezokungcebeleka incike ngqo emanzini futhi ingeyokuqala ebhekana nemikhawulo.
Emaphandleni, ukuncipha kwesivuno kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezitshalo kuhumusha imali encane futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ukunyamalala kwamapulazi amancane.Lokhu kudonsela phansi izimboni ezihlotshaniswayo (ukucubungula ukudla, ezokuthutha, ezentengiselwano) futhi kungabangela ukwenyuka kwamanani emikhiqizo ethile, kuphinde kuthinte inani labantu basemadolobheni.
Umkhakha wezamandla nawo awushiywa ngaphandleUkwehliswa kwamazinga edamu kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngamanzi futhi kuthinta ukusebenza kwezitshalo eziphehla amandla ashisayo ezidinga umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ukuze apholise. Esimeni sokushintshwa kwamandla kanye nokusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kukonke, le ngcindezi eyengeziwe yenza kube nzima ukuphathwa kwesistimu kagesi futhi kungaholela ezikweletini eziphezulu zikagesi.
Ezokuvakasha, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini nasezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe ezinezivakashi eziningi, ingesinye sezisulu ezinkulu.Ezimeni zesomiso esibi, ukusetshenziswa kwamachibi okubhukuda, izihlambi zasebhishi, ukuchelelwa ngenkasa kwenkundla yegalofu, nezinye izinsiza kuvinjelwe, okwehlisa ikhwalithi ecatshangwayo yendawo okuyiwa kuyo futhi kudala ukungezwani phakathi kwemisebenzi yezomnotho nezidingo eziyisisekelo zezakhamuzi.
Ngokombono wezempilo, ukushoda kwamanzi okuphuza nokulinganiselwa kwenhlanzeko kwandisa ingozi yezifo.Ukusuka ekuthelelekeni kwamathumbu kuya ezinkingeni zesikhumba, i-WHO ibhale ukuthi isomiso phakathi kuka-1970 no-2019 sabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-650.000 emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka lapho ukufinyelela kwamanzi aphephile nezinhlelo zezempilo eziqinile kunqunyelwe.
Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, isomiso singaba yimbangela yokuntengantenga kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe.Umncintiswano wokuthola amanzi ubhebhethekisa izingxabano ezikhona, ubhebhezela ukufuduka kwabantu, futhi uqhubekisela phambili ubumpofu nokubandlululwa. Inhlanganisela yokuncipha kokutholakala kokudla, amanani akhuphukayo, ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, nokulahlekelwa yizimpilo kudala indawo evundile yezinxushunxushu kanye nezinkinga zobuntu.
Izindawo zomhlaba kanye neSpain ezihlaselwe kakhulu isomiso
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezinye iziqephu zesomiso ziye zaba sematheni ngenxa yobunzima nobude bazoIzifunda zaseChile nase-Argentina, amazwe asoPhondweni lwe-Afrika njengeSomalia, kanye nezindawo zaseMadagascar zibe nezimo ezibucayi ezinomthelela omkhulu ekuvikelekeni kokudla kanye nempilo yabantu.
Esifundeni esisentshonalanga yeMedithera, izindawo ezahlukahlukene zaseSpain, eFrance, e-Italy, eMorocco nase-Algeria zihlonzwe njengezithinteke kanzima.Kulezi zindawo, amazinga okushisa aphezulu, imvula engavamile, nokucindezela okukhulu emithonjeni yamanzi kusho ukuthi umjikelezo owomile ngamunye ushiya uphawu olukhulu kunalo odlule.
ESpain, isomiso sihlasele eningizimu kanye nogu olusempumalanga ye-peninsula ikakhulukazi.Ngenkathi inyakatho nenyakatho-ntshonalanga, eminyakeni ethile, irekhodile amazinga emvula eduze noma ngisho nangaphezulu kwesilinganiso. Lokhu okubili kubonakala lapho kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, izitsha ze-Atlantic (ezimanzi) nezitsha zaseMedithera (ezisengozini kakhulu), lapho inkulumo ethi "akunisi lapha" isibe ngaphezu kwesikhalazo sansuku zonke.
