La Izincwadi zaseLatin America, yayisekelwe kuzo zonke izici zemibhalo yaseNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika naseMelika Ephakathi. Ikakhulukazi, lowo owaziwa ngemva maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kuze kufike kulokho eyaziwa namuhla.
Imibhalo YaseLatin American: Elements
Izincwadi ze-Hispanic-American zakhiwa yibo bonke abantu umsuka wabo uwulimi lwesi-Hispanic. Yakha ingxenye yeNyakatho Melika, eNingizimu Melika, eMelika Ephakathi kanye naseCaribbean. Ngakho-ke, konke ukubhala okubhaliwe okungaphansi kolimi lweSpanishi.
Ikakhulukazi izincwadi zesiLatin America, eziphawuleka ngezinto zemibhalo ezenziwe kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Yini esiyisa kancane kancane kulokhu osekubhaliwe kuze kube manje.
historia
Umlando wezincwadi zaseSpain-American waqala ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwesikhathi lapho leli zwekazi lathola khona ukunqotshwa. Ngakho-ke, ihlukaniswa kakhulu ngaphansi kwezinkathi ezine.
Inkathi yokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-Colonial, esekelwe kwezesekeli ezifana kakhulu nalokho okwabhalwa amaSpanishi. Nokho, izakhi ezihlobene nokuzimela zabonwa ngeso lengqondo, ezaqala ezingeni elivamile ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngemva kwalokhu, kuba nesikhathi sesibili, esasisekelwe ikakhulukazi ezindikimbeni zokushisekela izwe ngokuphelele. Hhayi-ke, yayinenkathi yokuhlanganisa izwe lonke eyafika ngemva kwesikhathi esasisekelwe phezu kokubusa, ukubusa kwamakoloni nokukhathazeka ngenkululeko.
Isigaba sesibili sigqame ngokuba ne-boom enkulu. Okuphinde kwavumela ukuthi ifinyelele ekuvuthweni, ithatha intuthuko yayo kwaze kwaba ngu-1910. Okwaholela thina njengama-Hispanics ukuba sibe nendawo ebalulekile ngaphansi kwezici abazibheka njengezibalulekile ezincwadini zomhlaba wonke.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi incazelo yemibhalo izwe ngalinye elithathwa njengeLatin America inalo, iyingxenye yeqembu elivumelanayo. Konke lokhu, naphezu kokuba nezici ezihlukene ezisekelwe ezintweni zezwe ngalinye.
isikhathi samakholoni
Imvelaphi yemisebenzi yezincwadi zaseLatin America, iyingxenye yesiko eliletha izincwadi zaseSpain, kanye namakoloni asekelwe phesheya kwezilwandle.
Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi sicabangele ababhali bokuqala baseMelika, njengesosha elizalwa eSpain kanye nembongi u-Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, owayengumdali weLa Araucana.
Lokhu kusekelwe kulokho okwenzekile ukuze kunqotshwe abantu base-Araucanian abavela eChile, abahlelwe amaSpanishi. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi iZwe Elisha lalingakaxoxwa kabanzi.
Ngendlela efanayo, izimpi kanye, ngokulandelayo, ubuKristu bugqanyiswa, ngenhloso yokugcwalisa leli zwekazi elisha elitholiwe ngamasiko abanqobi. Zonke lezi zimpi zadala ukuthi izinkondlo ezinezingoma zingatshalwa, bese kuthi ukulandisa kuthuthukiswe ngendlela efanele.
Ngemuva kwazo zonke lezi zakhi zenza izincwadi zaseLatin America zekhulu leshumi nesithupha, ukuthi izakhi zayo zivelele. Ikakhulukazi ezicini ezigqamayo ngokuba yi-didactic futhi zona ziqukethe iphrozi namarekhodi.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi evelele kakhulu umlando wokunqotshwa kweNew Spain, okwenziwa ngo-1632. Lo msebenzi wenziwa umnqobi nesazi-mlando somsuka waseSpain uBernal Díaz del Castillo.
Ngokufanayo, umhloli wamazwe kanye no-Hernán Cortés waseSpain bacatshangelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izingxenye ezimbili zomlando wama-Inca, asuka ePeru, ezaletha ukunqotshwa kweSpanishi, zivelele kakhulu. Konke lokhu kuvela kusazi-mlando somsuka wasePeru ogama lakhe linguGarcilaso de la Vega, elibizwa nangokuthi i-Inca.
Ukubhala kweLatin America
Izincwadi zaseLatin America zigqama kakhulu ngemibhalo yazo yokuqala eyingxenye yenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, efuna ukumelela ukuphela komhlaba, edalelwe u-1533. Lokhu kwakuwuhlobo lokuthuthwa kwezincwadi oluvamile lokuguqulwa kwabomdabu bakula mazwe.
Lo mbhalo wawusekelwe emoyeni weRenaissance wamaSpanishi. Ngendlela efanayo, bafuna ukugxilisa inkolo kuleyo ndawo. Okusekelwe enkathini yamakholoni. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi abasabalalisi abakhulu besiko kwakuyizenkolo, ngaphansi kwemisebenzi efana neyezithunywa zevangeli nezazi-mlando ezivamile zemisebenzi yaseDominican kaBartolomé de Las Casas, owasakaza umsebenzi wakhe kulo lonke elaseSanto Domingo.
