Igama elithi umdlavuza livame ukuhambisana ne ukwesaba, izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu, nemibuzo eminingiCishe wonke umuntu uyazi othile osondelene naye odlule kulesi sifo, nokho kusenokudideka okuncane mayelana nokuthi siyini ngempela, ziyini izimpawu zaso, nokuthi yini esingayenza ukuze sinciphise ubungozi.
Kusukela kwezokwelapha zanamuhla siyazi ukuthi umdlavuza awuyona i-pathology eyodwa, kodwa iqembu elikhulu lezifo ezihlanganyela ngendlela efanayo eyisisekeloIqembu lamaseli lenziwa izinguquko ku-DNA yalo, liyayeka ukulandela amaphethini okukhula avamile, futhi liqala ukwanda ngokungalawuleki, linamandla okuhlasela izicubu ezingomakhelwane futhi lisakazekele ezindaweni ezikude. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza, izimpawu zazo eziyisixwayiso, nokuthi ungazinqanda kanjani kuyisihluthulelo sokutholwa kusenesikhathi nokuthuthukisa kakhulu amathuba okwelapha.
Uyini umdlavuza futhi kungani kwenzeka?
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, amangqamuzana omzimba alandela amaphethini athile. iziqondiso zofuzo ezinembe kakhulu ezilawula ukukhula, ukuhlukana, nokufa kwazoLapho i-DNA yengqamuzana ishintsha izakhi zofuzo ezithile, lezi ziqondiso ziyashintshwa futhi ingqamuzana lingase liqale ukuphindaphindeka ngokungalawuleki, lingazinaki izimpawu okufanele limise ukuhlukana kwalo noma libangele ukufa kwalo okuhleliwe.
Lezi zinguquko zofuzo zingathinta izinhlobo eziningana zofuzo: lezo ezishayela ukuhlukana kwamaseli (oncogenes), lezo benza njengamabhuleki ekukhuleni (izakhi zofuzo ezicindezela isimila) noma labo abanesibopho sokulungisa amaphutha ku-DNA. Uma izinguquko ezanele zinqwabelana kunoma iyiphi yalezi zinhlelo, amaseli ayeka ukuziphatha ngendlela evamile futhi abe nomdlavuza.
Izinguquko eziningi ezibangela umdlavuza zitholwa ngesikhathi sokuphila ngesenzo sezici zangaphandle (ezifana nogwayi, imisebe yelanga, noma amagciwane athile) noma ngamaphutha azenzekela ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. Amaphesenti amancane kuphela, azungeze i-5-10%, abangelwa Izinguquko ezizuzwe njengefa kubazali, okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-hereditary cancer syndromes.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu somdlavuza yikhono lawo loku zihlasela izicubu eziseduze futhi zisakaze kwezinye izitho ngegazi noma uhlelo lwe-lymphatic, into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-metastasis. Lokhu kusakazeka, ngaphezu kwesimila esiyinhloko ngokwaso, ngokuvamile kuyimbangela eyinhloko yezinkinga ezinkulu nokufa.
Amaqembu omdlavuza amakhulu ngokohlobo lweseli
Ngaphezu kokuhlukanisa izimila ngesitho eziphuma kuso (isifuba, amaphaphu, ikholoni, njll.), odokotela baphinde bawaqoqe ngokwezinhlobo zeseli avela kuwo, ngoba lokhu kuthonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwawo kanye nokwelashwa okufanele kakhulu. Elinye lamaqembu ajwayeleke kakhulu yilelo la i-carcinoma, izimila eziyingozi ezivela kumaseli e-epithelial ezimboza ubuso bezitho nezicubu.
Iningi lomdlavuza oqinile kubantu abadala umdlavuza, futhi nakuba i-colon carcinoma kanye ne-lung carcinoma kwabelana ngezici ezithile, Isitho ngasinye sidinga amasu athile okwelaphaLeli qembu lihlanganisa izimila eziningi ezivame kakhulu: ibele, iphaphu, i-prostate, ikholoni kanye ne-rectum, isisu, isibindi, noma umlomo wesibeletho, phakathi kokunye.
Elinye iqembu elikhulu liqukethe scomcomLezi zisuka ezicutshini ezisekelayo ezifana nethambo, imisipha, noma amafutha, nakuba zingavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamaqembu anokuziphatha okuthile, njengomdlavuza we-hematological kanye nezimila zesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi.
