Ukuba khona ukuziphatha kobulili bobulili obufanayo ezinkomeni Kusakazeke kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Kunokuba kube indaba emfushane, ucwaningo olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe lusanda kubonisa ukuthi luyingxenye yezinhlobo eziningi ezivamile, kusukela kuma-lemur amancane kuya kuma-apes amakhulu kanye ezinye izilwane ezingavamile.
Iqoqo lezifundo zakamuva, eziholwa amaqembu avela ku- Imperial College London futhi yanyatheliswa kumagazini wesayensi Imvelo Yezemvelo Nokuziphendukela KwemveloUqoqe futhi wahlaziya idatha yasensimini evela ezinhlotsheni ezingaba ngu-500. Umphumela uyaphetha: Okungenani izinhlobo ezingu-59 zezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu zibhale ngokuziphatha kobulili obufanayo, ezimweni eziningi ngokuphindaphindiwe okukhulu.
Madrid
Ukuziphatha ngokocansi phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo akuyona into engavamile ngokwemvelo. Kuye kwachazwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane eziningiFuthi phakathi kwazo, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane eziphila ezilwaneni zibonakala kakhulu. Lo msebenzi omusha unikeza umbono ophelele, onezindlela ezithathwe kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile kuze kube manje.
Ababhali babuyekeze ulwazi mayelana Izinhlobo ezingu-491 zezinkawuKusukela kuma-lemur nama-marmosets kuya kuma-chimpanzee, ama-bonobo, nama-gorilla, izinhlobo ezingu-59 zibonise ubufakazi obucacile bokukhwela, ukudlala ngokocansi, ukuphululana ngokobulili, noma ezinye izindlela zokuziphatha ezivusa inkanuko phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo. Abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuntuleka kwedatha yalezi zinhlobo ezisele. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuziphatha akukho.kodwa cishe akekho osekubonile noma okushicilele okwamanje.
Ulwazi oluningi
Ukuziphatha okuhlobene nokucindezeleka kwemvelo kanye nokwezenhlalo
Enye yezinto ezitholakale ngokuqinile ubudlelwano phakathi kwale mikhuba kanye izimo zemvelo "ezidingayo"Ukuhlaziywa kukhombisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobulili bobulili obufanayo kuvame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlala kuzo izindawo ezomile, ezinobutha, ezinenkinga yokushoda kokudla noma ingcindezi enkulu yezilwane ezidla ezinyeIzibonelo ezicashunwe ocwaningweni zifaka phakathi ama-Barbary macaques (atholakala eNyakatho Afrika kanye nekoloni laseBrithani iGibraltar) kanye nezinkawu eziluhlaza zase-Afrika.
Kulezi zimo, amaqembu abhekene ukucindezeleka okuqhubekayoUkuntuleka kokudla, ukuncintisana kwangaphakathi, kanye nengozi enkulu yokuhlaselwa ezinye izilwane. Abalobi basikisela ukuthi, kulo mongo, ubumbano lomphakathi luba yinto ebalulekile. ubudlelwano bocansi phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo Babezosebenza njengethuluzi eliguquguqukayo lokunciphisa ukungezwani, ukuqinisa izibopho, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukubambisana ngaphakathi kweqembu.
Ukubuyekezwa kuqinisekisa nokuthi lolu hlobo lokuziphatha lubonakala kaningi ku- izinhlobo ezincane ezihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezindaweni ezomilekanye nasezinhlotsheni ezibhekene nezinguquko ezinkulu zemvelo. Izinhlobo ezibhekene nengcindezi enkulu yezemvelo zivame ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlalo, lapho ubulili—kungakhathaliseki ubulili babahlanganyeli—bungasebenza njenge-valve yokuphunyuka kanye ne-glue yezenhlalo.
Abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuthi Izici zemvelo kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila zithonya ukuziphatha kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo, ikakhulukazi ngokungaqondile.Zilawula indlela yokuphila kanye, ngayo, isakhiwo senhlalo. Ngokusho kwamamodeli, ukuguquguquka okunomthelela oqondile nohlala njalo ekuveleni kwalezi zindlela zokuziphatha... inkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo kwezinhlobo.