Ngokufanayo, umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uHernán González de Eslava, wafuna ukusakaza isiko lesiSpanishi kulo lonke elaseMexico. Futhi imbongi edumile yemvelaphi yasePeru eyazalelwa eSpain, ebizwa ngokuthi u-Diego de Hojeda, njengoba yayifuna ukuxoxa izindaba zemibhalo. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi iMexico neLima ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyizinhloko-dolobha zama-viceroyalties eNew Spain nasePeru. Yini eyabaholela ekubeni izikhungo zobuhlakani zekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwemibhalo yaseLatin America
Bonke ababhali baseLatin America, naphezu kokuba babenezici ezifana neSpain, benza izifaniso zayo. Zonke izindaba zezincwadi ze-Hispano-American zine-erudition, umcimbi futhi, ngasikhathi sinye, okokwenziwa.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi abantu bomdabu babevame ukushaya labo bomdabu waseSpain. Ukushiya ngemuva kwe-baroque evelele ejwayelekile yaseYurophu. Ngokulandelayo, le nqubo ibonisa kahle yonke insimu yezincwadi ze-Hispanic American. Ukushiya ngemuva imisebenzi eyenziwe ababhali bemidlalo baseSpain.
Okubalulekile ngalesi sikhathi sezincwadi zaseLatin America, uPedro Calderón de la Barca, owayeyimbongi futhi engowomdabu waseSpain. U-Luis de Góngora futhi usekelwe ekukhiqizweni kwemibhalo yendawo ngayinye yama-Hispanic.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izimbongi ezazidume kakhulu ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, kwakuyiLatin American, uJuana Inés de la Cruz, owayeyindelakazi yaseMexico. Wayenakekela ukubhala yaseshashalazini ngamavesi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezici zenkolo, njengendaba yokubhala kwesakramente okuzenzakalelayo.
I-Narcissus yaphezulu
Yenzelwe i-1688, esekelwe ezintweni zezwe. Lona wayephethe izinkondlo ezivikela abantu besifazane kanye ne-autobiographical, eyabulawa ngaphansi kwe-prose, lapho ayecacisa khona ukuthi yiziphi izithakazelo zakhe.
Ibonise izici eziletha izitayela ukusuka ekubhuqweni kuya kokungokoqobo. Njengoba ayebusa ngokuphelele izincwadi zeSpanishi, kungale ndlela lapho efinyelela eZweni Elisha ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Kungale ndlela lapho kuvela khona izindaba ezisekelwe emaqoqweni ahlekisayo afana no-Diente de Parnaso, okuwuphawu lwembongi yasePeru uJuan del Valle Caviedes. Kanye nenoveli ethi Amashwa eyabhalwa u-Alonso Ramírez, ngaleyo ndlela igqamisa imbongi elwela ubuntu yomdabu waseMexico uCarlos Sigüenza y Góngora.
Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi eSpain indlu yaseBourbon yathathelwa indawo iHabsburg, lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Lesi simo savumela amakoloni ukuba avuleleke ekutholeni izincwadi. Lapho kwakukhona khona unswinyo ngezinye izikhathi futhi abanye bengekho.
Babenezici zezincwadi zesiFulentshi. Yini engabonwa ngaphansi kokwamukelwa kwe-neoclassicism. Ngendlela efanayo, ibonakala ngaphansi kwesandiso semfundiso yomfanekiso.
Kungale ndlela lapho umbhali weshashalazi uPeralta Barnuevo odabuka ePeruvia, enze imidlalo yohlobo lweshashalazi ngaphansi kwethonya lamaFulentshi.
Abanye ababhali
Kwakukhona ababhali abanjengoFrancisco Eugenio de Santa Cruz, odabuka e-Ecuadorian, kanye no-Antonio Nariño, owayengumColombia, owathonya ukukhuphuka kwemibono yokuguquguquka evamile yaseFrance, eyenziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka.
Kungale ndlela lapho izikhungo ezintsha ezigxile ezincwadini ze-Hispano-American zifinyelelwa esigabeni sesibili. Njengoba kwenzeka eQuito e-Ecuador, eColombia ikakhulukazi eBogotá naseCaracas eVenezuela. Ngemva kwalokhu, kwathuthukiswa ukuthuthukiswa kwemibhalo eBuenos Aires e-Argentina.
Okwaholela ekutheni lezi zindawo esezibalulwe ngenhla zedlule izinhloko-dolobha ezindala zama-viceroyalties. Ukuhola lezi zindawo ukuthi zigqame ngesiko lazo, indalo kanye noshicilelo lwemibhalo yaseLatin America. Ngale ndlela, izincwadi zeSpanishi zawa kancane kancane kule ndawo yezwekazi.
Isikhathi sokuzimela
Lesi sigaba sokuzimela saletha inqwaba yemibhalo ehlobene nezakhi zokushisekela izwe. Lapho bebegxile khona emisebenzini eyenziwa ngaphansi kwemingcele yezinkondlo.