Umdlavuza we-Hematological: i-leukemia, i-lymphomas, ne-myelomas
Okubizwa ngokuthi umdlavuza wegazi kuhlanganisa iqembu lezifo ezithinta i amaseli egazi, umnkantsha, kanye nesistimu ye-lymphaticNgokungafani namathumba aqinile, ngokuvamile awakhi inqwaba yendawo, kodwa kunalokho abonakala njengamaseli angavamile azungeza egazini noma aqoqe umnkantsha wamathambo nama-lymph nodes.
I-leukemias yi-neoplasms yamangqamuzana egazi (ikakhulukazi amangqamuzana amhlophe egazi) nomnkantsha wamathambo. Kulezi zifo, umugqa weseli othize uyathinteka. Iphindaphindeka ngokungalawuleki entanjeni yomgogodla.Lokhu kususa amangqamuzana avamile okufanele akhiqize amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amaplatelet, namasosha omzimba. Lokhu kubangela i-anemia, izifo ezivamile, ukukhathala okukhulu, futhi ngokuvamile, imihuzuko elula noma ukopha.
I-Lymphomas iwumdlavuza wohlelo lwe-lymphatic, inethiwekhi yemikhumbi namanodi adlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelweni komzimba. Ama-lymph nodes atholakala kuwo wonke umzimba (intamo, amakhwapha, i-groin, i-mediastinum, njll.) futhi enza njenge izihlungi ezibamba amagciwane nezinto zangaphandleLapho ziba yingozi, ngokuvamile zikhula ngosayizi, zingase zibe lula, futhi zihambisane nezimpawu ezivamile ezinjengokushisa komzimba, ukuncipha komzimba, noma ukujuluka ebusuku.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-lymphoma: i-Hodgkin lymphoma, enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokwelapha uma ibonwa kusenesikhathi, kanye ne-non-Hodgkin lymphomas, ehlanganisa izinhlobo ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-60 ezinokuziphatha okuhlukahlukene kakhulu, kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezikhula kancane kakhulu kuya kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinonya kakhulu ezidinga. ukwelashwa okunamandla ngokushesha.
I-Multiple myeloma ingumdlavuza wamangqamuzana e-plasma, uhlobo oluncane lwengqamuzana elimhlophe legazi elihlala emnkantsheni wethambo futhi linomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhiqiza amasosha omzimba. Ku-myeloma, lawa maseli aba yingozi, aphindaphindeke, futhi akhiqize inqwaba yamasosha omzimba. amasosha omzimba angajwayelekile alimaza amathambo nezinsoBabangela i-anemia, predispose to infections, futhi baholele ebuhlungu bethambo, ukuphuka, nezinye izinkinga. Ukwelashwa kuhlanganisa i-chemotherapy, i-corticosteroids, imishanguzo ye-immunomodulatory, ngisho nokufakelwa komnkantsha ezigulini ezikhethiwe.
Izimila zesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi
Amathumba esimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi ahlanganisa lawo asuka ku- ubuchopho noma umgogodlaAzingeni ngokuphelele ezigabeni zakudala ze-carcinomas noma i-sarcomas, ngoba izicubu zezinzwa zikhethekile kakhulu futhi zinezici zayo.
Lezi zimila zingadala izimpawu ezihluke kakhulu kuye ngendawo yazo: kusukela ekuphathweni ikhanda okungapheli, isithuthwane noma izinguquko zobuntu, ubunzima bokunyakazisa ingxenye yomzimba, izinkinga zokulinganisela, noma ukuphazamiseka kokubonaNgenxa yokuthi ubuchopho nomgogodla kungaphakathi kwezakhiwo eziqinile (ugebhezi nomgogodla), noma iyiphi inqwaba eyengeziwe ingakhuphula ingcindezi futhi ikhiqize izimpawu ezimangalisayo zemizwa.
Izinhlobo ezingu-10 ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza kanye nezimpawu zazo
Emhlabeni jikelele, izimila ezithile zenza amaphesenti aphezulu okuxilongwa. Ukuqonda izimpawu zabo eziyinhloko kubalulekile ukuze uthole izimpawu eziyisixwayiso futhi uthintane nodokotela ngokushesha, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kungenza umehluko phakathi kokwelashwa okwelaphayo kanye nokululaza nje.
Umdlavuza webele
Umdlavuza webele njengamanje uwumdlavuza otholakala kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ibala cishe i-12-13% yazo zonke izimo zomdlavuza, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi Cishe owesifazane oyedwa kwabayi-8 uzobhekana nakho ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo.Nakuba kungenzeka nakwabesilisa, akuvamile kakhulu kubo.