Imiphakathi eyinkimbinkimbi, amazinga aqinile, kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili kuvame kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zezinkawu okuphila isikhathi eside futhi one-dimorphism ephawulekayo yobuliliOkusho ukuthi, lapho abesilisa nabesifazane behluka kakhulu ngobukhulu noma ngokubukeka. Lokhu kunjalo ngama-gorilla asezintabeni, lapho abesilisa bengasinda khona kabili kunezinsikazi, noma ngama-chimpanzee, angaphila amashumi eminyaka amaningana aze afike ngisho neminyaka engama-60 ubudala.
Nokho, isihluthulelo sibonakala sisehlotsheni lwenhlangano yomphakathi. Amathuba okubona ukuziphatha kobulili bobulili obufanayo anda kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlala amaqembu amakhulu, anezigaba eziqinile kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbiLe ndawo iyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi ze-macaque, njengezinhlobo ze-Japanese kanye ne-rhesus macaque, kanye nezimfene, ama-mandrill, kanye nama-bonobo.
Ezinhlotsheni ezivame ukuhlala e- imibhangqwana ehlukene noma amaqembu amancane kakhuluEzinhlotsheni ezifana nama-marmosets avamile, amarekhodi okuziphatha kobungqingili ayivelakancane noma awatholakali. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlotsheni ezakha imiphakathi yabantu abaningi, ngobudlelwano, izingxabano eziphindaphindayo, kanye nobudlelwano obuhlala isikhathi eside, ubulili phakathi kwabesilisa noma abesifazane bubonakala kakhulu futhi buvame kakhulu.
Izibonelo ziyamangaza. Ku- I-macaque yaseJapane (Macaca fuscata)Izinsikazi zakha imibhangqwana yobulili nezinye izinsikazi futhi zenqaba ukuhlangana nabesilisa isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokuzala. Esiqhingini saseCayo Santiago (ePuerto Rico), i-rhesus macaque yesilisa (Macaca mulatta) Zivame ukuhlangana nezinye iziduna kunabesifazane, ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kubonakale kuthinta ukuphila kwabantu.
Kulezi zinhlelo, ukuziphatha kobungqingili kusebenza njenge indlela yokuphatha izingxabano engenalo ulakaNgokwesibonelo, phakathi kwama-macaque aseCayo Santiago, abesilisa abathandanayo banamathuba amaningi okusizana ezingxabanweni ezilandelayo. Phakathi kwama-bonobo, ukuhlangana ngokocansi phakathi kwabesifazane kusiza ukugcina abesilisa belawulekile futhi kuqinise ubudlelwano babesifazane.
Idatha, indlela kanye nobubanzi besifundo
Lo msebenzi usekelwe ekubuyekezweni okuphelele kwezincwadi zesayensi ezitholakalayo. Kusukela kokungaphezu kwalokho Ukubhaliswa kokuqala okungu-1.700Ithimba likhethe izifundo ezingu-96 ezibuyekezwe ontanga ezibhale ngokusobala ukuziphatha kobulili obufanayo ezinkomeni ezingezona ezomuntu. Kulokhu kuhlanganiswa kwavela okulandelayo: Amacala angu-59 aqinisekisiwe.
Abacwaningi abazange bagcine ngokuqoqa izingcaphuno; futhi Balinganisela imvamisa yalezi zenzo lapho idatha ivuma. Ukuze bagweme ukucwasa, bahlanganise inani lokuqaphelwa nesikhathi esichithwe bebuka uhlobo ngalunye. Umehluko phakathi kohlobo kusiza ekubekeni ukuziphatha kumongo: kuma-marmosets avamile, izehlakalo ezinhlanu zobulili bobulili obufanayo zaqoshwa emahoreni angaba ngu-1.700 okuqaphelwa, kuyilapho kuma-macaque aseJapan, amacala angaphezu kuka-16.000 aqoshwa emahoreni angaba ngu-5.900, okusho izinga eliphakeme kakhulu.