Izigodi zemifula ziyiyunithi enengqondo kakhulu yokuqonda lo mehluko.Amasistimu afana nemifula i-Ebro, i-Júcar, kanye ne-Segura abonisa ukungezwani okuphindelelayo phakathi kwabasebenzisi bezolimo, basemadolobheni, nabezemvelo, kuyilapho kwenziwa imizamo yokulondoloza ukugeleza kwemvelo okuncane ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusinda kwemvelo yomfula. Ukuhlelwa kwe-hydrological kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo kubalulekile lapha. Ukuqonda amandla e- imifula Kuwukhiye wokulawula ukungqubuzana kanye nokubeka phambili ukusetshenziswa.
Izixazululo namasu okubhekana nesomiso
Isomiso asiyona into engaqedwa, kodwa imithelela yaso ingancishiswa futhi amandla ethu okuzivumelanisa nezimo angakhula.Izinyathelo zisuka kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda emikhulu ziye ezinguqukweni zokuphatha kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke.
Isitoreji nokulawula: amadamu nezinye izingqalasizinda
Enye yezindlela zakudala zokubhekana nokuhlukahluka kwemvula kube ukwakhiwa kwamadamu namadamu.Lezi zinhlelo zivumela ukuthi amanzi agcinwe phakathi neminyaka enamanzi noma izinkathi zonyaka ukuze asetshenziswe ngezikhathi ezomile. Ezweni elinesimo sezulu esingajwayelekile njengeSpain, le nethiwekhi yengqalasizinda ibe ukhiye ekuqinisekiseni ukutholakala kwamanzi ukuze asetshenziswe abantu, ukuchelela, kanye nokuphehla ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi.
Kodwa-ke, amachibi awakhululiwe emithelela kanye nemikhawuloUkwakhiwa kwayo kuhlanganisa zonke izigodi ezikhukhula, ukususa abantu ezindaweni zokuhlala, nokushintsha imvelo yasemfuleni, kanye nokuphazamisa ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi okungokwemvelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ichibi ngokwalo liyagcwala udaka, linciphise umthamo walo osebenzisekayo futhi kudinge imisebenzi yokulilungisa ebizayo.
Ukuxhashazwa kwe-aquifer kanye nobungozi bayo
Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba abe ngenye “inqolobane” yokulwa nesomisokufinyeleleka ngemithombo kanye nemigodi. Ama-aquifers asebenza njengamadamu emvelo angaphansi komhlaba, lapho amanzi egcinwa khona ngendlela evikeleke kakhulu ekuhwamukeni.
Nokho, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kuye kwabonakala kuwugibe oluyingozi.Ukukha amanzi amaningi kunalawo agcwaliswa kabusha kubangela ukuwohloka okubukhali emanzini, ukuncipha komhlaba, nokungena kwamanzi anosawoti emanzini asogwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola okusabalalisiwe okuvela kumanyolo nomquba kuye kwawohloka izinga lemithombo eminingi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, okwenza kube nzima nakakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngokuphepha.
Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini kanye nemithombo emisha yamanzi
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kukhuthaze kakhulu ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini njengethuluzi lokulwa nokushoda kwamanzi ahlanzekileIzitshalo zokukhipha usawoti emanzini zihlukanisa usawoti emanzini olwandle ukuze zithole amanzi afanele ukusetshenziswa abantu, ukusetshenziswa emadolobheni ngisho nokunisela kwezinye izimo.
Eziqhingini nasezifundeni ezisogwini ezinemithombo yazo embalwa yamanzi, ukukhishwa kukasawoti emanzini sekuyingxenye eyisisekelo yokuhlinzekaIsibonelo esicacile yi-Formentera, lapho cishe wonke amanzi aphuma esitshalweni sokususa usawoti emanzini. Ezindaweni ezisezinhlonhlweni ezihlaselwe isomiso isikhathi eside, lezi ngqalasizinda ziphinde zisetshenziselwe ukuqinisa ukuvikeleka kwamanzi, nakuba izindleko zazo zamandla kanye nokuphathwa kwe-brine ekhiqizwayo kubangela izinselele zemvelo nezomnotho.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamanzi nokusebenza kahle
Enye indlela eyinhloko ukusebenzisa kangcono ithonsi ngalinye, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha.Ukwenza amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa abe esimanjemanje ukuze kuvinjwe ukuvuza, ukusebenzisa amasistimu okunisela anembayo, ukusebenzisa kabusha amanzi angcolile acociwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ezimbonini noma ezolimo, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe okonga amanzi ezindlini nasemabhizinisini yizici ezibalulekile.
