Izitebhisi, ngaphandle kokuba ezibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izikhala eziphakeme ezahlukene, ziye zaba yizinto zokwakha ezigcwele incazelo, ukusebenza, kanye nobuciko iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kokhuni kwasekuqaleni komlando kuya kumiklamo emincane yanamuhla, izitebhisi ziye zashintsha ngendlela ethakazelisayo ngokwezinto zokwakha, izitayela, kanye nezinjongo. Namuhla sihlaziya izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitebhisi nokuthi zishintshe kanjani phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, sihlola izinhlobo zazo, izimpawu, kanye nokufaneleka kwazo ekwakhiweni kwanamuhla.
Ukuqonda umlando nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitebhisi kusenza sikwazi ukwazisa indima yazo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo njengento engaphezu nje kwento elula esebenzayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyisici esiyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwekhaya noma njengophawu ezakhiweni zenkolo nezomphakathi, izitebhisi zibonisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izidingo ezintsha zomphakathi, kanye nokuphishekela ubuhle kanye ne-ergonomics. Lolu lwazi lusisiza ukuba siqonde ukubaluleka kwazo ezimweni ezahlukene zomlando namasiko.
Izitebhisi zokuqala: imvelaphi kanye nezimpawu
Imvelaphi yezitebhisi isukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho abantu babesebenzisa izixazululo zokuxazulula izinguquko endaweni noma ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziphephile. Amamodeli okuqala, ahluke kakhulu kumiklamo yanamuhla ecwengekile, ayeyizingodo ezilula noma izakhiwo ezixhumene ezakhiwe ngamagatsha nemivini, ezibhekana nesidingo sokuvikelwa noma ukwenza kube lula ukuhamba endaweni engalingani.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izitebhisi zaba amathuluzi okufinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imihume yayisetshenziswa njengezindawo zokuhlala noma izindawo zokuqapha nokuzivikela . Lo msebenzi osebenzayo washeshe waba nobukhulu obungokomfanekiso, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinsalela zemivubukulo kanye nezindaba zokhokho. Isibonelo, eShayina lasendulo, elinye lala malebhisi okuqala e-granite latholakala liholela esiqongweni seNtaba iTai engcwele, esetshenziswa emikhosini yenkolo. Isitebhisi sikaJakobe esidumile saseBhayibhelini kanye noMbhoshongo waseBabele, onesimo sawo esijikelezayo, nawo aqinisa umqondo wesitebhisi njengophawu lokuhlangana phakathi kokwasemhlabeni nokwaphezulu, noma ukukhuphukela olwazini nasekudluleni.
Amasiko asendulo ayebheka izitebhisi njengezixhumanisi ezingokomoya, zesayensi, kanye nezenhlalo njengendima ebalulekile. Ngaphandle kwenani lazo lokusebenza, zazibhekwa njengezindlela zokukhuphukela ekukhanyeni noma konkulunkulu, njengoba kubonakala kumaphiramidi aseGibhithe, izitebhisi zezinkanyezi zaseNdiya, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zenganekwane. Lobu bukhulu obungokomfanekiso buhambisana nezitebhisi ngisho nanamuhla, lapho ziqhubeka zivela khona emcabangweni ohlangene njengesifaniso sentuthuko noma ukunqoba izithiyo.
Ezingeni lemvelaphi, igama elithi 'izitebhisi' livela kwelesiLatini elithi scala , elisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi scanndere (ukukhwela), liqinisa ubudlelwano balo nokunyakaza okuya phezulu kanye nokunqoba amazinga aphezulu.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okwakhayo: izinto zokwakha kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe
Ukuvela kwezitebhisi kuye kwahambisana nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha ezitholakalayo kuzo zonke izikhathi. Ekuqaleni, ukhuni lwaluvame kakhulu, kokubili ezakhiweni eziqinile neziphathekayo. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa kobuciko bamatshe kanye namasu okwakha kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha izitebhisi ngamatshe noma ngensimbi, izinto ezazinikeza ukuqina okukhulu kanye namathuba okuveza imizwa.
