Umlando we Izimvubu ezishiywe nguPablo Escobar eColombia Kufakwe isahluko esisha esinemiphumela yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yempikiswano, iziphakamiso ezingaphumelelanga, kanye nezinsongo zokubulawa, izilwane ezingu-80 zalezi zizodluliselwa endaweni ephephile eNdiya, emsebenzini oyinkimbinkimbi ohlanganisa isayensi, ezombusazwe, ezokuthutha kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo.
Lolu hlelo, olukhuthazwe ngusomabhizinisi waseNdiya I-Anant Ambani futhi isekelwa yi-Association of Zoos, Breeding Centers and Aquariums of Mexico (AZCARM)Kwethulwa njengendlela yokugwema ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi okwase kuvunyelwe uhulumeni waseColombia, ngenkathi ezama ukunciphisa ingcindezi yemvelo ebangelwa yilezi zilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo esigodini soMfula iMagdalena.
Indlela izimvubu zikaPablo Escobar ezafika ngayo eMfuleni iMagdalena
Konke lokhu kwaqala ngawo-1980, lapho UPablo Escobar ungenise ezine Izimvubu zase-Afrika e-zoo yakhe yangasese eHacienda Nápoles. Ngemva kokuwa kwenkosi yezidakamizwa, izilwane eziningana zashiywa zingalawulwa, zajwayela indawo ezungezile, futhi zaqala ukuzala ngokushesha.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iphakethe landa kulo lonke amabhange kanye namaxhaphozi ahlobene noMfula iMagdalena kanye nezindawo ezizungezile. Ngaphandle kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane kanye nokudla namanzi amaningi, inani labantu landa kakhulu laya ezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kuka-200, ngokusho kwezilinganiso ezivela kuziphathimandla zemvelo zaseColombia.
Lokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakubonakala sengathi kuyilukuluku elingavamile kwaphenduka inkinga enkulu: izimvubu zahlukaniswa ngokuthi izinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezinengozi yemvelo kanye nezenhlaloImibiko efana neyavela eHumboldt Institute, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2022, yaxwayisa ngokuthi ukuba khona kwazo kushintsha imvelo yasemanzini, kususe izinhlobo zemvelo futhi kusongela ikakhulukazi izilwane ezisengozini njenge-manatee.
Ngaphezu komthelela wemvelo, ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi lezi zilwane indawo, okungalindelekile, futhi okungaba yingozi emiphakathini eseceleni komfula, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho abantu babelana khona ngogu lomfula, izindlela kanye nemithombo yamanzi nezimvubu.
Ebhekene nalesi simo, uhulumeni waseColombia ubelokhu esebenzisa uchungechunge lwamasu ahlukene: imizamo yoku ukubulala amagciwane ngokuhlinzwa nangokusebenzisa amakhemikhaliiziphakamiso zokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nokugunyazwa kwezinyathelo ezibulalayo zokulawula ukukhula kwabantu.
Isinqumo saseColombia: ukubulala isilwane ukuze kulawulwe uhlobo oluhlaselayo
Maphakathi no-Ephreli, UMnyango Wezemvelo waseColombia Umemezele ukuthi uzoqhubeka nokubulala izimvubu ezingu-80. Lesi sinyathelo sisekelwe ekubikezelweni okusemthethweni okuqagela ukuthi, ngaphandle kokulawulwa okuqinile, inani labantu lingafinyelela cishe inkulungwane ngo-2035.
Ngokusho komnyango wezemvelo, ezinye izindlela ezingezona ezibulalayo ezihlolwe iminyaka eminingi—ukuthutha, ukuvalelwa endaweni ethile, ukubulala inzalo ngobuningi—zacatshangelwa. akwanele, kubiza kakhulu, noma kunzima ukukusebenzisa ngezinga elidingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxoxo namazwe ahlukahlukene ukuze kutholakale izimvubu ziholele ekwenqatshweni.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe bachaze izinqubo ezinemininingwane ze- ukuphathwa kanye, uma kudingeka, ukubulawa kwamakhemikhali yezilwane. Inqubo iqala ngokufakwa kwezibaya zensimbi eduze kwamanzi nezindawo zokuhlala ezixabanayo, kubalwa okungenani amamitha-skwele ayi-15 ngomuntu ngamunye ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka.
I-Bait inikezwa izinsuku eziningana —izingxube zezaqathi, iklabishi, ilethisi, izithelo, usawoti wamaminerali kanye ne-molasses— ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesivalo, ngokuvamile lapho kuhwalala, lapho izimvubu zisebenza kakhulu. Uma isilwane singena futhi isango selivaliwe, sinikezwa ingxube yezidakamizwa ngemicibisholo yokuthula.
Izinqubo zokwelashwa kwezilwane zifaka inhlanganisela ehlukene ye i-xylazine, i-ketamine, i-butorphanol, i-detomidine, i-azaperone, noma i-medetomidinekulungiswe ngokwesisindo sesampula ngayinye. Ngemva kwesigaba sokudambisa okujulile, lapho imvubu ilele ngohlangothi lwayo, ukufinyelela kwemithambo yegazi kuyaqiniswa futhi, uma kufanele kusetshenziswe isilinganiso esibulalayo, kunikezwa i-sodium pentobarbital ngokweqile noma ezinye izidakamizwa ezinamandla aphezulu zokubulala izinzwa noma zokunciphisa ubuhlungu.