Ngokufanayo, ukulandisa kungase kubhekwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lolu hlelo luhlolwe, kuze kube yilapho umqhele waseSpain waqala ukukhula. Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ngo-1816, inoveli yokuqala yemvelaphi yaseLatin America ngokuphelele yabhalwa futhi yanyatheliswa.
I-Sarniento periquillo
Le ndaba yabhalwa intatheli yomdabu waseMexico u-José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi. Ulandisa ngemisebenzi eyenziwa umlingiswa wakhe. Lapho ungabona khona ngencazelo, inani elikhulu lezindawo ezakha impilo ngaphakathi kwekoloni. Okuphinde kucabange ukugxekwa okugubuzele emphakathini.
Kuyamangaza ukukhumbula ukuthi ngaphakathi kwezincwadi ze-Hispanic-American, ipolitiki yakha ingxenye enkulu yezikhuthazo zayo. Ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi senkululeko, njengoba ababhali banquma ukuthatha izikhundla ezifana nezamaRiphabhulikhi aseRoma lasendulo. Ukwenza kucace ukubaluleka kokuzimela kwendawo yaseLatin America.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, abalobi baveza ukukhathazeka okukhiqizwa yi-costumbrismo ejwayelekile yeqiniso. Ngokufanayo, kukhulunywa ngezithakazelo ezihlobene nemibandela yezenhlalo kanye nesizinda sezimiso zokuziphatha.
izimbongi
Izimbongi eziningi nababhali, njengomholi wezepolitiki odabuka e-Ecuadorian uJosé Joaquín Olmeda, bancome uhlobo lobuholi bomkhululi waseVenezuela kanye nomguquki uSimón Bolívar. Ikakhulukazi enkondlweni yakhe ethi Victoria de Junín, eyenzelwe u-1825.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbongi, umhlaziyi kanye nesazi semvelaphi yaseVenezuela u-Andrés Bello, wamemezela ubuhle bezindawo ezishisayo e-silva, kanye nezolimo ezathuthukiswa endaweni enogwadule, ngo-1826. Le prose yayifana naleyo eyenziwe. yimbongi yasendulo yomdabu waseRoma uVirgil.
Ngokufanayo, uJosé María Heredia waseCuba, owayeyimbongi, uqhubeka nokulindela uthando, ebhala izinkondlo ezifana no-Al Niágara ngo-1824, azenza lapho efika e-United States.
Ngendlela efanayo, eningizimu phakathi nonyaka ka-1824, inkondlo yemvelaphi engaziwa iqala ukukhula. Lokhu kuthinte izici zezepolitiki ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa kwama-gauchos esifundeni saseLa Plata.
Isikhathi sokuhlanganisa
Isikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwezincwadi zaseLatin America sihlobene ngokuqondile nokuthuthukiswa kwama-republic amasha. Kungale ndlela lapho ugqozi lwaluqondiswe cishe ngokuphelele ezincwadini ezaziphathwa eFrance. Ngokwengxenye ukushiya eceleni lokho okwakufundwe ezincwadini zaseSpain. Uhlala ushiya njengophawu lomuntu siqu intshisekelo ye-regionalist ehlala abadali bayo.
Amafomu e-neoclassical ngokuphelele, ajwayelekile ekhulwini le-XNUMX, aphathwa, okwavumela uthando lothando ukuba luthuthuke emazweni aseLatin America. I-Literary System, ekwazi ukuphatha kahle zonke izici ezihlobene ne-panorama yamasiko ase-Hispanic.
Lokhu kwaba nenkathi ecishe ibe isigamu sekhulu eyaqala ngokuqondile. Phakathi neminyaka ye-1830. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi amazwe afana ne-Argentina abe nethuba lokuthuthukisa uthando lwe-Franco-European, ngo-Esteban Echeverría. NjengaseMexico, okwakuyi-diffuser eyinhloko yale nhlangano ephawulekayo.
Kungenzeka futhi ukuthuthukisa isiko lamaqiniso aseSpanishi. Okubuye kuthuthukiswe ngokuqhubekayo ngemisebenzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-costumbristas. Babephethe ukuthuthukiswa kokuqukethwe okuchaza amasiko ezindawo okukhulunywa ngazo.
ukuqiniswa komnotho
Ukuqiniswa kwezomnotho nepolitiki, okuzuzwa ngemizabalazo ejwayelekile yangaleso sikhathi, kwavumela imisebenzi egqugquzelwa izimo ezihlangatshezwa ababhali abahlukahlukene ukuba ikhiqizwe.
Ngalesi sizathu, kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi indlela okwaphathwa ngayo uhlobo lwezothando yayiphawuleka ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi e-Argentina. Konke lokhu emuva kokudingiswa kwabaningi ababephikisana nombuso kusukela ngo-1829 kuya ku-1852, uJuan Manuel de Rosas, owaba ngundlovukayiphikiswa.
Lolu hlobo lwababhali lwaba nomthelela nakubabhali bomdabu waseChile nase-Uruguay. Ngaphezu kuka-Echeverría, uJosé Mármol, owayengumbhali wenoveli yomshoshaphansi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Amalia, eyenziwa futhi yanyatheliswa ngo-1851, uyagqama.
Ngokufanayo, baqokomisa umsebenzi womfundisi, kamuva owayezoba umongameli wase-Argentina, uDomingo Faustino Sarmiento. Ubani owenza izifundo ze-biographical kanye nezenhlalakahle, ezichaza impucuko nobuqaba ngokwanele. Lapho izinkinga eziyinhloko zamaHispanics zavezwa khona, zigqamisa umehluko phakathi kwesimo sabo sakudala kanye nomthelela olethwa abeLungu.
Ukuthuthukiswa
E-Argentina, izingoma ze-gaucho bards zazigqama. Yini eyavumela izimbongi ezifundile ukuba zigqame phakathi kwezincwadi zaseLatin America, njengoba kwenzeka kuHilario Ascasubi noJosé Hernández. Baqhubeka nokujwayela izingqikithi ezivelele, benza izinkondlo ze-gaucho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMartín Fierro de Hernández uzama ukuchaza ukujwayela okunzima kokuziphendukela kwempucuko. Yini edale ukuthi imibhalo yakhe ibe ngeyomlando kazwelonke. Nokho, ihlole izindikimba ezixhumene ngokuphelele nama-gaucho angaba yingxenye yetiyetha ngendlela efanayo nokulandisayo, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana ne-Argentina, Brazil kanye ne-Uruguay.
Izinkondlo ezingaphakathi kwezinye izingxenye zezwekazi lase-Hispanic American zazingenazo izici ezifanayo zesifunda. Kodwa-ke, babebusa ngokuphelele i-romanticism, lapho kuqokonyiswa indawo yamasiko yangaleso sikhathi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi, izimbongi ezathola udumo kakhulu zazivela eCuba.
UGertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, wayengumbhali wamanoveli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJuan Zorrilla de San Martín, ongowokudabuka e-Uruguay, wagqama emsebenzini wakhe olandisayo okuthiwa iTabaré, owagqama ezicini ezathuthuka ngaphakathi komfanekiso.
Amanoveli akwazile ukuthuthuka obala kulesi sikhathi somlando wezincwadi ze-Hispanic American. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho abalingisi abafana no-Alberto Blest Gana waseChile, aqhubeka khona nokwenza uguquko alushiya emuva ku-romanticism, ukuze bathole amaqiniso.
Ukwembula ngale ndlela, umphakathi waseChile, ngaphansi kwamasu ayebuswa umlobi wemvelaphi yesiFulentshi u-Honoré de Balzac. Ngaphansi kukaMartín Rivas ka-1862, okwenza kwaba inoveli engcono kakhulu yemvelaphi yomlando yalesi sikhathi.
I-reconquest
Ngenkathi ukunqotshwa kabusha kwenzeka ngo-1897, uMaria wayaziwa futhi, owaqhutshwa ngo-1867, owaxoxa indaba enezingoma, lapho uthando olwalandelwa ngokuba nenhlanhla edalelwe isalukazi sagqama. Lokhu kwenziwa uJorge Isaacs waseColombia, owenza indaba, ebhalwe njengomsebenzi wobuciko wothando ngaphakathi kwemibhalo yaseLatin America.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJuan León Mera, wafuna ukwenza abantu bomdabu balo lonke izwekazi babe nolwazi ngenoveli yakhe ebizwa ngokuthi Cumandá, eyafakwa ohlwini lokuchaza idrama phakathi kwabantu abanonya, eyenzelwe u-1879.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, u-Ignacio Altamira ugqama eMexico ngokuba yingcweti eyiqiniso yothando. Ngokufanayo, uJosé Martiniano Alencar, unquma ukuqala ngohlobo lwesifunda, ngokusebenzisa amanoveli ezinkondlo, kanye nama-indianistas wemibono yothando. Ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zothando ezilandisa umlando wamaNdiya nabamhlophe. Phakathi kwalezo zindaba kukhona i-El Guaraní ka-1857 kanye ne-Iracema ka-1865.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ababhali bamanoveli bemvelaphi yezazi zemvelo bagqama. Njengoba kunjalo ngo-Eugenio Cambaceres owayengowokudabuka e-Argentina, futhi wenza Ngaphandle kwesiqondiso esanyatheliswa ngo-885. Kungale ndlela lapho imisebenzi yakhe yagqama khona njengamanoveli okuhlola afana nomlobi wemvelaphi yesiFulentshi u-Émile Zola.
isikhathi esicacile
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indaba ibe, ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba, indlela yokukhuluma evame kakhulu phakathi kwamathuba ongqondongqondo abaningi. Yingakho izintatheli eziningi, abalingiswa ababekhonya futhi bethanda izindaba zezepolitiki, ezemfundo nefilosofi, bathole ithuba lokuziveza ngale ndlela.
Izincwadi eziyisikhombisa ze-Ecuadorian Juan Montalvo zaziyisici ngaleso sikhathi. Kanye no-Eugenio María de Hostos, owayengumfundisi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo usombusazwe okhululekile wasePuerto Rican, owenza umsebenzi obalulekile eCribe naseChile.
Ngendlela efanayo uRicardo Palma uyaqhubeka nokwenza uhlobo lwezindaba ezilandisayo nezomlando ezazibhekwa njengezingavamile neze ezazibusa ngokuphelele zonke ezibizwa ngokuthi amasiko asePeruvia.