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, izitebhisi ezijikelezayo zanda ezinqabeni zaseYurophu ngezizathu zempi namasu . Lezi zinto ezintsha azigcinanga nje ngokusindisa isikhala futhi zenza kube lula ukuzivikela, kodwa futhi zabonisa ikhono labakhi ekuvumelaniseni amafomu nezidingo ezithile zesakhiwo ngasinye. Ukubekwa kwezitebhisi, futhi ezimweni eziningi ukungabikho kothango, kwakuyimpendulo yamaqhinga okulwa: umvikeli osesimweni esiphakeme wayenamathuba angcono okuqondisa nokuhlasela, kuyilapho umhlaseli eshiywa esengozini enkulu.
Esikhathini sakuqala sesimanje kuze kube sekhulwini le-19, ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi kwaba noguquko lwangempela ngenxa yomsebenzi wezibalo nabakhi bezakhiwo abahlela izilinganiso zazo. Isibonelo, uPeter Nicholson wasungula izindlela zezibalo zokuklama izitebhisi nezinsika ngokunemba, okwenza lo msebenzi waba seduze kakhulu nemisebenzi yokubaza kanye nokwenza izinto zobumba. Ngokufanayo, iNguquko Yezimboni kanye nokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nensimbi kanye nokhonkolo kwasiza ekuklanyweni okulula nokuqinile, kanti ngawo-1980, umakhi u-Eva Jiricna wafaka ingilazi kanye nensimbi engagqwali ukuze anikeze izitebhisi umuzwa wesikhathi esizayo nowomoya.
Njengamanje, izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zisukela kokhuni nensimbi kuya kwengilazi eqinisiwe kanye nokhonkolo oqinisiwe , okuvumela ukudalwa kwezingcezu zakudala kanye nezithombe zesimanje zangempela. Intuthuko ekukhiqizeni nasekuqedeni ubuchwepheshe ivumela imiklamo emisha nephumelelayo.
Izingxenye nezilinganiso: izakhi ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezitebhisi
Umklamo wobuchwepheshe wezitebhisi udinga ukucatshangelwa izilinganiso eziyisisekelo kanye nezingxenye ezithinta kokubili ukuphepha kwazo kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa. Lezi zilinganiso zilawulwa emazweni amaningi ngemithethonqubo ethile, njenge-Technical Building Code eSpain.
Phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile ze-staircase kukhona:
- Isinyathelo noma i-rung: Iyunithi eyakha ingxenye, eyakhiwe indawo yokunyathela (indawo ehambayo) kanye nesikhuphukeli (ingxenye eqondile yesinyathelo).
- Izigxivizo zeminwe: Ingxenye evundlile yesinyathelo. Ezindlini, ubuncane obunconywayo buzungeze u-22 cm, nakuba okulungele ukuphepha okukhulu nokunethezeka kungu-26-28 cm.
- Isikhuphukeli noma isikhuphukeli: Ingxenye eqondile yesinyathelo. Isilinganiso esingu-16 kuya ku-18 cm siyanconywa, singadluli ku-20 cm ezindaweni zokuhlala.
- Ukufika: Indawo eyisicaba exhuma izigaba noma enikeza ikhefu ohambweni olude.
- Isitimela kanye ne-handrail: Izinto zokuphepha nokusekela, ezivumela nokwelashwa okubalulekile kokuhlobisa nokuhlelekile.
- Ukuqala nokwehla: Ukuqala nokuphela kwezitebhisi, ngokulandelana.
Izilinganiso zezitebhisi kumele ziqinisekise ukuthi indawo ithambile futhi iphephile. Umthetho ojwayelekile ukuthi inani eliphindwe kabili lokuphakama kanye nendawo yokunyathela kufanele libe phakathi kuka-59 no-68 cm ( cishe ubude besinyathelo ) futhi akufanele lidlule izinyathelo ezingu-16 ngokundiza ngakunye. Ububanzi obuncane bokusetshenziswa ngasese buvame ukuba ngu-80 cm, yize lokhu kungandiswa kuye ngohlobo lwesakhiwo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitebhisi ngokuya ngokuma kwazo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezitebhisi cishe azipheli, kodwa zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezibanzi ngokwesimo sezindiza zazo kanye nokwakheka kwazo. Umklamo ngamunye uphendula ezidingweni ezihlobene nesikhala, ukusebenza, kanye nobuhle, kanye nezindinganiso zomnotho nezobuchwepheshe.