Ukuthi kungenzeka nje ukusebenzisa leli qhinga kuveze impikiswano eqinile yomphakathi neyesayensiKokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweColombia, izinhlangano zamalungelo ezilwane, izifundiswa, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zigcizelele ukuthi ikhambi elihlukile lisengenzeka uma kungafinyelelwa esivumelwaneni sokuthuthela okungenani ingxenye enkulu yeqembu endaweni entsha.
U-Anant Ambani kanye nendima kaVantara: Isiphakamiso saseNdiya sokusindisa izimvubu ezingu-80
Phakathi nempikiswano, kwavela igama elalingaziwa kangako empikiswaneni yaseColombia kuze kube yileso sikhathi: U-Anant Ambani, indodana encane yengqwele uMukesh Ambani, obhekwa njengomuntu ocebe kakhulu e-Asia kanye nenhloko yenkampani iReliance Industries conglomerate.
U-Ambani uthumele isiphakamiso esisemthethweni kuhulumeni waseColombia ukwamukela izimvubu ezingu-80 ezizobulawa nge-euthanasia esikhungweni sokulondolozwa kwezilwane saseVantara, iphrojekthi yokusindisa izilwane zasendle kanye nokuvuselela etholakala esifundazweni saseGujarat, entshonalanga yeNdiya.
Esitatimendeni, usomabhizinisi ugcizelele ukuthi izilwane “izidalwa eziphilayo nezinozwelo” Abakhethanga ukuzalelwa eColombia, noma izimo ezibabeka engcupheni manje. Wagomela ngokuthi uma kukhona enye indlela ephephile nenomusa, kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokuziphatha okufanele uzame ukuyisebenzisa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umhlatshelo.
U-Ambani waphikisana ngokuthi Uzwela nokuphepha komphakathi akudingeki kube okungahambisani.Ngokombono wakhe, ngesisekelo esiqinile sesayensi kanye nokuhlela okuqinile kungenzeka ukuvikela imiphakathi yendawo, ukulondoloza imvelo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusindisa izimpilo zezimvubu.
I-Vantara, esekelwa yi-Reliance Industries futhi eholwa yi-Anant Ambani, isivele inezindlu zayo. izilwane ezincelisayo, amakati amakhulu, izindlovu nezinye izilwane ezisindisiweIzilwane eziningi zivela ekushushumbisweni okungekho emthethweni, kumasekisi, noma ezimweni zokuxhashazwa. Le ndawo inezindawo ezinkulu, izibhedlela zezilwane, kanye nezinqubo zenhlalakahle yezilwane ezenzelwe izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu.
Isiphakamiso samaNdiya asisona nje isitatimende senhloso. Indawo engcwele izibonakalise izimisele cabanga ngezindleko zokuthutha nokunakekela izimvubu ezingu-80uma nje iColombia inika izimvume ezidingekayo futhi inqubo ihambisana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zezempilo kanye nezokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ukulamula kwe-AZCARM kanye nezingxoxo zamazwe ngamazwe
Ngokuhambisana nesiphakamiso sika-Ambani, Inhlangano Yama-Zoo, Izikhungo Zokuzalanisa kanye Nama-Aquarium aseMexico (AZCARM) Sekuyiminyaka eminingi besebenza buthule ukuvimbela ukubulawa kwabantu eColombia. Umongameli wabo, u-Ernesto Zazueta, uchaze ukuthi imizamo yaqala ngo-2023 ngenhloso yokuthola ikhambi elinokuziphatha okuhle neliqhubekayo lalolu hlobo.
Ngokusho kwe-AZCARM, isivumelwano noVantara siwumphumela iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu yomsebenzi wezombusazwe, wezobuchwepheshe kanye nowezemvelo phakathi kweMexico, iNdiya, neColombia, kanye nokubonisana nochwepheshe kwezokulondolozwa kwemvelo kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane. Le nhlangano ichaza lo msebenzi njengenye yezivumelwano ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufuduka kwezilwane zasendle ezikhathini zamuva nje.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kwahlolwa ezinye izindlela. IColombia yaphakamisa ukuthuthela izimvubu endaweni yazo amazwe afana ne-Ecuador, iPeru, iMexico, iDominican Republic, iPhilippines, iNingizimu Afrika, ngisho neNdiya uqoboKodwa ohulumeni abaningi basabela kabi, kungaba ngezizathu zomthetho, ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo, noma izindleko eziphezulu zezokuthutha.
Endabeni ethile yaseMexico, ukuthumela amasampula angaba yishumi endaweni yokulondoloza yangasese kwacatshangelwa, kodwa lo mbono wahluleka ngoba imikhawulo yemithetho yokungenisa izinhlobo ezingase zihlasele futhi ngenxa yesabelomali esiphezulu esidingekayo sokuthuthwa okukhethekile kwezilwane zalobu bukhulu.