Phakathi kwezimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukubonakala kwesigaxa noma iqhubu ebeleni noma ekhwapheni, okungasho ukuthi kubuhlungu. Ezinye izimpawu ezingenzeka zihlanganisa izinguquko esimeni noma ubukhulu bebeleIzindawo zokujiya, ukuncipha noma ukuhlehla kwesikhumba, ububomvu obuqhubekayo, ukuphuma ingono okungavamile noma ukuguquguquka kwengono kungazelelwe.
Ukuzihlola kwamabele kwanyanga zonke kusiza abesifazane ukuthi bajwayelane nokubukeka okuvamile nokuthungwa kwamabele abo, ngakho noma yiziphi izinguquko zingatholwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Noma kunjalo, ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuxilongwa kusenesikhathi i-mammography evamile, enconyelwe kwabesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi nabadala, ngokuvamile njalo ngemva konyaka owodwa noma emibili kuye ngeziqondiso nezici zomuntu siqu eziyingozi. Lapho itholakala ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, Izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu lisondela ku-99%..
Umdlavuza wamabele
Umdlavuza wamaphaphu ungomunye wemidlavuza ebulala kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi uxhumene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Abantu abangaba ngu-9 kwabayishumi ababulawa yilo mdlavuza bahlobene nokubhema ugwayi. noma eminye imikhiqizo kagwayi, kuhlanganise nentuthu kagwayi. Ingozi yokuphila konke kwababhemayo iphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunalabo abangakaze babheme.
Izimpawu zayo zokuqala zingase zinganakwa, kodwa ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo okungapheli, okuguquguqukayo, noma okuhambisana negazi esikhwehlela kuwuphawu olucacile oluyisixwayiso. Ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu besifuba, nokuhosha nakho kuvamile. izifo zokuphefumula eziphindaphindiwe, ukukhathala okukhulu nokuncipha kwesisindo ngendlela engaqondakali.
Empeleni, izinga lokusinda komdlavuza wamaphaphu lilonke lihlala liphansi, cishe ku-20-25% eminyakeni emihlanu lapho kubhekwa zonke izigaba. Kodwa-ke, lapho isimila sitholwa kusenesikhathi, sitholakala endaweni, futhi sincane, Amathuba okwelashwa okwelapha anda kakhulu.Lokhu kuye kwadala izinhlelo zokuhlola kusetshenziswa umthamo ophansi we-computed tomography emaqenjini asengozini enkulu (abantu abaneminyaka eminingi besebenzisa ugwayi).
Umdlavuza we-Colorectal (ikholoni kanye ne-rectum)
Umdlavuza we-Colorectal uhlanganisa izimila zekholoni kanye ne-rectum futhi ungomunye wemidlavuza evame ukutholakala kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe Owesilisa oyedwa kwabangama-23 noyedwa kwabesifazane abangama-25 Bazoyithuthukisa impilo yabo yonke, futhi imvamisa yayo iyanda ngokuya ngeminyaka.
Izinto eziyingozi zihlanganisa ukukhuluphala ngokweqile noma ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, ukungasebenzi komzimba, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwenyama ebomvu negayiwe, utshwala, ugwayi, nomlando othile womuntu siqu noma womndeni (njenge-adenomatous polyps, i-ulcerative colitis ekudala ikhona, noma izifo zofuzo). Ukudla okune-fibre ephansi nemifino nakho kuhlotshaniswa ne-a ukwanda kwengozi yokuthuthukisa lesi simila.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile kakhulu zihlanganisa izinguquko eziqhubekayo emikhubeni yamathumbu (uhudo, ukuqunjelwa, noma ukushintshanisa phakathi kwakho kokubili), igazi esitulweni (ngezinye izikhathi libonakala futhi ngezinye izikhathi libonakala kuphela ekuhlolweni okuqondile), ubuhlungu besisu noma ukungaphatheki kahle, umuzwa wokuphuma kwesisu okungaphelele, nokuncipha kwesisindo okungachazeki. Ngezinye izikhathi, ama-polyps asekuqaleni noma izimila azibangeli izimpawu, ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokuhlolwa.
Uma utholakala ezigabeni zawo zokuqala, umdlavuza we-colorectal unezinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu elingaphezu kwama-90%. Izinhlelo zokutholwa kusenesikhathi zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi kwe-fecal occult noma i-colonoscopy Bavumela ukutholakala kwezilonda ezingaphambi komdlavuza kanye nezimila zakuqala, okuholela ekuqaguleni okuhle kakhulu.