Ezinye zezigaba ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- Izitezi zendiza eyodwa: Igijima ngomugqa oqondile, ngaphandle kokuphenduka. Kuyisixazululo esilula nesisebenza kahle kakhulu, esivame kakhulu ezindlini zomndeni owodwa nasezindaweni ezincane.
- Izitebhisi phezulu naphansi: Kwakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziqondile ezihlanganiswe ngokufika, ngezindlela eziphambene. Ingenye yezilungiselelo ezinethezekile kakhulu zamabanga aphakathi.
- Izitezi ezimise okwe-U noma eziyisikwele: Ijika amadigri angu-180 endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ithatha indawo engunxande noma eyisikwele.
- Izitezi ezimise okwe-L: Izigaba ezimbili ezihlanganiswe nokuma okwakha i-engeli engama-degree angu-90.
- Izitezi ezigobile: Zethula umumo we-arc, ellipse noma umbuthano, ohlinzeka ngoketshezi kanye nokubukeka okunamandla. Zihlanganisa imiklamo kusuka ku-semicircular kuya ku-oval noma i-helical.
- Izitebhisi ezivunguzayo: Ikhula ngokuzungeza i-eksisi emaphakathi, ilungele izindawo ezinesikhala esincane. Ukusekelwa kunikezwa yile eksisi, futhi izinyathelo zikhula ngokuzungezisa. Nakuba zingaba umqansa, Zigqama ngokubaluleka kwazo kobuhle nokusebenza ezindaweni ezincane.
- Izitebhisi ze-Helical: Okuhlukile kweyangaphambili kodwa enesikhala esimaphakathi esibanzi, esiza ukujikeleza. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendawo kukhulu kodwa umthelela wayo wokubuka nawo mkhulu.
- Izitezi ezinxeshezelwe: Ihlanganisa kahle izingxenye eziqondile nezigobile, ngaphandle kokuhlala okuphakathi nendawo, idale imizila ewuketshezi eyengeziwe neyokuqala. Lo mklamo udinga ukubulawa okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile kuyabiza.
Imiklamo ekhethekile futhi esebenzayo: ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusungula
Kuwo wonke umlando, izitebhisi nazo zithuthuke ngokuphendula izidingo ezithile, zakha izixazululo zokudala nezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kulesi sigaba, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- Izitebhisi: Sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo isikhala esingaphansi kwezitebhisi ukuze ubambe esinye esigijima sibheke kolunye uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke, esikhaleni sezitebhisi zendabuko, kutholakala imizila emibili ephakeme kakhulu.
- Iladi lohlobo lwesikebhe noma unyawo lwendlovu: Idizayinelwe indawo encane, isebenzisa izinyathelo ezishintshanayo ezikuvumela ukuthi wehle noma wehle ngenkathi uthatha indawo encane.
- Isitebhisi esihoxiswayo noma esigoqekayo: Isetshenziselwa ukufinyelela okuvamile, njengama-attics noma amagumbi angaphansi, futhi ingaqoqwa ophahleni noma ezindongeni kusetshenziswa amahinge kanye nezinsimbi eziphikisanayo. Ngokuvamile zenziwe nge-aluminium noma insimbi elula, kodwa umthamo wazo womthwalo ulinganiselwe.
- Izitezi ezizihambelayo: Uphawu lwesimanjemanje, olubalulekile ezikhumulweni zezindiza, eziteshini nasezikhungweni zezitolo. Ishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukujikeleza okuqondile futhi iguqule izindawo ezihlangene.
- Izitezi eziphuthumayo: Izakhiwo ezisizayo, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi, ezixhunywe kuma-facade ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphuma ngokushesha. Okujwayelekile kakhulu emadolobheni aseMelika.
Izitebhisi ezakhiweni zesimanje: inkulumo kanye ne-minimalism
Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, izitebhisi ziye zashintsha kusukela ezixazululweni ezilula ezisebenzayo zaba yizimpawu zangempela zomklamo kanye nokubonakaliswa kobuhle. Abaklami nabaklami baye bahlola wonke amathuba abo, bawaguqula aba yizinto ezibalulekile ezichaza ubunjalo besakhiwo noma isimo saso sangaphakathi.