Emkhakheni wezolimo, ohlanganisa cishe u-80% wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi eSpain, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kubaluleke kakhulu.Izinhlelo ezifana ne-drip irrigation, ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa zokuswakama komhlabathi, ukuhlela ukunisela okusekelwe kudatha yesimo sezulu, nokukhethwa kwezilimo ezivumelaniswe kangcono nesimo sezulu sendawo kunganciphisa kakhulu isidingo samanzi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhiqiza.
Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe nezinye izixazululo
Ukwengeza nengqalasizinda evamile, izixazululo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ziyavela ukuze zihlukanise ukutholakala kwamanziPhakathi kwazo kukhona amajeneretha asemkhathini, abamba umswakama ovela emoyeni futhi awuguqule abe amanzi okuphuza, awusizo ezimweni lapho amanethiwekhi endabuko engafinyeleli khona noma enganele.
Izinzwa kanye namasistimu okulawula kude nawo ayathuthukiswa ukuze alawule ngobuhlakani ukuphakelwa kwamanzi namanethiwekhi okunisela.Ukuthola ukuvuza, ukwenza ngcono izingcindezi, kanye nokulungisa ukuhlinzekwa kwezidingo ngesikhathi sangempela. Amaphrojekthi agxile ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla, ukuqapha i-carbon footprint, kanye nokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi kunomthelela ekwehliseni umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa ezinye zezimbangela zesomiso.
Izinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza okudidiyelwe
Ukulawulwa kwesomiso akukwazi ukushiywa kwezobuchwepheshe kuphela; idinga izinhlaka zokulawula eziqinile kanye nokuhlela isikhathi eside.Izinqubomgomo zamanzi kufanele zikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, zigweme ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, zikhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kabusha, zivikele imvelo yasemanzini, futhi ziqinisekise ukufinyelela okulinganayo kumthombo.
Ukubamba iqhaza kwabasebenzisi, imiphakathi yokunisela, abaphathi kanye nezakhamizi kubalulekile ukuze izinyathelo zisebenze ngempumelelo futhi zamukelwe emphakathini.Izinhlelo zokonga nokuqwashisa, izinxephezelo zokusebenza kahle, izinhlawulo zokusebenzisa kabi kanye nokubeka obala olwazini ngesimo sezinsiza kuyizici ezibalulekile ekuphathweni kwamanzi kwesimanjemanje nokuqhubekayo.
Yini esingayenza njengabantu ngabanye lapho sibhekene nesomiso?
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuningi kugxile kwezolimo nezimboni, izinqumo zansuku zonke nazo zinomthelela.Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwendlu yethu, ukukhetha ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo, nokusekela izinqubomgomo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo kusiza ukwehlisa ingcindezi yomhlaba wonke ezinsizeni.
Izenzo ezilula njengokuvala umpompi ngenkathi sixubha amazinyo, ukugeza esikhundleni sokugeza, noma ukulungisa ngokushesha ukuvuza nokuvuza. Zingase zibonakale zingabalulekile esikalini ngasinye, kodwa ezingeni elihlangene zimelela izinkulungwane zama-cubic metres amanzi alondolozwa ngonyaka.
Hlomisa amakhaya ngezindlu zangasese ezishaywa kabili, ama-aerators kampompi, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvuna amanzi ampunga (Isibonelo, ukuchelela engadini) kungenye indlela eqondile yokufaka isandla. Emabhizinisini nasezakhiweni zomphakathi, ukuqaliswa kwezinzwa, izisetshenziswa zokuvala ngokuzenzakalela, nezinhlelo zokuphatha ukusetshenziswa kubaluleke ngokulinganayo.
Ngaphandle kokonga okuqondile, ukwazisa kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi wethu ngokubaluleka kwamanzi kanye neqiniso lesomiso kuyithuluzi elinamandla.Ukweseka amaphrojekthi okwakhiwa kabusha kwamahlathi, ukongiwa kwamanzi, ukulima okusimeme, namandla avuselelekayo kusiza ukunciphisa umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngakho-ke, omunye wemibangela enkulu yenkinga yamanzi yamanje.
Isomiso akuyona nje indaba "yokuthi liyana noma cha," kodwa uphawu lwamanzi nesimo sezulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu.Ukuqonda izimbangela zayo, izinhlobo nemithelela yayo, futhi sicabange ukuthi zonke izinqumo, kusukela ekuhlelweni kwamanzi kuya ekusetshenzisweni kompompi ekhaya, kuyingxenye yesixazululo, kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zingakhumbuli le minyaka kuphela njengesikhathi lapho siqala ukuphelelwa amanzi.