Umdlavuza wendlala yesinye
Umdlavuza wendlala yesinye umdlavuza ovame kakhulu kwabesilisa, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini asebekhulile. Ngaphezu kwengxenye yokuxilongwa kwenzeka emadodeni angaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe 1 ku-8 amadoda Uzoba nalolu hlobo lomdlavuza uma ephila isikhathi eside ngokwanele. I-prostate iyindlala yabesilisa kuphela, etholakala ngaphansi kwesinye futhi inesibopho sokukhiqiza ingxenye yoketshezi lwesidoda.
Ezigabeni zawo zokuqala, umdlavuza wendlala yesinye ungase ungabangeli zimpawu. Njengoba iqhubeka, izimpawu zingase zihlanganise nobunzima bokuqala ukuchama, ukugeleza komchamo okubuthakathaka, ukuchama njalo (ikakhulukazi ebusuku), ubuhlungu noma ukushisa lapho uchama, igazi emchameni noma isidoda, nomuzwa wokungasikhiphi ngokuphelele esinyeni. Kodwa-ke, lezi zimpawu zingabangelwa ukukhula kahle kwe-prostate gland. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kuyadingeka njalo..
Ukubikezela ngokuvamile kuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma isimila sisendaweni. Kulezi zimo, izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu lisondela ku-100%. Eqinisweni, kwezinye izimo ezikhethiwe ezinengcuphe ephansi, ukubhekwa okusebenzayo (ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kokwelashwa ngokushesha) kukhethwa ukuze kugwenywe imiphumela engemihle yemithi yokwelapha enolaka engase ingadingeki.
Umdlavuza wesisu
Umdlavuza wesisu, nakuba ungavamile kakhulu kunalawa omdlavuza okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla kwamanye amazwe anemali engenayo ephezulu, usalokhu ubangela inani elikhulu lezigameko nokufa kwabantu emhlabeni wonke. Izibalo zakhona ziphezulu kwabesilisa kanti zihlobene nezinto ezifana nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi, ukudla okunothe ngokudla okunosawoti omningi noma okubhenywayo, kanye nokungenwa yizifo ezingelapheki ezibangelwa amagciwane *amaGypsies*. Helicobacter pylori, isici esiyingozi esibalulekile kulesi simila.
Izimpawu zingadideka kalula nezinye iziyaluyalu zokugaya ukudla: ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla, ukuncipha kwesisindo ngendlela engaqondakali, ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki engxenyeni engenhla yesisu, isilungulela esiqhubekayo, ukungagayeki kahle kokudla, isicanucanu, noma ukuzizwa ugcwele ngokushesha ngemva kokudla. Ngokuvamile Lezi zimpawu zivela lapho isifo sesivele sisezingeni eliphezuluokuchaza ukubikezela kwakhe okugodliwe okwengeziwe.
Izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu liyahluka kakhulu kuye ngesiteji. Ezigabeni zokuqala zingafinyelela ku-70%, kodwa lapho isimila sitholakala ukuthi sinokuzibandakanya kwesifunda okusabalele noma i-metastasis, Izinketho zokwelashwa zincishiswe kakhuluNgakho-ke, kubantu abasengozini enkulu noma izimpawu eziqhubekayo, kunconywa ukuthi ucabange ukwenza i-endoscopy yokugaya ephezulu.
Umdlavuza wesibindi
Umdlavuza wesibindi oyinhloko (ikakhulukazi i-hepatocellular carcinoma) uphakathi kwezimila ezivame kakhulu nezibulalayo emhlabeni wonke. Kumele ihlukaniswe nama-metastases esibindi, okungamathumba avela kwezinye izitho (ikholoni, isifuba, amaphaphu, njll.) futhi asakazekele esibindini, kodwa Ababhekwa njengomdlavuza wesibindi ngomqondo oqinile..
Iningi le-hepatocellular carcinomas Zivela esibindini esesivele silimele.isifo sesibindi ngokuvamile sibangelwa i-cirrhosis. Izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-cirrhosis zihlanganisa ukuphuza utshwala isikhathi eside futhi kakhulu, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B no-C esingamahlalakhona, isifo sesibindi esinamafutha, nezinye izifo ezithinta umzimba. Ingozi iyanda kakhulu lapho isibindi sinezibazi futhi silahlekelwa isakhiwo saso esivamile.
