Lokho okwakuyimali eningi kakhulu ngesikhathi segolide lokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa eColombia manje sekungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. izingxabano zemvelo ezisakazwa kakhulu emhlabeniIzimvubu ezidumile uPablo Escobar aziletha eHacienda Nápoles yakhe sezithathe imifula, amadolobha kanye nezihloko zezindaba, zizuzisa ososayensi, abezombusazwe, omakhelwane kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane.
Nakuba lesi simo saqala eColombia, impikiswano isidlule imingcele futhi ilandelwa ngentshisekelo evela ku- IYurophu neSpain, lapho leli cala licashunwa khona njengesibonelo esibi kakhulu ngalokho okwenzekayo lapho ukushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula kuhlanganiswa nobugebengu obuhleliwe. Ukuthuthwa okungenzeka kwezinye zalezi zilwane eNdiya Kungeze isici samazwe ngamazwe esenza isimo sibe nzima nakakhulu.
Kusukela e-zoo yangasese ka-Escobar kuya endaweni yabantu abangalawuleki
Ngesikhathi sokuphakama kokwanda kweMedellín Cartel ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, uPablo Escobar wakha indawo edumile [engacacile] eDoradal (e-Antioquia). I-Hacienda Nápoles, indawo engamahektha angaphezu kuka-2.000 enamachibi okwenziwa, imigwaqo yezindiza kanye, njengophawu lwamandla ayo, i-zoo egcwele izilwane zakwamanye amazwe ezilethwe ngokungemthetho abavela e-Afrika nakwamanye amazwekazi.
Phakathi kwe izinhlobo eziningi zase-Afrika Phakathi kwezilwane ezazibuthene – izindlulamithi, izindlovu, obhejane, amabhubesi, kanye nezintshe – kwagqama iqembu elincane lezimvubu: owesilisa oyedwa kanye nabesifazane abathathu base-Afrikalokho umthengisi wezidakamizwa akungenisa cishe ngo-1981 ukuze akhuluphalise "uMkhumbi KaNowa" wakhe. Akekho owayecabanga ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi lezo zilwane ezine zizogcina ziyizimbangela zenkinga yezemvelo kazwelonke.
Ngemva kokushona kuka-Escobar ngo-1993, umbuso wathatha ipulazi. Izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo ezinkulu zathunyelwa ezindaweni zokulondoloza izilwane eColombia nakwamanye amazwe; ezinye zathengiswa, kanti ezinye zamane zanyamalala ngenxa yokuphangwa nokunganakwa. Nokho, izimvubu zashiywa ngenxa yekusasa lazo.ukuzulazula emachibini nasezindaweni zamachibi eziseduze ngaphandle kohlelo olucacile lokuphatha.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlobo eziningana zaphuma ezivalweni zepulazi elidala zafika esigodini soMfula iMagdalena, indawo enomswakama nevundile, empeleni, eyayizinikeza zona. izimo ezifana nezezindawo zabo zokuqala zokuhlala zase-Afrikakodwa ngaphandle kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zemvelo ukuze zinciphise ukwanda kwazo.
Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa, umhlambi omncane washintsha waba inani labantu elilinganiselwa namuhla cishe Izimvubu ezingama-200 ezicishe zibe zasendleZisakazeke cishe kumakhilomitha-skwele angu-43.000, ngokusho kokubala kwe-Ministry of Environment yaseColombia. Ukuqagela kwesayensi kuxwayisa ngokuthi, ngaphandle kwesinyathelo esiqinile, inani lazo lingadlula izilwane ezingu-500 cishe ngo-2030, futhi lifinyelele phakathi kwezilwane eziyi-1.000 nezingu-1.500 ngo-2035.
Kusukela ekukhangeni kwezivakashi kuya ezinhlotsheni ezihlaselayo kanye nosongo lwemvelo
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, isithombe salezi zilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo zidla emachibini noma ziwela imigwaqo savuselela okuthile izinganekwane ezizungeze “izimvubu ze-cocaine”"Lezi yiziteketiso ezaziwa ngazo kakhulu eColombia." EDoradal, izakhamuzi eziningi zazizibheka njengezifanekiso zedolobha ezingagunyaziwe, ingxenye yendawo, futhi, ngeshwa, indawo ekhangayo kakhulu yezivakashi.
Indawo eyayiyiHacienda Nápoles, manje eseyipaki lezinto ezikhangayo, ihlanganisa izinkambo zokubuka lezi zilwane, okuye kwadala ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezivakashi zezwe nezamazwe ngamazweEndaweni eyayiphawulwe ngobudlova nokuntuleka kwamathuba, izimvubu zaba uphawu lobunikazi kanye nomthombo obalulekile wemali engenayo.