I-Modernism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yaba inhlangano eyavumela ukuvuselelwa okuphelele kwezincwadi ze-Hispano-American. Lokho kwakungenziwa phakathi nenkathi ka-1880. Lokhu kwaboniswa umusa ngenxa yentuthuko yezomnotho nezombusazwe ama-republic aseLatin America afika nayo. Kanye nokuthula nokuchuma okwaqala ukubusa kubo.
Kulesi sigaba kwakukhona izici eziphawulekayo ezazifuna ukukhombisa ukubaluleka kwemisebenzi yobuhle nobuciko bemibhalo yaseLatin America. Okwaholela kubabhali abathuthuke ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela yesimanjemanje basabalalisa izici zesiko le-cosmopolitan ezazithonywe ngokuphelele ubuhle obuvela eYurophu.
I-Parnassianism, ejwayelekile yaseFrance, yayiphathwa, kanye nezimpawu. Lapho izici zasendulo zazigqama khona, kanye nezici ezihlobene nabomdabu, kanye nabezizwe.
Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi labo babhali bathatha ama-modernists athuthukile njengezimbongi. Okuholele ekutheni ikakhulukazi benze izakhi ezambuleka ngokuphelele kuphrozi. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukisa i-Hispanic prose, ukuvuselela ngokuphelele izinkondlo ezaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi.
Ukunyakaza
Owaqala ngokunyakaza kwezincwadi zaseLatin America kwakunguManuel González Prada, owayengowasePeru. Wathuthukiswa njengombhali wendatshana owayenezinhlangano ezinkulu zemibhalo yezenhlalo. Okubuye kube, kwenziwe ukuhlolwa okuhle kobuhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imbongi kanye nesazi sesimanje saseCuba uJosé Martí uyagqama, kanye noJulián del Casal, naye owayengowaseCuba. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kwakukhona uManuel Gutiérrez Nájera waseMexico kanye noJosé Asunción Silva waseColombia. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umNicaragua, uRubén Darío, owagqama ngobubanzi obukhulu. Ngoba waqhubeka nokushicilela iProse Prose ngo-1896.
Ngale ndlela, uRubén Darío waba ngumuntu oyinhloko onesibopho sokufinyelela umnyakazo kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo. Ingxube yokunyakaza kokuhlola ingabonwa emisebenzini yakhe. Ngaleyo ndlela ukugqamisa ukuphelelwa ithemba kanye nenjabulo ye-metaphysical. Lolu hlobo lwesici lungabonakala kuyi-Cantos de la vida y esperanza ka-1905. Lo mbhali ovelele, njengabangane bakhe, wafuna ukufeza intuthuko yolimi lwesiSpanishi ngokusebenzisa amasu ezinkondlo avamile kuleyo ndawo.
ukubhala okuvuthiwe
Ababhali abafana no-Leopoldo Lugones wase-Argentina kanye no-Enrique González Martínez waseMexico batholakala endaweni ephakeme yokuvuthwa. Owaqhubeka nokumaka izici ze-inflection, ezathuthukisa ngokuphelele i-modernism eseduze. Ukugqamisa izici zomphakathi nezokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa izinkondlo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJosé Enrique Rodó wase-Uruguay, wafuna ukunikeza izici ezintsha zobuciko, ngokusebenzisa izindatshana ezinjengencwadi yakhe ethi Ariel kusukela ngo-1900. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi wakha izindlela ezingokomoya ngokuphelele ezazibonisa intsha yangaleso sikhathi.
Kubalulekile futhi ukugqamisa uManuel Díaz Rodríguez, odabuka eVenezuela, oqhubeka nokubhala uSangre Patricia ngo-1902. U-Enrique Larreta, wase-Argentina, wabhala u-La Gloria de Don Ramiro ngo-1908.
Yonke le nhlangano yesimanje ifinyelela eSpain, lapho yafinyelela khona umvuthwandaba ngo-1910. Lezi zakhi zashiya uphawu lwazo ezincwadini zaseLatin America. Ukuthuthukisa isiteji esisha sababhali be-Hispanic.
Ukungazi ngesimanjemanje
Kwakukhona nabanye ababhali ababengakunaki ukunyakaza kwesimanjemanje. Yini eyaletha umphumela wamanoveli angokoqobo nangokwemvelo. Lapho bakhulume khona ngokuqondile ngezinkinga zomphakathi ezisekelwe kuwo wonke umkhakha wesifunda.
Ezinye zalezi zindaba ezivelele i-Aves sin nido yango-1889. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uClorinda Matto wasePeru, waseTurner wathuthukisa esigabeni sakhe sokuqala inoveli yama-indianist enomzwelo, ukuze aqhubeke nokwenza inoveli yombhikisho.
U-Federico Gamboa e-Mexico, waqhubeka nokwenza inoveli yesazi semvelo yemvelaphi yasemadolobheni i-Santa ka-1903. Ngesikhathi ese-Uruguay u-Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, wenza inoveli yomlando ne-gaucho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ekhulile eyaqala ngekhulu lama-1904 yathuthukiswa, ngenxa kaBaldomero Lillo waseChile, owanquma ukubhala izindaba ngabavukuzi, njengoba kwenzeka ku-Sub Tierra ngo-1918, kanye noHoracio Quiroga, owabhala. Cuentos de la selva ngo-XNUMX.