Izimpawu zihlanganisa ukwehla kwesisindo, ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki engxenyeni engenhla yesisu, ukukhathala, i-jaundice (isikhumba esiphuzi namehlo), ukushintsha kombala wendle nomchamo, ukuvuvukala kwesisu ngenxa yokwakheka kwamanzi (ascites), futhi ngokuvamile, ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwesimo esijwayelekileUkubikezela, ngeshwa, ngokuvamile akukuhle, futhi izinga lokusinda leminyaka emihlanu lilinganiselwa ku-30% kuzo zonke izigaba ezihlanganisiwe.
Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho
Umdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho uhlasela kuphela abesifazane abanezitho zokuzala zabesifazane futhi uphakathi komdlavuza ovame kakhulu wezifo zabesifazane. Izimo eziningi zihlobene eduze nokutheleleka okuqhubekayo nge- [pathogen engashiwongo]. I-papillomavirus yabantu esengozini enkulu (HPV)ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze-16 kanye ne-18, ezibhekene nengxenye enkulu yezilonda eziyingozi kanye nomdlavuza ohlaselayo.
Ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, ingase ingavezi izimpawu eziphawulekayo. Njengoba iqhubeka, izimpawu zingase zivele. ukopha okungavamile kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane (phakathi kokuya esikhathini, ngemva kokuya ocansini, noma kwabesifazane abangemva kokuya esikhathini), ukukhishwa okungavamile kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, ubuhlungu be-pelvic, nokungakhululeki ngesikhathi socansi. Lezi izimpawu okungafanele zenziwe ngokwejwayelekile futhi zidinga ukuhlolwa ngumsebenzi wezempilo.
Okuhle wukuthi lo mdlavuza uyavikeleka kakhulu. Ukugonyelwa i-HPV emantombazaneni, abafana, kanye nentsha, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola (i-Pap smear, ukuhlolwa kokutholwa kwe-HPV, nama-colposcopies uma kukhonjisiwe), vumela ukukhomba izilonda eziyingozi futhi zelaphe ngaphambi kokuba zithuthuke esimila esihlaselayo. Eqinisweni, ukufa kwabantu abaningi kulo mdlavuza kugxile kakhulu emazweni lapho lezi zinsiza zingakenziwa kahle.
Umdlavuza we-Esophageal
Umdlavuza womminzo awaziwa kakhulu emphakathini jikelele, kodwa uphakathi kwezimila ezivame kakhulu zokugaya ukudla. Ngokuvamile kuthinta amadoda aneminyaka ephakathi kanye nabadala futhi kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kukagwayi notshwala, ukukhuluphala ngokweqile, i-reflux engapheli, kanye nokudla okuthile okungenampilo. Kwezinye izimo, i-Barrett's esophagus (isimo esiyingozi esihambisana ne-reflux ye-gastroesophageal) kwandisa ngokucacile ingozi yalesi simila.
Ezigabeni zayo zokuqala, ngokuvamile ayithuli. Njengoba isimila sikhula futhi sinciphisa i-lumen yommizo, umuntu Ungase ubone ubunzima bokugwinyaOkokuqala ngokudla okuqinile futhi kamuva ngisho nangoketshezi. Ezinye izimpawu ezivamile zihlanganisa ubuhlungu be-retrosternal noma besifuba, ukuncipha kwesisindo okungahlosiwe, ukukhwehlela okungapheli, ukuhayiza, futhi, kwezinye izimo, nokuhlanza igazi.
Ukusinda kuncike kakhulu esigabeni okutholakala kuso lesi sifo. Ngisho nakumathumba asendaweni, amathuba okuphila iminyaka emihlanu ngemva kokuxilongwa aweqili ama-50% ezifundweni eziningi, futhi uma kukhona i-metastasis, I-prognosis ngokusobala iba yimbi.Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokubonana nodokotela nge-dysphagia ende noma izimpawu ze-alamu zokugaya ukudla.
Umdlavuza we-thyroid
Umdlavuza wegilo usuka endlaleni yegilo, ephambi kwentamo. Amaqhuqhuva amaningi egilo ayingozi, futhi cishe amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela angamathumba ayingozi, kodwa ukutholakala kwawo kungabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Noma kunjalo, ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengowomdlavuza one umhlahlo umhlabeleli global.
Uphawu oluyisici kakhulu ukubukeka kwe-a isigaxa noma isisindo endaweni yomlomo wesibeletho Ingakhula ngokushesha uma iqhathaniswa noma ihlale izinzile isikhashana. Ngezinye izikhathi kuhambisana nobuhlungu phambi kwentamo, izinguquko zezwi (hoarseness), ubunzima bokugwinya, umuzwa wengcindezi yendawo, noma ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes aseduze. Okuningi kwalokhu okutholakele, nokho, kutholwa ngengozi ekuhlolweni kwezithombe okwenziwa ngenxa yezinye izizathu.
Lapho kutholakala ezinyathelweni zakuqala futhi zelashwa ngendlela efanele ngokuhlinzwa, i-iodine enemisebe, kanye/noma ukwelashwa ngemisebe yangaphandle, kuye ngesimo, amazinga okusinda kweminyaka emihlanu asondela ku-100% ngezindlela ezivame kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza umdlavuza wegilo ube isibonelo esicacile sokuthi kanjani Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa okufanele kungashintsha ngokuphelele ukubikezela.
Umdlavuza wesinye
Umdlavuza wesinye usuka esicutshini esesinyeni, isitho lapho kugcinwa khona umchamo. Kuvame kakhulu kubantu abadala kanye namadoda, futhi enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu ukubhema, ngaphezu kokuchayeka emsebenzini kumakhemikhali (njengamadayi athile asezimbonini). Ukuvuvukala kwesinye isikhathi kuye kwahlotshaniswa nomdlavuza wesinye. ingozi ephezulu ezimweni eziqondile kakhulu.
Uphawu olugqama kakhulu ngokuvamile yi- ukuba khona kwegazi emchameniNgezinye izikhathi kubonakala ngeso lenyama (umchamo obomvu noma onombala wetiye) futhi ngezinye izikhathi kutholakala kuphela ngokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri. Ubuhlungu noma ukushisa ngesikhathi sokuchama, ukuchama okuvamile noma okuphuthumayo, nobuhlungu emhlane ophansi noma esifundeni se-pelvic nakho kungase kwenzeke.
Amazinga okusinda ayahluka kakhulu kuye ngokujula isimila esihlasela ngakho udonga lwesinye kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-metastasis. Amathumba angaphezulu, anomkhawulo kungqimba olungaphakathi impela, angelashwa nge-endoscopically futhi alawulwe ngokuhlinza kanye nemithi efakwe esinyeni, kuyilapho amafomu ahlaselayo ngokuvamile edinga ukungenelela okubanzi. ukuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwelashwa kwesistimu.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile ezingase ziphakamise umdlavuza
Ngaphezu kwezimpawu eziqondile zesimila ngasinye, kunezimpawu ezijwayelekile okuthi, nakuba zingaphelele kumdlavuza, kufanele zenze ukubonisana nodokotela uma ziphikelela. Lokhu kubandakanya: ukukhathala okukhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile, izinguquko zesisindo ezimakiwe nezingathandeki, imfiva ehlala isikhathi eside, ukujuluka okukhulu ebusuku, izigaxa ezilulayo ngaphansi kwesikhumba, noma izinhlungu ezingachazwa ngokulimala okusobala.
Ezinye izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zihlanganisa izinguquko zezimvukuzane (ubukhulu, ukuma, umbala, imingcele engavamile, ukulunywa noma ukopha), izilonda zesikhumba ezingapholi, izinguquko ezihlala njalo emikhubeni yomchamo noma yamathumbu, ukukhwehlela okungapheli noma ubunzima bokugwinya ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile. Azikho kulezi zimpawu zodwa eziqinisekisa ukutholakala komdlavuza.Kodwa-ke, baqinisekisa ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe ukuze kukhishwe izinkinga ezinkulu noma zelaphe ngesikhathi.
Izimbangela, izici zobungozi, nokuguqulwa kofuzo
Ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza ngokuvamile kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu kanye nezici ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle. Ezinye zalezi zici ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa ngokucacile, kanti ezinye zingaphezu kwamandla ethu ngokuphelele. Ukuqonda le ngxube eyinkimbinkimbi kusisiza ukuba samukele ukuthi, nakuba kunezinto esingayenza ukuze sinciphise ubungozi, Ingozi enguziro ayinakuqinisekiswa..
Phakathi kwezici ezimiswe kahle kakhulu eziyingozi ugwayi (oyimbangela yomdlavuza enqandekayo), ukuphuza ngokweqile, ukukhuluphala, indlela yokuphila yokungawuvivinyi umzimba, ukudla okuphansi kwezithelo nemifino nenyama egayiwe eningi, nokuchayeka ngokweqile emisebeni ye-ultraviolet evela elangeni. izinto ezithile zamakhemikhali (i-benzene, i-asbestos, i-aflatoxins, i-arsenic emanzini, njll.) kanye nezinye izifo zesikhathi eside ezibangelwa amagciwane athile noma amagciwane.