Nokho, ngemuva kwaleso sithombe esihle kunenkinga enkulu. Ososayensi bebelokhu bexwayisa iminyaka eminingi ukuthi izici zemvubu Lokhu kubangela ukuthi lolu hlobo, uma lungeniswa ngaphandle kokulawulwa,... kushintsha ukuguquguquka kwezindawo zemvelo zasemanzini kanye nasemanziniUkuhamba kwazo kubangela ukuguguleka kwamanzi ogwini, indle yazo ishintsha amakhemikhali amanzi, ithinta izinhlanzi, futhi ingasusa izilwane zasendaweni ezifana nama-manatee noma ama-capybara ezindaweni zokudla.
Kukhona nokukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwabantu. Nakuba izehlakalo ezinkulu eColombia bezimbalwa kakhulu—njengokuhlaselwa komlimi ngo-2020, okwaholela ekuphukeni kwezimbambo eziningana, noma ukushayisana kwemoto nemvubu emgwaqweni omkhulu phakathi kweMedellín neBogotá ngo-2023—inkomba yase-Afrika icacile: Imvubu ibhekwa njengenye yezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu kuleli zwekazi., okubangela ukuhlaselwa okuningi okubulalayo minyaka yonke.
Lolo hlangothi olungajabulisi lwalesi simo lwaholela uhulumeni waseColombia ukuba Memezela izimvubu njengezilwane zangaphandle ezihlaselayo ngo-2022Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, impikiswano yaphela ukuba yinto nje yokuzibuza izintatheli futhi yaba yindaba yenqubomgomo yezemvelo kazwelonke.
Izimpendulo zikaHulumeni: ukuvala inzalo, ukudluliselwa okuhlulekile, kanye nokubulawa kwesiguli
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqinile, iziphathimandla zachitha iminyaka zizama ezinye izindlela ezingaphikisani kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokulawula ukuzala, njengokuthenwa ngokuhlinzwa kanye nokubulala amagciwane ngamakhemikhalikanye nokuhlola ukudluliselwa okungenzeka kwezinhlobo zezilwane eziya ezindaweni zoo noma ezindaweni ezigciniwe kwamanye amazwe.
Inkinga ukuthi ukubamba nokuthulisa isilwane esingadlula kalula amakhilogremu angu-1.300 akuwona umsebenzi olula. Amaqembu odokotela bezinto eziphilayo kanye nodokotela bezilwane achaze lokho Umsebenzi ngamunye wokubulala amagciwane ungathatha amahora afinyelela kwayisishiyagalombili futhi kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwabantu okungenani abayisishiyagalombili, okubiza kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye maqondana nesabelomali esitholakalayo.
Imizamo yokuthutha kwamanye amazwe nayo ayizange iphumelele kakhulu. Nakuba ukuthutha izimvubu kwamanye amazwe anentshisekelo kuye kwacatshangelwa izikhathi eziningana, Izindleko zezokuthutha, izidingo zezempilo, kanye nezinqubo ngaphansi kweSivumelwano se-CITES Bamise iningi lalezi zinhlelo. Ekugcineni, inani labantu liqhubeke nokukhula ngesivinini esikhulu kunalokho iziphathimandla ezingakulawula.
Ebhekene nalesi simo, kanye nokubikezela okukhomba amakhulu amakhophi eminyakeni embalwa nje, uhulumeni wanquma ukushintsha indlela. Ngo-Ephreli, iSigungu Esiphezulu saseColombia bavumile uhlelo lokubulala izimvubu ezingu-80ngesabelomali esicishe sibe yizigidi ezimbili zamaRandi. Umhlahlandlela uhlanganisa kokubili imijovo ebulalayo kanye nethuba lokudubula izilwane ezithile ekhanda, njalo ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezisemthethweni.
Lesi sinqumo sidale impikiswano. Ososayensi kanye nochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwemvelo abavikela ukubulawa kwezilwane njengesenzo esingaphansi kwesibili sobubi basigxekile. izingcindezi kanye nezinsongo zomuntu siqu ezivela emikhakheni ephikisana nomhlatsheloOkwamanje, izinhlangano zamalungelo ezilwane zibiza lesi sinyathelo ngokuthi “ukubulala” ngokusobala kanye nezixazululo ezifuna kakhulu ezisekelwe ekuthuthweni nasekulawulweni kokuzala.
Indima kaVantara: izithembiso zokusindiswa kanye nezithunzi zokungabaza
Phakathi nalesi simo esihlukene, kwavela umlingisi ongalindelekile: I-Vantara, isikhungo esikhulu sokusindisa nokulondoloza izilwane zasendle eJamnagar, esifundazweni saseNdiya iGujarat, eqhutshwa yisigidigidi u-Anant Ambani, indlalifa yendoda ecebe kakhulu e-Asia.
Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, indawo engcwele yathumela isicelo esisemthethweni kuziphathimandla zaseColombia sokucabanga kabusha ngokubulawa kwezimvubu ezingu-80 okwakuhlelwe nguhulumeni. Njengenye indlela, Wazinikela ukwamukela lezo zilwane ezindaweni zakhe, ecabanga ngezindleko zokudluliselwa kwazo. futhi uzibophezele ekuzihlanganiseni endaweni elawulwayo lapho amakhulu ezindlovu, amakati kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo sezihlala ndawonye kakade.
Lesi siphakamiso sihambisane nesimemezelo soMnyango Wezemvelo waseColombia sokuthi uzohlola noma iyiphi indlela efanelekile yokugwema ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, nokho, ngaphandle kokukhipha i-euthanasia njengethuluzi lokuphatha. UNgqongqoshe u-Irene Vélez wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi isu elisemthethweni lihlanganisa inqubo ekabili: ukunciphisa inani labantu ngokubulawa kwabantu kanye nokufuduka, ngomqondo wokuthi zombili izindlela zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa nangendlela ehambisanayo.
Ukuze kuqhutshekwe phambili nokudluliselwa ekugcineni, uhulumeni waseColombia uthumele umlingani wawo waseNdiya uphenyo olusemthethweni mayelana nokungenzeka kokusebenza okusemthethweni kanye nokuhambisana nezimfuneko zeSivumelwano se-CITES, esilawula ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni ngalo Ukufika eColombia kwethimba lochwepheshe nodokotela bezilwane abavela eVantara, obhekene nokuhlola isimo sezimvubu phansi kanye nokubambisana ohlelweni olungase lube khona lokuthutha.
Kodwa-ke, “indawo engcwele” okwakucatshangwa ukuthi iyindlela yokusiza izimvubu zaseColombia isiqalile ukuphakamisa imibuzo. Uphenyo lwezintatheli emazweni amaningana, okuhlanganisa iBrazil neVenezuela, kanye nemibiko evela ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe, lugxile kakhulu Ukucaca kukaVantara kanye nokuxhumana okungenzeka kube khona nokushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle.
Uphenyo lwamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokusola okuphathelene nendawo engcwele yamaNdiya
Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu imayelana noTony Silva, Isazi sezinyoni saseMelika sigwetshwe ngamacala okushushumbisa izinyoni zakwamanye amazwe ngawo-1990 zisengozini. Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwe ngamaphoyisa aseBrazil kanye nemibiko evela kwabezindaba njengeMongabay kanye ne-Armando.info, uSilva uphinde wahlolwa ngendima engaba khona kumanethiwekhi okushushumbisa izilwane, okuhlanganisa namacala ahlobene nezinyoka ezinamakhanda ebhubesi.
Kulesi simo, izinkomba ezahlukahlukene zixhumanise uSilva noVantara ngokomsebenzi. Engqungqutheleni yamazwe ngamazwe ebibanjelwe eThailand, Wethulwa obala njengo "mholi wezokulondolozwa kwemvelo" wesikhungo saseNdiyaesebenza njengommeleli wendlu engcwele kochwepheshe kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele. Izithombe kanye nokuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuqinise lesi sithombe sokubambisana.
Lapho bebuzwa ngabezindaba, izishoshovu kanye nochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwemvelo eBrazil baqinisekisile ukuthi Kwakukhona ubudlelwano bokusebenza phakathi kukaSilva noVantaraokungenani ezindimeni zokweluleka kwezobuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, isikhungo saseNdiya sikhiphe isitatimende esiphika noma yikuphi "ukuxhumana okuqondile" nodokotela wezinyoni futhi sigomela ngokuthi, uma kukhona, kungenzeka ukuthi sasebenzisana nomeluleki ozimele owayesebenze naye esikhathini esidlule.
Ngokusho kwenguqulo esemthethweni kaVantara, Uhambo nemisebenzi kaTony Silva kwakuyoba umthwalo wakhe kuphela.ngaphandle kokuxhumana nhlobo nendawo engcwele. Le nhlangano ithi yayingenalo ulwazi ngohambo lwakhe oluya eBrazil futhi ayizange imnike noma yimiphi imisebenzi kulelo zwe. Naphezu kwalokhu kuphikwa, ukungabaza akukapheli ngokuphelele.
Ukugxekwa akugcini nje kuleli gama. Umbiko we-CITES Convention ubachaze “njengabakhathazekile” izimo zokungenisa nokuphatha izilwane eVantaraokugqamisa ukuntuleka kolwazi olucacile ngemvelaphi yezinhlobo eziningi kanye nobunzima bokuqinisekisa ukuthi inani elikhulu kangaka lezilwane lithola ukunakekelwa okwanele.
