Izingubo zendabuko zabantu bomdabu baseGuatemala zingaphezu nje kwengubo nje; kuwukubonakaliswa okuphilayo kwefa lokhokho okudlulisela umlando, ubunikazi kanye nezindinganiso zabaphathi bayo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Akunandaba ukuthi uvakashela idolobhana elincane ezindaweni eziphakeme noma uhambahamba ezimakethe zamadolobha amakhulu: imibala, izimo kanye nemininingwane ye Izindwangu zamaMayan zidonsa amehlo futhi kuvuse ilukuluku lanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda umphefumulo waseGuatemala.
Izingubo zomdabu zase-Guatemala, ikakhulukazi ezemiphakathi yama-Mayan, ziyinhlanganisela yezincazelo zamasiko, izinkolelo, nobuhlakani obuhlangene. Emakhulwini eminyaka, ubuciko bokweluka nokufekethisa abubanga nje kuphela uhlobo lokumboza, kodwa futhi ukubonakaliswa okujulile kobuntu, ukuhlonipha amadlozi, nokuqina kwamasiko lapho ubhekene nezimo ezimbi. Labo abagqoka ingubo yendabuko benza kanjalo ngokuziqhenya nomthwalo wemfanelo, njengoba intambo ngayinye iphethe indaba eyingqayizivele.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezingubo zesifunda eGuatemala
EGuatemala, kunezitayela ezehlukene ezingaphezu kuka-800 zezingubo zomdabu, ngasinye esixhumene kakhulu nomphakathi wendabuko. Lokhu kuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kubonisa ukuchuma kwamasiko ezwe elinezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-20 namasiko endawo angenakubalwa. Abesifazane baseMeya, ikakhulukazi, balondoloza ngokuzinikela okukhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-huipil, i-sash, ne-corte, bedlulisela amasu abo emadodakazini abo nakubazukulu babo. Emiphakathini eminingi, kulula ukuhlukanisa imvelaphi yomuntu ngokubheka imibala, izimpawu, namasu asetshenziswa engutsheni yakhe.
Phakathi nenkathi yamakholoni, amaSpanishi asungula umehluko ocacile wesifunda ekugqokeni ngenjongo yokulawula nokuqoqa izintela phakathi kwemiphakathi yendabuko. Lokhu kubekwa ngokomlando kwahlanganisa imininingwane yezingubo zomdabu, okwenza umphakathi ngamunye ugqame kuze kube yilolu suku ngemibala yawo kanye nezindlela zawo.
Izingubo eziyinhloko: kusukela ku-huipil kuya ku-corte kanye ne-sash
I-huipil iyisambatho esiyifanekiselo kunazo zonke zengubo yabesifazane baseMayan. Leli bhulawuzi elelukwe ngesandla phezu kwendwangu yangemuva, elihlotshiswe ngokufekethisiwe okucophelela okungadinga izinyanga zomsebenzi. I-faja, noma ibhande, liphethe i-corte, isiketi eside esenziwe ngendwangu eboshwe ngokuzinikezela okufanayo nokucebile kwemininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izesekeli ezifana namabhande asekhanda, ama-toyocal, nama-tzute engeza ubunkimbinkimbi nenjongo engutsheni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okokuhlobisa noma ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, njengokuphatha umntwana.
Kwezinye izifunda, abesilisa basengatholakala begqoke amabhulukwe namahembe afekethisiwe, nakuba izingubo zamadoda zesintu zingajwayelekile namuhla. Ubuqiniso bengubo ngayinye bulele ekuhlanganisweni kwamasu, ama-motif, nemibala ehlukile endaweni ngayinye.
Amasu okhokho ekukhiqizeni izindwangu
Ubuciko bokweluka kwe-Mayan busekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni kwe-backstrap, ithuluzi lokhokho eliye ladluliselwa kusuka komama kuya emadodakazini amakhulu eminyaka. Lo mshini wokweluka uhlaka uvumela abeluki ukuthi bahlale phansi, babambe isiphetho esisodwa okhalweni lwabo kanti enye bayibambe esihlahleni noma epulangweni, ngaleyo ndlela bathole ukungezwani okuhle kokuluka imiklamo nezibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Imicu, ngokuvamile eyenziwa ngokotini, idayiwe ngodayi bemvelo abakhishwa ezimbalini, ezimpandeni, emagxolweni nasezitshalweni. Ngenxa yalokhu kufakwa kombala wobuciko, izindwangu zaseGuatemala zigqama ngokwazo ukudlidliza kombala nokuqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Inqubo yokweluka iwumsebenzi onzima futhi ingathatha izinyanga, okwenza ingubo ngayinye ihluke futhi yazise kakhulu.