Ngokuphathelene nezakhi zofuzo, abanye abantu bazalwa benezinguquko ezizuzwe njengefa okwandisa kakhulu ingozi yezimila ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko ezakhini zofuzo). I-BRCA1/BRCA2 kumdlavuza webele kanye nesibeletho(noma izinguquko ezibhekene ne-Lynch syndrome kumdlavuza we-colorectal). Ukuba nalolu hlobo loguquko akusho ukuthi umdlavuza awunakugwenywa, kodwa kwandisa amathuba uma wengezwe kwezinye izici zemvelo noma indlela yokuphila.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminyaka idlala indima ebalulekile: njengoba iminyaka ihamba, izinguquko eziningi zinqwabelana kumaseli kanye nezindlela zokulungisa i-DNA zingasebenzi kahle, okuchaza ukuthi kungani Izinhlobo eziningi zomdlavuza zenzeka kubantu abadalaKodwa-ke, lesi sifo singathinta izingane, intsha, kanye nabantu abadala, abanezinhlobo ezihlukene zezimila nokuziphatha.
Ukuvimbela: indlela yokunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza
Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi phakathi kuka-30% no-50% wezigameko zomdlavuza zingavinjelwa ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezisekelwe ebufakazini. Lawa akuwona amafomula omlingo, kodwa kunalokho... imikhuba yansuku zonke eqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okunciphisa ingozi yezinye izifo eziningi ezingapheli.
Ukuyeka ukubhema cishe kuwukungenelela okukodwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu ekunciphiseni ingozi yomdlavuza omningi (amaphaphu, amalaka, esinyeni, amanyikwe, izinso, phakathi kokunye). Ukugcina isisindo esinempilo ngokudla okulinganiselayo kanye nokuvivinya umzimba njalo nakho kunomthelela omkhulu. Kunconywa ukubeka phambili izithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu okuphelele, namaprotheni angenalutho. ukunciphisa inyama egayiwe, usawoti omningi, ushukela kanye nokudla okugayiwe kakhuluNgaphezu kwalokho, kuhle ukuba ne Ikhemisi yomphakathi njengomshayeli wokuvikela empilweni yomphakathi.
Mayelana notshwala, uma buphuzwa kancane, kuba ngcono: ngisho amanani aphakathi ahlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe yezinhlobo ezimbalwa zomdlavuza. Ukuchayeka kakhulu elangeni kufanele kugwenywe ngomthunzi, izingubo zokuzivikela, kanye ne-high-SPF sunscreen, kanye nangokudikibala [okungacacile - ngokunokwenzeka "okulenga" noma "ukushiswa yilanga"]. amadokodo okushuka okuzenzelaKuyatuseka futhi ukunciphisa ukuthintana nama-carcinogens asemsebenzini kanye nawemvelo noma nini lapho kungenzeka, ngokuhlonipha imithetho yokuphepha kanye nokukhipha umoya.
Imithi yokugoma idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni imidlavuza ethile: ukugonyelwa igciwane lesifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo B kunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi, kanye nokugonyelwa i-HPV... Yehlisa amathuba okuba nomdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho nezinye izimila ezihambisana nazo. (njengamanye omdlavuza we-oropharyngeal noma we-anal). Ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuhlola ezihlinzekwa yizinhlelo zezempilo (i-mammograms, i-cytology, i-colonoscopy) nakho kuyithuluzi eliyisisekelo lokuvimbela okwesibili, okuvumela ukutholakala kwezilonda ngezigaba zakuqala kakhulu.
Ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi, isigaba kanye nebanga lomdlavuza
Uma kusolwa umdlavuza, isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa ngokuhlola izithombe (i-X-ray, i-ultrasounds, i-CT scans, i-MRIs, i-mammograms, i-endoscopies, njll.) futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokuhlaziywa kwe-microscopic yamasampula ezicubu (biopsies). Kusuka lapho, kubalulekile ukuchaza i- isigaba (singakanani isifo esikhona nokuthi sesabalale kangakanani) kanye nezinga (ukuthi amaseli abonakala enolaka kangakanani ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu).
Isiteji sicabangela ubukhulu be-tumor, ukubandakanyeka kwama-lymph nodes aseduze, nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-metastasis ezithweni ezikude. Izinombolo zesiRomani (I kuya ku-IV) zivame ukusetshenziswa: izigaba I no-II zihambisana nezimila ezitholakala endaweni ene-prognosis engcono, kuyilapho Isigaba IV sisho isifo se-metastaticLokhu kuhlukaniswa kuvumela ochwepheshe abavela ezikhungweni ezahlukene ukuthi baqondane ngokunembile lapho bexoxa ngezimo ezithile (isibonelo, isigaba IB somdlavuza womlomo wesibeletho noma isigaba IIIA somdlavuza wamaphaphu).