Isibonelo esiyinhloko salo mkhuba yiCasa Malaparte eCapri, eyaklanywa umakhi wezakhiwo u-Adalberto Libera, onezitebhisi ezisophahleni ezichaza kabusha isikhala futhi zinike indlu isimo sendawo yokubuka, i-altare, kanye nesici esiqoshiwe . Umkhuba wokwenyuka izitebhisi zawo, ukuhlangana kwemibono, kanye nokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile yemvelo kubeka izitebhisi njengesici esigcwele uphawu kanye namandla endawo.
Ukuvela akugcini nje ekwakhekeni: ukuguqulwa kwezinsika, izinsika, kanye nokuqedwa nakho kubonisa ubuhle obusha kanye namanani obuchwepheshe . Kusukela ezinsika zemabula eqoshiwe noma ukhuni olubunjiwe, sithuthele ezixazululweni ezilula nezingabonakali, sisebenzisa ingilazi, insimbi engagqwali, noma ngisho nokususa izinsika ngokuphelele ezitebhisini ezintantayo ukuze sandise ukukhanya okubonakalayo kanye nobuncane. Ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo obubunjiwe ngekhulu lama-20 kwavumela ukuvela kwezinsika ezivundlile ezimangalisayo, manje ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nasezindlini ezizimele.
Izinto zesimanje kanye nokuqeda
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zesimanje kuye kwadlula imingcele yobuciko ekwakhiweni kwezitebhisi. Ingilazi efudumele, insimbi engagqwali, kanye nokhonkolo obunjiwe kuvumela izakhiwo ezibonakala zingenakukwazi ukumelana namandla adonsela phansi, njengezitebhisi ezintantayo lapho isinyathelo ngasinye sinamathele odongeni kuphela, kususa noma yisiphi isakhiwo esibonakalayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwendawo kanye nokukhetha kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuthinta ukukhanya, isimo sokubonakala, kanye nombono wendawo . Izinkuni eziqoshiwe zakha izindawo ezifudumele nezinhle, kuyilapho insimbi ependiwe iguqula izitebhisi zibe yizicucu ngobunikazi bobuciko. I-Titanium nezinye izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivula amathuba amasha okuqina nesitayela.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenza: izitebhisi zezikhala ezincane nokufinyeleleka
Izixazululo zamanje zihlose ukwenza isikhala sibe ngcono ngaphandle kokulahla ubuhle noma ukufinyeleleka kalula. Izitebhisi ezigoqekayo, ezihoxiswayo, nezintantayo zikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise kahle yonke indawo, kuyilapho futhi zikhuthaza ukukhanya kwemvelo nomuzwa wobubanzi.
Endaweni yokufinyeleleka kalula, ukufakwa kwezitebhisi ezisebenza ngomshini kanye nomklamo olula ukusebenzisa kukhombisa ukuzibophezela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo okubandakanyayo futhi okuphephile. Lo mkhuba uhlanganisa ukusebenza nobuhle ukuqinisekisa ukunyakaza okukhululekile emazingeni ahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni zomphakathi, ama-escalator kanye nama-ramp abalulekile, ahlanganiswa ngokuzwana nezindawo zokuthenga, iziteshi kanye nezakhiwo ezinabantu abaningi, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhamba kwabantu futhi kuthuthukiswe ulwazi lomsebenzisi.
Izitebhisi zangaphandle nezimpawu ezinkulu zasemadolobheni
Izitebhisi zangaphandle nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile endaweni yasemadolobheni kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Isibonelo, isitebhisi sangaphandle se-Centre Georges Pompidou eParis siwuphawu oluhlanganisa ukusebenza kanye nobuhle, olusebenza njengento ehlukile yendawo kanye nophawu lokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Izitebhisi ezinkulu nezinkulu, njengalezo ezitholakala emathempelini, eminyuziyamu, nasemisebenzini yobuciko efana ne-The Vessel eNew York, zibonisa ukuthi izitebhisi zingaba kanjani isici sokuba khona, ukuhlangana, kanye nokuzindla ezindaweni ezivulekile. Umklamo wazo awugcini nje ngokugcwalisa imisebenzi engokoqobo kodwa futhi unikela ngenani elibonakalayo nelingokomfanekiso emadolobheni.