Imibala ezimpahleni zaseMayan kanye nencazelo yazo
Umbala wezindwangu zamaMayan awuzenzeki; i-hue ngayinye inezinhlangano ezithize kakhulu zamasiko nezingokomfanekiso. Lena imibala evame kakhulu kanye nezincazelo zayo ezisabalele kakhulu:
- Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Ifanekisela isibhakabhaka namanzi, izakhi ezibalulekile zombono wezwe wamaMaya.
- Bomvu: Ihlotshaniswa nokusa namandla, imelela amandla okuphila kanye nomjikelezo wansuku zonke.
- Omnyama: Ivusa ubusuku, imfihlakalo yokufa kanye nenqubo yokuvuselela, igcizelela umqondo woguquko.
- Okumhlophe: Xhumana nomoya kanye nengokomoya, okungaphatheki kanye nokungcwele.
- Okuphuzi: Imele ukunotha kwelanga nommbila, ukudla okuphakathi empilweni yamaMeya nezinkolelo.
- Luhlaza: Kuwukubonakaliswa kwemvelo, ukuzala nokuphila emhlabeni.
Izinhlobonhlobo zale mibala ezingutsheni zinikeza umphakathi ngamunye ubunikazi obubonakalayo obungabonakali. Izindlela zokudaya, ukuhleleka kwemigqa, nokuqina kombala kungabonisa umsuka oqondile wengubo.
I-Symbolism kuma-textile motifs kanye nemiklamo
I-motifs esetshenziswa ezindwangu zaseGuatemala inezincazelo ezijulile futhi idlulisela ulwazi mayelana nokubuka umhlaba, umlando, kanye namagugu esiko lamaMayan. Phakathi kwemiklamo evamile kakhulu yilezi:
- Ama-Zigzag: Zifanekisela izintaba-mlilo nezintaba, kanye nenyoka enezimpaphe iGucumatz. Ngaphakathi kwesiko, zibuye zihlotshaniswe nezindlela zokuphila kanye nezinselelo abantu ababhekana nazo.
- Amadayimane: Indlela amadayimane achazwa ngayo iyahlukahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile amelela amaphuzu amane ayinhloko noma indawo yonke, izitsha zemicikilisho, ngisho nomluki ngokwakhe.
- Izinkanyezi: Ukubhula ngezinkanyezi kwakuyisisekelo emcabangweni wamaMayan, yingakho ukuba khona njalo kwezibalo ezimise okwenkanyezi ezindwangu.
- Inyoni enamakhanda amabili (kot noma kab-awil): Izinkozi ezinamakhanda amabili zingafanekisela ukubili kokuhle nokubi, okwedlule nekusasa, izulu nomhlaba.
- I-Quetzal: Inyoni kazwelonke kanye nophawu lobuhle nokukhanya, ivame ukuvela emihlobiso yokuhlobisa.
- Izimbali nezitshalo: Okuhlotshaniswa nokuzala, ukuphila okusha, umjikelezo womuntu (ukuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuzala nokufa), kanye nesihlahla sokuphila noma i-ceiba, uphawu lwendawo yonke olukhona ezindwangu eziningi.
- Amajuba: Abahlinzeki ababhekwa njengabahlinzeki bokuphila nokudla, okuhambisana nenala.
- Izibalo zabantu zibambe izandla: Babhekisela ebunyeni bomndeni nomphakathi, ngisho nasemshadweni.
- Igalikuni: Uphawu lwamasiko omshado, lapho i-turkey enikezwa abazali bomakoti iba nokubaluleka okungokomfanekiso, izindwangu ebonisa ukuthi iyaphila noma ifile.
- Ezinye izilwane: Njengama-hummingbirds, amaqhude, ama-jaguar, zonke zinezincazelo ezithile ezihluka phakathi kwamadolobha.
Ngayinye yale miklamo ibonisa umbono wezwe wamaMaya, ukuxhumana nendawo ezungezile, nokubaluleka kwemvelo nengokomoya ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Inani lamasiko nokuqina kwezingubo zomdabu
Ukugqoka izingubo zendabuko zaseGuatemala kungaphezu nje kwendaba yobuhle: kuyisenzo sokuqinisekisa isiko nokuqina komlando. Ngezikhathi zobumnyama njengempi yombango, izingubo zomdabu zazivumela imiphakathi ukuthi ikhonjwe futhi isetshenziswe kokubili ukuyilawula nokubashushisa, imiphumela edabukisayo kubantu bomdabuKodwa-ke, naphezu kobunzima, ukudluliswa kobuciko be-textile akugcini nje ukusinda, kodwa futhi kwaqina njengophawu lokuqina.