Ithimba liphinde lahlaziya ukusatshalaliswa kwe-phylogenetic: Ukuziphatha kobungqingili kubonakala kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezinkulu zezinkawukufaka phakathi ama-lemur, izinkawu zeNew World, izinkawu zase-Afrika nase-Asia, kanye nezinkawu ezinkulu. Lokhu kuhlakazeka kusikisela amathuba amabili: ukuthi ukuziphatha kuye kwaba izimpande ezijulile zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, esevele ikhona kukhokho ovamile oqhelelene, noma lokho okuvele izikhathi eziningana ngokuzimela emaqenjini ahlukene, kodwa kuye kwagcinwa ngenxa yezinzuzo zako zomphakathi.
Ngale kwezinombolo, amamodeli ezibalo axhumanisa ukuba khona kwalezi zimo zokuziphatha namabhulokhi amathathu amakhulu eziguquguquko: indawo ezungezile (isimo sezulu, izinsiza, izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane), umlando wokuphila (ubude besikhathi, usayizi womzimba, ukungafani kobulili) y isakhiwo senhlalo (usayizi weqembu, amazinga, izinhlelo zokuzalanisa, ukubambisana ekukhuliseni inzalo)Isiphetho esijwayelekile ukuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili kuvela ku- ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kunokuba kube yimbangela eyodwa elula.
Lo msebenzi uphinde ubukeze ubufakazi ku- ufuzo lwalezi zenzoNgokwesibonelo, kuma-rhesus macaques, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe u-6% kuphela wokwehluka kokuziphatha kobulili bobulili obufanayo okungabangelwa izici zofuzo, okuphakamisa ukuthi indawo yomphakathi kanye nezimo zemvelo zidlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekuveleni nasekugcinweni kwayo.
Imisebenzi yomphakathi: kusukela ekunciphiseni ukungezwani kuya ekwakheni ubumbano
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukuba khona kobulili bezilwane zobulili obufanayo kwachazwa, ngisho nasezindaweni zesayensi, njengokuthi iphutha noma into engavamileLokhu kwabangelwa ukungabi nolwazi, ukudideka, noma ukuntuleka kwabalingani bokuzala abatholakalayo. Ubufakazi obusha buye baphikisa le mibono, okubonisa ukuthi ubulili ezilwaneni busebenza imisebenzi eminingi kakhulu kunokuzala nje.
Endabeni yama-primate, ukubuyekezwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili kuyingxenye ye- isu lokuxhumana nabantu eliguquguqukayoKusebenza ekuqiniseni izibopho, ekunciphiseni ukungezwani ngemva kwezingxabano, ukuzijwayeza amakhono ocansi kubantu abasebasha, ukuqinisa ubudlelwano lapho kubhekene nezingxabano zesikhathi esizayo noma, kalula, ukugcina ukuvumelana phakathi kwamaqembu ayinkimbinkimbi.
Uma izinsiza zilinganiselwe noma ingozi ihlala njalo, ukuzinza kweqembu kungaba umehluko phakathi kokusinda nokwehluleka. Ezimweni ezinjalo, Ubulili phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo busebenza njengensiza eyengeziwe ngaphakathi kweqoqo lezenhlalo lalolu hlobo. Akuyona into ekhethekile: izilwane ezifanayo zingashintshana phakathi kokuxhumana kwabantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile kanye nabantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kuye ngesikhathi, isimo, kanye nobudlelwano bangaphambilini.
Ochwepheshe abaningana bagcizelela ukuthi, ezinhlotsheni ezifundwe, umuntu akanakukhuluma ngazo "abantu abathandana nabobulili obufanayo kuphela" ngomqondo womuntu. Kunalokho, lokhu ukuziphatha okuvelayo nokunyamalala kuye ngomongo, okuhlobene nokuphathwa kwansuku zonke kobudlelwano bamandla, ukubambisana, kanye nokungqubuzana.