Lesi sakamuva besifuna ukugxila ezintweni ezijwayelekile zendawo, nazo ezigxile kumuntu kanye nemvelo yakudala. Ukuchaza ngale ndlela izici ezingokwengqondo ngendlela eyinqaba ngokusebenzisa izinganekwane ezingaqondakali. Umbhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi uFlorencio Sánchez ufuna ukuthuthukisa indawo yaseshashalazini yezwe lakubo ngemva kokusebenza ngezici zenhlalo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isici sendawo.
izincwadi zesimanje
INguquko YaseMexico eyaqala ngo-1910 yaletha lesi sigaba esisha ezincwadini zaseLatin America. Kusukela ngalolu suku kube nentshisekelo entsha yokubhala umsuka wamaSpanishi.
Konke lokhu kwakungenxa yokuthi yayinezici ezihlukene, lapho izinkinga zezenhlalakahle zesifunda ngasinye ezakha insimu yeZwe Elisha zaqokonyiswa kakhulu.
Kusuka kulesi sikhathi lapho bonke ababhali bemvelaphi yaseSpanishi baqala ukubhekana nezinye izakhi maqondana nazo zonke izingqikithi zomhlaba wonke. Ukuthuthukisa izindaba eminyakeni edlule. Okuholele ekutheni kube nezici zemibhalo yaseLatin America ngokuphelele. Ukuvumela okubhaliwe ukuthi kugqame emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinkondlo
Izakhi ezihlobene ngokuphelele nezinkondlo, zakhiwe ukuhlukahluka kwababhali abaveza imisebenzi yabo ngokunyakaza okugcwele ngokuphelele ukuvuselelwa okuqinile, okugxile ikakhulukazi kwezobuciko ezafika eYurophu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, izici ezihlobene ngokuphelele ne-cubism, i-expressionism kanye ne-surrealism, ejwayelekile yaseSpain, ingabonwa ngeso lengqondo.
Ngemuva kwalokhu, izinhlelo ezijwayelekile ze-ultraism zingabonwa, ezivumela ukukhiqizwa kokunyakaza kwemibhalo okwakubonakala ngokuqondile ukunyakaza kwemibhalo ejwayelekile yokuthuthukiswa kweSpain, eyakhiwe ekuqaleni kwalelo khulu leminyaka.
Ngaphansi kwalezi zici zokuhlola, ababhali abanjengoVicente Huidobro, bomdabu waseChile, abaqhubeka nokuthola inkolelo yokudala, bagqama. Ngezinkondlo eziphathelene nokudalwa kokuzimela. Lokho kuhlobene neqiniso lendawo yangaphandle.
Ngokufanayo, uPablo Neruda waseChile, uklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel for Literature ngonyaka ka-1971. Nokho, wenza izindikimba eziningi ezazigxile ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezitayela zezinkondlo.
Kuphinde kwacelwa ukuthi kucaciswe izigaba ngaphansi kokuzibophezela kombutho wezombangazwe. Kanye noGermán waseColombia uPardó García, owayeyimbongi, owakwazi ukucacisa izinga lesintu ezinkondlweni. Lolu hlobo lwesici luhlobene ngokuqondile nomvuthwandaba e-Akróteras ngo-1968. Lokhu kuletha izinkondlo ezilotshwe maqondana neMidlalo Yama-Olympic eMexico.
izimbongi ezibalulekile
Ngokufanayo, eCaribbean, imisebenzi yamanye amaqembu ezimbongi yaqala. Phakathi kwalaba kwakunoNicolás Guillén, odabuka eCuba. Owayesuselwe kusigqi nendabuko eyayisekelwe kubantu abamnyama bendawo yangakubo.
Ngokunjalo, uGabriela Mistral, owayengowaseChile, wawina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1945, isikhundla esisekelwe ezinkondlweni ezihlobene nemfudumalo nemizwelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eMexico ezintweni ze-Contemporary izimbongi ezinjengoJaime Torres Bodet, uJosé Gorostiza kanye noCarlos Pellicer bakwazile ukuhlanganisa.
Bonke laba babhali babesekelwe othandweni, isizungu kanye nokufa. Ngokunjalo, u-Octavio Paz uyagqama, umMexico owawina uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1990. Owethule izinkondlo ezisekelwe ku-metaphysics kanye ne-eroticism eyayisekelwe ngokuqondile ku-surrealism yamaFulentshi.
Ababhali abaningi bayamangalisa ngoba benza izinto ezihlobene nesikhathi sangemva kwempi, okwavumela ukutshalwa kwemibandela yezincwadi zezepolitiki.
Indawo yaseshashalazini
Ithiyetha evela emvelaphi yase-Hispanic inenqubo egcwele ukuvuthwa yona esekelwe kunqubo yedolobha ngalinye. Yini egxile ikakhulukazi eMexico naseBuenos Aires.
Lokhu kwavumela ukuthi kuzuzwe imoto ephethe isiko. Okuphinde kwavumela ukuhlanganiswa okuthile kwezwe ngalinye laseLatin America, njengoba kwenzeka eChile, ePuerto Rico nasePeru.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Mexico iyakwazi ukudlula inqubo egcwele ngokuphelele ukulungiswa kwezinto ezivivinywa ngokuphelele. Yini eyayisekelwe ngokukhethekile ekumelweni kwakho kwe-Ulises Theatre eyaqala ngo-1928.
Kanye ne-Orientation Theatre eyaqala ngo-1932, okuthe ngaphezu kwalokho, yasebenza ngenxa kaXavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo kanye noCelestino Gorostiza. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Rodolfo Usigli uzoba yingxenye yeqembu elibalulekile lababhali bemidlalo, kanye no-Emilio Carballido. Ngokufanayo, ababhali abanjengoConrado Nalé Roxlo owayengum-Argentina bagqama.
Isivivinyo
Ababhali be-eseyi abasekelwe ku-modernism babe nemiphumela ehlobene nezici ezisebenzayo. Okuholele ekutheni ama-eseyi abe nezakhi zobuzwe ngokuphelele futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo jikelele. Ngale ndlela, bacabangela inani elikhulu lezinto ezibhekwa njengengqondo.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kwakubalulekile izinhlelo ezisekelwe esizukulwaneni Seminyaka Eyikhulu Yokukhululeka okwenzeka ngo-1910. Phakathi kwabameleli abanikeza imibhalo ehlobene noJosé Vasconcelos. Emisebenzini yakhe ubonisa iphupho elimangalisayo lapho zisekelwe ezicini zomjaho we-cosmic owawenziwa ngo-1925.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Dominican Pedro Henríquez Ureña uyagqama, owenza ama-Essays ayisithupha ahlola ingxenye ngayinye yezinkulumo. Kanye no-Alfonso Reyes ongumMexico futhi wayefuna ukusabalalisa izici zobuntu ezifana ne-Vision Anáhuac eyenziwe ngo-1917.
Ngokufanayo, umlobi wezindaba uGermán Arciniegas, ongowokudabuka eColombia, ugqama ezwenikazi elinemibala eyisikhombisa eyanyatheliswa ngo-1965. U-Eduardo Mallea, wase-Argentina ngaphansi kwentshiseko yase-Argentina eyanyatheliswa ngo-1935, naye kukhulunywa ngaye. gqama.
Ukulandisa
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, inoveli yaseLatin America ngokwayo ikwazile ukuhlinzeka ngezinto ezintsha ezithuthuke njengempendulo. Okuphinde kwakwazi ukuba nezigaba ezintathu.
Esokuqala sihlobene ngokuqondile nokugxilisa ingqondo kuzindikimba, ukuma kwezwe, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi abagxile endaweni. Okuphinde kwabangela isigaba sesibili esivumela umsebenzi olandisayo ohlobene nezici zengqondo ngokuphelele bese kuthi kube nezinqubo ezigcwele umcabango. Ukuveza izindawo zasemadolobheni futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo i-cosmopolitan.
Ngokufanayo, kungenzeka ukuthola isigaba sesithathu, lapho ababhali befuna ukuphatha zonke izici ezihlobene nezigaba ezintsha zemibhalo yesimanje. Okuphinde kuvezwe ukuhlonishwa kwezinto zamazwe ngamazwe engiziphethe ngokwazo ukuze ngiveze uhlobo lwemibhalo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ekulandiseni kwesifunda, abalingiswa abafana noRicardo Guiraldes wase-Argentina, owenza uDon Segundo Sombra ngo-1926, uJosé Eustasio Rivera waseColombia owenza i-maelstrom ngo-1924 futhi ekugcineni kodwa hhayi okungenani i-Rómulo yaseVenezuela. UGallegos Freire wagqama.
Rómulo Gallegos nabanye ababhali
IsiPutukezi saseVenezuela sagqama ikakhulukazi kuDoña Bárbara, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1929. Iziqaphela njengomlando wamathafa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakunoMariano Azuela, indaba esekelwe ekuVukeleni KwaseMexico. Yakhiqizwa u-Andrés Pérez Maderista ngo-1911, kanye ne-Los de bajo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1915.
Ngokufanayo, kwakukhona uGregorio López, ongumbhali wencwadi ethi The Indian of 1935, lapho akhuluma khona ngokuqondile ngokuthi isimo sabomdabu sasisingathwa kanjani. Bekukhona nababhali bomsuka waseGuatemala nase-Andean njengabaseBolivia abafana no-Alcides Arguedas, abakhuluma ngezinkinga ezikhona ngobuhlanga, kanye noCiro Alegría wasePeru,
UMiguel Ángel Asturias, nguyena owathola uMklomelo Wokuthula we-Lenin ngo-1966 kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo wathola uMklomelo KaNobel Wezincwadi. Nokho, kwakunezici eziphawulekayo ngaphakathi kokubhuqa ezingeni lezombusazwe.
Ababhali kanye Psychology
Abaningi kwakungababhali ababephethe izici zengqondo ezincwadini zaseLatin America, njengoba kwenzeka ku-Eduardo Barrios waseChile owathinta le ndaba ngaphansi kwezindawo zasemadolobheni e-El brother asno ka-1922.
Ngendlela efanayo, u-Manuel Rojas Sepúlveda waba sesidlangalaleni ngo-1951 i-Hijo de ladrón, lapho indaba yavela khona endaweni yasemadolobheni ngokuphelele.
Bakhona abanye ababhali, abafana noMaría Luisa Bombal, owayephethe ukwakhiwa kweNkungu Yokugcina, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1934 futhi yaphatha uhlobo lwenganekwane. Indoda Yesolitude yenziwe u-Manuel Gálvez wase-Argentina, obekhuluma ngenoveli yezengqondo enezici zesimanje ngokuphelele.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi e-Uruguay ukunyakaza kwaqala ukukhiqizwa okwavumela ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwemisinga elandisayo yezakhi zengqondo, okusiholela ezicini ezihlobene nokuziphendukela kwengqondo. Ukuvumela ukuthi kube nokuqashelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe kwalezi zinkinga.
Ukuqashelwa
Kwakukhona amanoveli asheshe athola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yemvelaphi yawo kanye nendlela yokulandisa ehlakaniphile. Njengoba kwakunjalo ngeHopscotch, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1963, yi-Argentina uJulio Cortázar, okwakuyindaba echazwe ngaphansi kwezinga lokuhlola.
Ngendlela efanayo, uJuan Carlos Onetti no-El astillero de 1960, lapho ngigqamisa khona i-psychology ngaphansi kwemvelo yasemadolobheni ngokuphelele. UMario Benedetti, owenza iLa tregua ngo-1960, naye wayevelele kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, uhlobo lwenoveli yaseMexico eguquliwe luyafinyelelwa. Okugxile ekuphendukeni kwamaqiniso, okuthonywe ababhali abanjengoJames Joyce, uVirginia Woolf, u-Aldous Huxley, uWilliam Faulkner noJohn Dos Passos. Engikuza nakho amanoveli ezinhlobonhlobo zezengqondo kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwezimo endaweni ethile.
Ngaphansi kwale nqubo, abanye ababhali bagqama, njengoJuan Rulfo, owenza uPedro Páramo ngo-1955, kanye noCarlos Fuentes nge-The most transparent region of 1958. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uVicente Leñero wakwazi ukuzuza Umklomelo Omfushane Welabhulali ka-1963 noLos. albañiles ukuze uguqule lesi siqeshana sibe esisodwa esinezici ezimangalisayo ezingabonwa ngo-1970.
Ngokufanayo, u-Salvador Elizondo uyagqama, oqhubeka nokubhala i-Farabeuf yonyaka we-1965, eveza ngokuzimisela okukhulu yonke into ehlobene nale nhlangano entsha ngaphakathi kwezincwadi zaseLatin America.
UGabriel García Márquez nabanye ababhali besikhathi samanje
Phakathi kwababhali baseLatin America benkathi yangaleso sikhathi kukhona uGabriel García Márquez. Nokho, njengabanye abavelele, babhale ngezindaba zolimi lweSpanishi ezilandisa izici eziphawuleka ngokuphelele ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Okuphinde kugqamise ezinye izici ezigxile ku-regionalism yakudala. Isistimu ethathwe amasu amasha.
Ngendlela efanayo, kube nokwenzeka ukubona ngeso lengqondo inguquko yesitayela kanye nombono, kugxilwe ezintweni ezilandisayo ngokuphelele. Ngokufanayo, ubuqiniso bomlingo busingathwa ngokwemvelo, obusetshenziswa kubabhali abaningana, abaveza ngokugcwele izimfihlakalo ezisekelwe ezimweni ezitholakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
Ababhali abafana no-Alejo Carpentier waseCuba nabo bayagqama, othi ngomsebenzi wakhe ufuna ukukhombisa izici ezintsha maqondana nezinganekwane, ezivezwe ku-The Lost Steps, lapho kwasingathwa khona indawo yasehlathini futhi yashicilelwa ngo-1953.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJosé Lelama Lima, naye owaseCuba, wenza iParadiso ngo-1966, lapho izindikimba zezinganekwane ezihlobene nesiko le-neo-barrel nazo zathintwa khona.
Izici ezifakiwe
I-Peruvia Mario Vargas Llosa ifuna ukuveza izimfihlakalo ezihlukahlukene ngeThe City and The Dogs, eyaklonyeliswa ngendondo ye-Brief Library ngo-1962. Lokhu kwamholela ekubeni avelele ngokuphelele ezincwadini.
Ngokufanayo, uGabriel García Márquez waklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel ka-1982, okwaholela ekubeni aziwe emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi wakhe awenzelwe i-1967, Iminyaka Eyikhulu Eyedwa Yeminyaka Eyedwa.
Laba bazama ukuveza izici zomlingo ngobunye obungapheli. Lokho kwathuthukisa ngokuphelele iziqephu zokulandisa ezazaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ezincwadini zaseLatin America. Ukubonisa ngale ndlela izici ezibalulekile zokulandisa kweSpanishi.
Konke lokhu kwavumela amanoveli aseLatin America ukuthi agqame ngokuphelele. Nokho, ukuphatha kwakhe ukulandisa, hhayi kuphela ngeSpanishi, kodwa nangezinye izilimi, ukufeza international.
Ngiyakumema ukuba uhlole izihloko ezilandelayo ukuze wazi okwengeziwe mayelana nezincwadi ezithakazelisayo:
Iqhawe eligqoke izikhali ezigqwalile