Abantu abavelele abafana no-Rigoberta Menchú balethe izingubo zabo zesifunda ezigabeni zamazwe ngamazwe, bebonisa ngokuziqhenya ifa labo le-Mayan emhlabeni. Ukugqoka lezi zingubo kuwukuzichaza ukuthi ungubani futhi ungowakho, kuwukuhlonipha amadlozi kanye nomhlaba uqobo.
Izinguquko zesimanje kanye nokulondolozwa kwamasiko
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokuhwebelana ngamasiko kuye kwaletha izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni kwezingubo zesifunda. Namuhla, kuvamile ukubona abesifazane begqoke ama-huipiles anemiklamo nemibala evela emiphakathini ehlukahlukene, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "isitayela se-pan-Mayan." Le nhlanganisela ikhombisa ukufuna ubumbano phakathi kwabantu bomdabu, kanye nokujwayela amasiko ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Amasu obuciko ayaqhubeka nokudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, futhi ukubaluleka kwezindwangu zamaMayan kuqashelwa kuzo zombili izimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuthola indwangu eyenziwe ngezandla yaseGuatemala kuwukuba ngumnikazi womsebenzi wobuciko ohlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka omlando nengokomoya.
Izibonelo zesifunda: ingcebo yomphakathi ngamunye
Isifunda ngasinye saseGuatemala sinikela ngezici zaso eziyingqayizivele ezingutsheni zaso zendabuko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Cobán huipil ibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwayo ukotini ongasindi, amathoni amhlophe, nama-motif ahlotshisiwe okuthi, nakuba ecashile, anomfanekiso omkhulu. I-neckline ivame ukuhlotshiswa ngezimbali ezinemibala egqamile, kuyilapho izibalo zezinyoni nezilwane zihamba phambili endwangu eyinhloko.
E-San Antonio Aguas Calientes, elinye idolobha elivelele, kuvamile ukuthola ama-huipiles alukwe ngama-brocade amahle kakhulu, lapho imiklamo iphindwa khona nhlangothi zombili zendwangu. Amathoni aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka naluhlaza ajwayelekile, futhi izibalo zezinyoni nezimbali zithatha indawo emaphakathi ku-iconography.
Izembatho nengokomoya: okuningi kunokubukeka
Imvunulo yesintu ayikhawulelwe ekusebenzeni kwayo komphakathi noma kobuhle. Emiphakathini eminingi, ukugqoka ngendlela yamadlozi kusho ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu, imvelo kanye nemijikelezo yokuphila. Emikhosini eminingi nemikhuba, ukubaluleka kwezingubo kuyaqiniswa futhi kuthatha ubukhulu obungcwele, kuqinisekisa ukuxhumana phakathi kwamanje nesikhathi esedlule.
Ukugqoka imvunulo yesintu nakho kuyindlela yokufundisa izizukulwane ezintsha ngokubaluleka kwezimpande zazo, ukuzigqaja okukhuthazayo kanye nomuzwa wokuba nengxenye. Njengoba u-Isabel, umxhumanisi wezemfundo enhlanganweni yendawo, wake wathi, "Lapho ngigqoka isudi yami, ngizizwa ngigxilile ezimpandeni zami."
Ikusasa lezingubo zaseMeya: izinselele namathuba
Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, izingubo zendabuko zabantu baseGuatemala zikwazi ukuzisungula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wemvelaphi yazo. Ebhekene nokusongelwa kokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko, izingubo zesifunda zihlala ziwubufakazi obumibalabala bokwehlukahlukana namandla kwabantu baseMeya. Imizamo yokuqopha, ukuvikela, kanye nokukhuthaza le ngcebo yezindwangu iyanda, kusukela ezinhlanganweni zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimfihlo zendwangu yokweluka nezincazelo zezimpawu zihlala ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Izivakashi eziningi ezivakashela eGuatemala ziyamangala lapho zithola ukujula kwentambo ngayinye nomfekethiso ngamunye. Ngaphandle kobuhle babo, imvunulo ngayinye iyisimemo sokuqonda ifa lasendulo labantu babo kanye nobizo lokwazisa umsebenzi nobuciko balabo abagcina leli siko liphila.
Izingubo zomdabu zaseGuatemala ziyinkulumo baphile ngobunikazi, ukumelana nobuhle bemiphakathi yaboYonke ingubo, yonke i-motif, nayo yonke imibala ehlanganiswe ezindwangu zaseMayan ixoxa indaba yokujwayela, ukuhlakanipha, nenhlonipho ejulile ngemvelo namadlozi. Ukugcinwa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwalesi siko akugcini nje ngokucebisa isiko laseGuatemala, kodwa futhi kusikhumbuza ukubaluleka londoloza izimpande zethu ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi singobani nokuthi sifuna ukuyaphi.