KuZazueta kanye nabanye abasekeli balolu hlelo, isivumelwano noVantara sibonisa ukuthi Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kunganikeza ezinye izindlela zangempela zokubulala abantu abaningi.Ngokombono wakhe, lokhu akusikho nje isenzo sokubhekisa ezimvubu zaseColombia, kodwa kuyisibonelo sendlela yokubhekana nezingxabano ezifanayo kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Kusukela esimemezelweni kuya ekusebenzeni: izimvume, i-CITES kanye nezinselele zezokuthutha
Ukuqaliswa kokuthutha izimvubu ezingu-80 kuhilela ukusebenza kwempahla okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhuluI-AZCARM kanye nendawo yokugcina izilwane iVantara bagcizelele ukuthi konke kumele kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nempilo, ngokuqondisa kweziphathimandla zamazwe womabili.
Isici esibalulekile uhambo lweColombia lokuvakashela Imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle ye-CITESIdokhumenti esemthethweni edingwa yiSivumelwano Sokuhweba Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngezinhlobo Zezilwane Nezitshalo Zasendle Ezisengozini Yokushabalala (CITES) iyadingeka. Nakuba izimvubu zingeke zithengiswe ngezinhloso zomnotho, ukunyakaza kwezinhlobo ezivikelwe ngaphesheya kwemingcele kudinga le nqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuqapha, ukuba semthethweni, kanye nokulandeleka.
Uma leso sigunyazo sesitholiwe, uhlelo luhlanganisa ukubamba, ukudambisa ubuhlungu kanye nokuthuthwa ngeziqukathi ezikhethekile zenzelwe ukumelana nesisindo nezidingo zomzimba zezilwane ngesikhathi sohambo olude, oluzohlanganisa ukuthuthwa komhlaba nomoya.
Ukusuka esifundeni saseMiddle Magdalena, izimvubu zazizothuthwa ziyiswe ezikhumulweni zezindiza zinamandla okuthwala izinyoni. indiza enzima, ekwazi ukuthutha kokubili izilwane kanye nodokotela wezilwane kanye nabasebenzi abaphatha izilwane abazohamba nazo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Lapho iya khona, indawo yokugcina izilwane yaseVantara kumele ibe nezindawo ezanele zokuvala, imizimba yamanzi elawulwayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvimba ezanele ukuvimbela izimvubu ukuthi zingabi, futhi, i- izinhlobo eziyinkinga endaweni yangaphandleUmqondo uwukubagcina besesimweni sokuboshwa kancane, beqashwe njalo.
Lisho ukuthini leli cala ngokulondolozwa komhlaba wonke?
Ngale komthelela osheshayo eColombia naseNdiya, ukudluliselwa kwe Izimvubu zefa lika-Escobar Kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi izinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezivela emisebenzini yabantu kufanele ziphathwe kanjani, okuyinkinga ekhathazayo eYurophu nakwezinye izifunda.
Emazweni amaningi, okuhlanganisa ne-European Union, inqubomgomo ejwayelekile mayelana nezinhlobo zezilwane zakwamanye amazwe ezihlaselayo ihlanganisa Ukuvimbela okuqinile, ukulawula kusenesikhathi, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukubulala ngokukhetha lapho ukwanda sekuvele kungalawuleki. Impikiswano iwukuvikela imvelo yemvelo kanye nokuphepha kwabantu.
Nokho, icala laseColombia lidale impikiswano eyengeziwe mayelana Isisindo senhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womlando lapho ukuhlasela kungumphumela oqondile wezinqumo zabantu ezibhalwe phansi, njengokwakhiwa kwe-zoo yangasese ngumshushumbisi wezidakamizwa odumile.
Ochwepheshe bezokulondolozwa kwemvelo baveza ukuthi akuzona zonke izimo ezivumela umphumela ofana nokaVantara: Akuhlali kukhona izwe elitholayo. futhi abazimisele ukutshala imali ezindaweni ezithile, futhi azikho izinhlangano ezizothatha izindleko zokusebenza okungaka. Ngakho-ke, baxwayisa ngokuthi lesi sibonelo akufanele sihunyushwe njengesixazululo esingaphindaphindwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kunoma yikuphi ukungqubuzana nezinhlobo ezihlaselayo.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sivumelwano sichazwe ngabasekeli baso ngokuthi isinyathelo esingokomlando sokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe endaweni yezilwane zasendle. Ku-AZCARM, kubonisa ukuthi, ngentando yezepolitiki kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi neyangasese, kungenzeka ukuklama ezinye izindlela zobuntu ngisho nasezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Njengoba amalungiselelo eqhubeka futhi izimvume kanye nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe iqedwa, izimvubu ezingu-80 ezake zaba yingxenye ye-zoo kaPablo Escobar zisesikhungweni sokusebenza okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili. Uhambo lwazo olungase lube khona oluya eNdiya lubonisa izinga isinqumo esenziwe emashumini eminyaka edlule epulazini laseColombia esiqhubeka nokuba nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke, kanye nendlela isayensi, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nokuziphatha kwemvelo manje okuzama ngayo ukulungisa ifa elingavamile nelikhathazayo.