Ama-NGO kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane zicele ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nenkimbinkimbi, ngokusho kwezilinganiso emaphephandabeni aseNdiya, Kuyikhaya lezindlovu ezingaba ngu-200, amakati angu-300 kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingu-1.200 endaweni engaphezu kwamahektha angu-1.200.futhi iyaziqhenya ngokuba “nesibhedlela sezindlovu esihlonyiswe kakhulu emhlabeni.” Umbuzo oyisisekelo ukuthi ngabe zonke lezi zilwane zivela ngempela yini ekusindisweni noma ukuthi ezinye kungenzeka ukuthi zitholakale ngqo endle ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezanele.
Okwenezela kulezi zinsolo yisivumelwano esisayinwe phakathi kukahulumeni waseVenezuela noVantara sokuthi ukuhambisa izilwane eziphilayo ezingu-1.825 eNdiya, kwembulwe yi-Armando.info yabezindaba ngoMashi 2025. Ubukhulu bomsebenzi kanye nokuntuleka kokubhekwa kwangaphandle kwenhlalakahle yalezi zinhlobo kuye kwadala ukuqhathaniswa okungajabulisi nokusuka okungenzeka kwezimvubu zaseColombia ziye endaweni efanayo.
Inkinga yokuziphatha, yezepolitiki, kanye nemvelo edlula imingcele
Ngesikhathi lolu phenyo luqhubeka, Isiphakamiso sokuthumela izimvubu ezingu-80 zisuka eColombia ziye eVantara sisacutshungulwa.UMnyango Wezemvelo ucele ngokusemthethweni amadokhumenti avela esikhungweni saseNdiya abonisa ukuthi uyayithobela imithetho yezwe lawo yezemvelo kanye nezimfuneko zomhlaba wonke ezidingekayo ukuze kugunyazwe ukudluliselwa.
Okwamanje, uhulumeni waseColombia uphikelela ngokuthi, noma ngabe ingxenye yokufuduka isiqediwe, I-Euthanasia isalokhu ibekwe etafuleni njengethuluzi lokuphathaLokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvalela ezinye izilwane ezindaweni ezithile ezivalekile kanye nokuqinisa izinhlelo zokulawula ukuzala. Umqondo uwukuhlanganisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela inani lazo ukuthi lingaqhumi.
Emhlabathini, ingxabano iyenzeka ngendlela ehlukile kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ubuza bani. EPuerto Triunfo naseDoradal, izakhamuzi eziningi zesaba ukuthi Ukususwa kwezimvubu kungaba yisithiyo kwezokuvakasha zendawoingenye yemithombo embalwa yemali engenayo ezinzile esifundeni. Abanye, njengabadobi nabalimi, bafuna izixazululo ezisheshayo zezingozi ezandayo ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke kanye nomonakalo endaweni yemvelo.
Akukho ukuvumelana okuphelele emphakathini wesayensi, yize ochwepheshe abaningi bezinhlobo ezihlaselayo kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo bevumelana ngokuthi Ukugcina isimo sinjalo akuyona inkethoBaphikisana ngokuthi ukuvumela inani lezimvubu ukuba liqhubeke nokukhula ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa kuzokwenza ukungenelela kwesikhathi esizayo kube kubi kakhulu futhi kube nzima, kube nomthelela omkhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo.
Kusukela eYurophu, leli cala libhekwa ngeso lokhozi ngenxa yemiphumela yalo yesixwayiso emhlabeni jikelele. Emongweni wokuqinisa ukuhweba okungekho emthethweni ngezitshalo nezilwane, Indaba yemvubu ka-Escobar ibhekwa njengesibonelo esibi kakhulu indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngaphandle komthetho ezingaphuma ngayo ekulawuleni emashumini eminyaka kamuva futhi ziphoqe ohulumeni bentando yeningi ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezingathandeki.
Ukubulawa ngobuningi noma ukufuduka izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha akunikezi izixazululo ezilula. Phakathi komfanekiso “wezimvubu ezine-narco” njengabahlaseli ababi kakhulu kanye nowezilwane ezingenacala eziphenduke izisulu zempi yezidakamizwa, IColombia ibhekene nesinqumo esingathandeki esihlanganisa isayensi, ukuziphatha, ezomnotho kanye nenkumbulo yomlandoLokho okwaqala njengesifiso sombusi wezidakamizwa sekuphenduke isibuko esingakhululekile esibonisa indlela yokuphatha umonakalo wesikhathi eside obangelwa ubugebengu obuhleliwe kanye nokushushumbiswa kwezilwane zasendle emhlabeni oxhumene kakhulu.