Ibanga, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lisho ukuthi "ahluke kanjani" amaseli wesimila esicutshini esinempilo semvelaphi. Isimila se Izinga eliphansi lifana ncamashi nezicubu ezijwayelekile Isimila esisezingeni eliphansi ngokuvamile sikhula kancane, kuyilapho isimila sezinga eliphezulu sibonisa amaseli ashintshe kakhulu futhi sivame ukuba nolaka. Inhlanganisela yesiteji kanye nebanga iqondisa kokubili izinketho zokwelapha kanye ne-prognosis.
Isibonelo, i-prostate carcinoma yasendaweni, yezinga eliphansi, yesigaba sangaphambi kwesikhathi ingaphathwa kwezinye iziguli ngokugada okusebenzayo, kuhlehliswa noma ngokugwema ukwelashwa okuhlaselayo. Ngokuphambene, umdlavuza wesisu wezinga eliphezulu esigabeni II-III ngokuvamile udinga ukuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kuhlanganiswe nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ngenxa yengozi enkulu ye-metastasis uma kuphela ukukhishwa kabusha kwenziwa.
Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kanye nezinkinga
Ukwelashwa komdlavuza kuya ngokuya kube okomuntu siqu futhi kuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha ezihlukene kuye ngohlobo lwesimila kanye nesimo sesiguli. Okuvamile kakhulu ukuhlinza (ukususwa kwesimila uma kungenzeka), i-radiotherapy, nokwelashwa okuhleliwe okufana nokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ukwelapha okuhlosiwe, i-immunotherapy, futhi, kwezinye izimo, i-immunotherapy. Imithi yokwelapha yama-hormone yezimila ezizwela ama-hormone (njengamanye amabele kanye nomdlavuza wendlala yesinye).
Umgomo ungaba ukwelapha (ukuqeda ngokuphelele lesi sifo), ukwandisa kakhulu impilo, noma ukuphulukisa, okugxile ekudambiseni izimpawu nokuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuqeda isimila. Ukuqedela ukwelashwa ngesikhathi esinconyiwe kanye nendlela kubalulekile ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwazoNokho, ekusebenzeni kungase kuphakame izinkinga ezidinga ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Izinkinga ezihlobene nomdlavuza noma izindlela zokwelapha zawo zihlanganisa ubuhlungu, ukukhathala, isicanucanu, ukuqothuka kwezinwele, izinkinga zokugaya ukudla (uhudo, ukuqunjelwa), ukuphazamiseka kwegazi (i-anemia, izifo, ukopha), ukungalingani kwamakhemikhali (njenge-hypercalcemia), izinkinga zokuphefumula, nemiphumela yezinzwa. Kwezinye izimo, i-paraneoplastic syndromes ingase yenzeke, lapho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisabela ngendlela engavamile ku-tumor. Igcina ilimaza izicubu ezinempilo.
Uma isifo sesithuthukile noma ukwelashwa kungenzeki, ukunakekelwa kwe-palliative kubalulekile. Inhloso yawo akukhona ukwelapha, kodwa ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, nangokomoya, nokuphathwa kobuhlungu kungenye yezinto eziza kuqala. Ukunakekelwa okuhle kwe-palliative, okuhlanganisa ithuba lokuthola ukunakekelwa ekhaya kanye nokufinyelela okwanele kuma-analgesics anamandla njenge-morphine, Ithuthukisa kakhulu izinga lempilo yeziguli nemindeni..
Ulwazi lwamanje mayelana nezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zomdlavuza, izimpawu zabo, izici eziyingozi, izindlela zofuzo, kanye nezinketho zokwelapha zisivumela ukuthi sibhekane nalesi sifo ngamathuluzi amaningi kunanini ngaphambili: kusukela ekuvimbeleni nasekuhlolweni kuya emithini enembile kanye nokunakekelwa kwe-palliative (Bachaza ibhokisi elimnyama lomdlavuzaUkuqonda indlela izimila eziziphatha ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izinketho ezikhona esigabeni ngasinye kusiza ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi, bonana nodokotela ngokushesha uma uba nezimpawu ezisolisayo, futhi usebenzise kangcono izinketho zokwelashwa ezinikezwa uhlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