Ukubuyekezwa kugxile futhi ku- ukucwasa kwamasiko okuye kwathinta ukubonwa kwesayensi ngokomlandoEzimweni eziningi, ukuhlangana kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kwakunganakwa noma kwakungabikwanga, kungaba ngenxa yokuhlazeka noma ngoba kwakubhekwa njengokungabalulekile. Abalobi bakhuthaza ukuqoshwa okuhlelekile kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlangana ngokocansi emsebenzini wasensimini wesikhathi esizayo, ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokuningiliziwe.
Imiphumela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nempikiswano ngemvelaphi yokuziphatha
Imiphumela iqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukuziphatha kobungqingili ezilwaneni kune- insiza yokuziphendukela kwemveloikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni eziphila isikhathi eside kanye nemiphakathi ehlangene kakhulu. Umsebenzi wangaphambilini ezincelisayo wawusuvele ukhombe kule ndlela, futhi ukuhlaziywa okugxile ezinkomeni kuyahambisana nalowo mfanekiso obanzi.
Izincazelo ezingase zicatshangelwe zihlanganisa imvelaphi yazo ku- ukuziphatha kocansi okungakhethi, okubangelwa okhokho, kamuva eyakheka ngokukhethwa kwemvelo, noma ukubonakala kwayo okuphindaphindiwe njengempendulo ezinkingeni zomphakathi eziphindaphindayo: indlela yokunciphisa izingxabano, indlela yokwakha imifelandawonye, ​​indlela yokuphatha ukufinyelela izinsiza kanye nokuhlangana ngamaqembu aminyene.
Iqiniso lokuthi ukuziphatha okufanayo kuyatholakala ku- izizukulwane zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezihlukene kakhulu —izinkawu, kodwa futhi nezinyoni, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kanye namanye amaqembu— kusikisela ukuthi lolu hlobo lokuziphatha luye lwavela izikhathi eziningi kuwo wonke umlando wokuphila. Kwabanye abacwaningi, luyisici esingavamile, esibonakala futhi sinyamalale kalula njengoba izimo zemvelo nezenhlalo zishintsha.
Kuma-primates, abalobi baphakamisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kobulili bobulili obufanayo kungaba khona kusukela ekuqaleni. izigaba zokuqala zokuvela kweqembuUkuba khona kwalesi sici cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezinkulu kusikisela ukuthi siyisici sasendulo noma ikhambi eliphindaphindayo lezinselele zokuphila emiphakathini eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ezinye izindima zikhuluma, ngokucophelela okukhulu, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izingcindezi zesimanje zomphakathi nezemvelo kuthonya indlela ubulili obuvezwa ngayo ezinhlotsheni zethu, njengoba nje kwenza kwezinye izilwane zasendle ezinendawo yazo yemvelo. Isibonelo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ukubonakala okwandisiwe kobuntu obuhlukahlukene phakathi kwezizukulwane ezisencane kungahlobene yini nezinguquko esimweni senhlalo kanye namazinga okucindezeleka. Kodwa yonke le mibono ivezwa njenge imibono evulekileezidinga umsebenzi owengeziwe futhi okumele ziphathwe ngokucophelela okukhulu.
Ezingeni elingokoqobo, lokho okunikezwa yilezi zifundo kuwuhlaka lokuqonda kangcono ukwehlukahluka kobulili njengengxenye yokwehluka kwemvelo kokuziphatha Ezilwaneni zomphakathi, ubungqingili, hhayi nje ukuba yinto engathandeki noma ephambene, kuhambisana nomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo lapho ukubambisana, ukuxazulula izingxabano, kanye nokuzinza kweqembu kubaluleke njengokuzalana okuqondile.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezinhlobo ezingama-59 zezinkawu kuveza isithombe lapho Ukuziphatha ngokocansi phakathi kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kubonakala njengento ezinzile, ehambisana nesimo, futhi esebenzayo yemiphakathi eminingi yezilwane. Kusukela kuma-macaque abelana ngeziqhingi zaseCaribbean kuya kuma-gorilla ahlala ezintabeni zase-Afrika, idatha iphakamisa ukuthi lokhu kusebenzisana kuyingxenye yamasu ama-primate awenzile ukuze aphile ezindaweni ezinzima futhi aphathe izimpilo zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi.