Izitebhisi, ngaphezu kokuba zibalulekile ekuxhumaniseni izindawo ezinobude obuhlukene, Kube yizakhi zezakhiwo ezilayishwe incazelo, ukusebenza kanye nobuciko iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwamapulangwe kwakudala kuya emiklameni emisha yanamuhla, izitebhisi zibe nokuvela kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, izitayela, nezinjongo. Namuhla sibheka izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitebhisi nokuthi zishintshe kanjani phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, sihlola izimo zazo, izimpawu, nokuhlobana nemiklamo yesimanje.
Ukuqonda umlando kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitezi kusivumela ukuba sazise indima yazo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo njengokungaphezu kwento elula yokusebenza. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyingxenye eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwekhaya noma njengophawu lwezakhiwo zezenkolo nezomphakathi, izitebhisi zibonisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izidingo ezintsha zomphakathi, kanye nokufuna ubuhle ne-ergonomics. Lolu lwazi lusiza ukuhlola ukubaluleka kwalo ezimweni ezehlukene zomlando namasiko.
Izitebhisi zokuqala: imvelaphi kanye nezimpawu
Umsuka wezitebhisi uhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando, lapho abantu bethuthukisa izixazululo zokunqoba indawo engalingani noma ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziphephile. Amamodeli okuqala, kude nemiklamo yanamuhla ecwengisisiwe, kwakuyiziqu ezixhumene ezilula noma izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngamagatsha nemivini, ezisabela esidingweni sokuvikelwa noma ukwenza kube lula ukuhamba lapho kubhekwa izici zendawo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izitebhisi zaba amathuluziukufinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imihume eguqulelwe njengezindawo zokuhlala noma izindawo zamasu okufanele zibukwe futhi zizivikele. Lo msebenzi ongokoqobo ngokushesha wathola isici esingokomfanekiso, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela zemivubukulo nezindaba zokhokho. Ngokwesibonelo, eShayina yasendulo, kwatholakala esinye sezitebhisi zokuqala zegwadle eziholela esiqongweni seNtaba iTai Shan engcwele, eyayisetshenziswa emikhosini yenkolo. ILali likaJakobe elidumile lasebhayibhelini kanye noMbhoshongo WaseBabele, ngesimo sawo se-helical, nawo ahlanganisa umqondo wesitebhisi njengophawu lokuhlangana phakathi kokwasemhlabeni nokwaphezulu, noma ukukhuphukela olwazini nasekudluleni.
Amasiko asendulo athi izitebhisi zinendima ebalulekile njengokuxhumana ngokomoya, kwesayensi nezenhlalo. Ngalé kwenani lazo lokusebenza, ayebhekwa njengezindlela zokukhuphuka eziya ekukhanyeni noma konkulunkulu, njengoba kubonakala emibhoshongweni yaseGibhithe, ezitebhisini zezinkanyezi zaseNdiya, kanye nezakhiwo eziningi zenganekwane. Lesi sici esingokomfanekiso sihambisana nezitebhisi kuze kube namuhla, lapho ziqhubeka nokuvela emcabangweni ohlangene njengesingathekiso senqubekelaphambili noma impumelelo.
Ngokwe-Etymologically, igama elithi 'ladder' livela kwisiLatini scala, elisuselwa ku scan (ukukhuphuka), ukuqinisa ukuhlangana kwayo nokuya phezulu kanye nokunqotshwa kwamazinga aphezulu.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okwakhayo: izinto zokwakha kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe
Ukuvela kwezitebhisi kuhambisane nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha ezitholakala enkathini ngayinye. Ekuqaleni, ukhuni lwaluvame kakhulu, kokubili ezakhiweni ezingashintshi futhi eziphathwayo. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa kwamatshe kanye namasu okubumba kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwakha izitebhisi ngetshe noma insimbi, izinto ezinikeza ukuqina okukhulu kanye namathuba acacile.
Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, Izitebhisi ezivunguzayo zanda ezinqabeni zaseYurophu ngezizathu zempi namasu.. Lezi zindlela ezintsha azigcinanga nje ngokusindisa isikhala nokuvikela kalula, kodwa futhi zibonise ikhono labakhi lokujwayela amafomu nezidingo ezithile zesakhiwo ngasinye. Ukubekwa nokungabikho kokuhlambalaza ezimweni eziningi kuphendule kumaqhinga okulwa: umvikeli osesikhundleni esiphezulu wayenamathuba angcono okuqondisa nokuhlasela, kuyilapho umhlaseli esengozini kakhulu.
Esikhathini Sanamuhla futhi kuze kube sekhulwini le-19, Ukwakhiwa kwezitebhisi kwaba nenguquko yangempela sibonga umsebenzi wezibalo nabadwebi bezakhiwo abahlele ukulinganisa kwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, uPeter Nicholson, wenza izindlela zezibalo zokuklama ngokunembile izitebhisi nama-railing, okusondeza okukhethekile emisebenzini yokubaza nokubaza. Ngokufanayo, uguquko lwezimboni nokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ezifana nensimbi nokhonkolo kusize amadizayini alula futhi amelana kakhulu, kwathi ngeminyaka yawo-1980, umakhi u-Eva Jiricna wahlanganisa ingilazi nensimbi engagqwali ukuze anikeze izitebhisi umuzwa wekusasa futhi ongasindi.
Okwamanje, Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zivela enkuni nasensimbini kuya engilazini epholile kanye nokhonkolo oqinisiwe., okuvumela ukudalwa kwakho kokubili izingcezu zakudala nemifanekiso eqoshiwe yeqiniso yesimanje. Intuthuko ekukhiqizeni nasekuqedeni ubuchwepheshe ivumela imiklamo emisha futhi esebenza kahle.
Izingxenye nezilinganiso: izakhi ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwezitebhisi
Idizayini yobuchwepheshe yezitezi idinga ukucabangela izilinganiso eziyisisekelo kanye nezingxenye ezithinta kokubili ukuphepha kwaso nokusebenziseka kalula. Lezi zilinganiso zilawulwa emazweni amaningi ngemithetho ethile, njenge-Technical Building Code e-Spain.
Phakathi kwezinto ezibalulekile ze-staircase kukhona:
- Isinyathelo noma i-rung: Iyunithi eyakha ingxenye, eyakhiwe indawo yokunyathela (indawo ehambayo) kanye nesikhuphukeli (ingxenye eqondile yesinyathelo).
- Izigxivizo zeminwe: Ingxenye evundlile yesinyathelo. Ezindlini, ubuncane obunconywayo buzungeze u-22 cm, nakuba okulungele ukuphepha okukhulu nokunethezeka kungu-26-28 cm.
- Isikhuphukeli noma isikhuphukeli: Ingxenye eqondile yesinyathelo. Isilinganiso esingu-16 kuya ku-18 cm siyanconywa, singadluli ku-20 cm ezindaweni zokuhlala.
- Ukufika: Indawo eyisicaba exhuma izigaba noma enikeza ikhefu ohambweni olude.
- Isitimela kanye ne-handrail: Izinto zokuphepha nokusekela, ezivumela nokwelashwa okubalulekile kokuhlobisa nokuhlelekile.
- Ukuqala nokwehla: Ukuqala nokuphela kwezitebhisi, ngokulandelana.
Izilinganiso zezitebhisi kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthambekela okukhululekile nokuphephile. Umthetho wakudala ukuthi isamba esiphindwe kabili isikhuphukeli kanye nokunyathela kufanele sibe phakathi kuka-59 no-68 cm (cishe ubude besinyathelo) futhi angeqi ngaphezu kwezinyathelo eziyi-16 indiza ngayinye. Ububanzi obuncane bokusetshenziswa kwangasese ngokuvamile bungama-80 cm, nakuba bungandiswa kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesakhiwo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitebhisi ngokuya ngokuma kwazo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezitebhisi zicishe zingapheli, kodwa zingahlanganiswa zibe izinhlobo ezinkulu ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwezigaba zazo kanye nohlelo lwazo lwaphansi. Idizayini ngayinye isabela esikhaleni, ukusebenza, nezidingo zobuhle, kanye nemibandela yezomnotho neyobuchwepheshe.
Ezinye zezigaba ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
- Izitezi zendiza eyodwa: Igijima ngomugqa oqondile, ngaphandle kokuphenduka. Kuyisixazululo esilula nesisebenza kahle kakhulu, esivame kakhulu ezindlini zomndeni owodwa nasezindaweni ezincane.
- Izitebhisi phezulu naphansi: Kwakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili eziqondile ezihlanganiswe ngokufika, ngezindlela eziphambene. Ingenye yezilungiselelo ezinethezekile kakhulu zamabanga aphakathi.
- Izitezi ezimise okwe-U noma eziyisikwele: Ijika amadigri angu-180 endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ngokuvamile ithatha indawo engunxande noma eyisikwele.
- Izitezi ezimise okwe-L: Izigaba ezimbili ezihlanganiswe nokuma okwakha i-engeli engama-degree angu-90.
- Izitezi ezigobile: Zethula umumo we-arc, ellipse noma umbuthano, ohlinzeka ngoketshezi kanye nokubukeka okunamandla. Zihlanganisa imiklamo kusuka ku-semicircular kuya ku-oval noma i-helical.
- Izitebhisi ezivunguzayo: Ikhula ngokuzungeza i-eksisi emaphakathi, ilungele izindawo ezinesikhala esincane. Ukusekelwa kunikezwa yile eksisi, futhi izinyathelo zikhula ngokuzungezisa. Nakuba zingaba umqansa, Zigqama ngokubaluleka kwazo kobuhle nokusebenza ezindaweni ezincane.
- Izitebhisi ze-Helical: Okuhlukile kweyangaphambili kodwa enesikhala esimaphakathi esibanzi, esiza ukujikeleza. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendawo kukhulu kodwa umthelela wayo wokubuka nawo mkhulu.
- Izitezi ezinxeshezelwe: Ihlanganisa kahle izingxenye eziqondile nezigobile, ngaphandle kokuhlala okuphakathi nendawo, idale imizila ewuketshezi eyengeziwe neyokuqala. Lo mklamo udinga ukubulawa okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile kuyabiza.
Imiklamo ekhethekile futhi esebenzayo: ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokusungula
Kuwo wonke umlando, izitebhisi nazo ziye zavela ekuphenduleni izidingo ezithile, zikhiqiza izixazululo zokudala nezisebenza kakhulu. Kulesi sigaba, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
- Izitebhisi: Sebenzisa ngokunenzuzo isikhala esingaphansi kwezitebhisi ukuze ubambe esinye esigijima sibheke kolunye uhlangothi. Ngakho-ke, esikhaleni sezitebhisi zendabuko, kutholakala imizila emibili ephakeme kakhulu.
- Iladi lohlobo lwesikebhe noma unyawo lwendlovu: Idizayinelwe indawo encane, isebenzisa izinyathelo ezishintshanayo ezikuvumela ukuthi wehle noma wehle ngenkathi uthatha indawo encane.
- Isitebhisi esihoxiswayo noma esigoqekayo: Isetshenziselwa ukufinyelela okuvamile, njengama-attics noma amagumbi angaphansi, futhi ingaqoqwa ophahleni noma ezindongeni kusetshenziswa amahinge kanye nezinsimbi eziphikisanayo. Ngokuvamile zenziwe nge-aluminium noma insimbi elula, kodwa umthamo wazo womthwalo ulinganiselwe.
- Izitezi ezizihambelayo: Uphawu lwesimanjemanje, olubalulekile ezikhumulweni zezindiza, eziteshini nasezikhungweni zezitolo. Ishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukujikeleza okuqondile futhi iguqule izindawo ezihlangene.
- Izitezi eziphuthumayo: Izakhiwo ezisizayo, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi, ezixhunywe kuma-facade ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphuma ngokushesha. Okujwayelekile kakhulu emadolobheni aseMelika.
Izitebhisi ezakhiweni zesimanje: inkulumo kanye ne-minimalism
Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, izitebhisi zishintshile ekubeni yizixazululo ezilula ezisebenzayo zaba yizithonjana zangempela zedizayini nokuvezwa kobuhle. Abadwebi bezakhiwo nabaklami baye bahlola wonke amathuba abo, bawaguqula abe yizicucu ezibalulekile ezichaza ubunikazi besakhiwo noma imvelo yangaphakathi.
Ireferensi yalo mkhuba yiCasa Malaparte eCapri, umsebenzi womdwebi wezakhiwo u-Adalberto Libera, onesitebhisi sophahla esichaza kabusha isikhala futhi unikeze indlu uhlamvu lombono, i-altare kanye nesici esibaziwe. Isiko lokukhuphuka ezinyathelweni zakhona, umdlalo wokubuka izinto, kanye nokusebenzisana nendawo ezungezile yemvelo kubeka izitezi njengento eshajelwe ngophawu namandla okushintsha kwendawo.
I-Evolution ayikhawulelwe efomini: Ukuguqulwa kwama-railing, ama-handrails kanye nokuqedwa nakho kukhombisa amanani amasha wobuhle nobuchwepheshe. Kusuka kumabula enziwe ngemabula noma okhuni oluphendukile, siye sadlulela kuzixazululo ezilula nezingacacile, sisebenzisa ingilazi, insimbi engagqwali, noma ngisho nokususa izinsimbi ezitebhisini ezintantayo ukuze sikhulise ukukhanya okubonakalayo kanye neminimalism. Ukusetshenziswa kokhonkolo we-formwork kwavumela ukuvela kwezitebhisi ezimangalisayo ze-helical ekhulwini lama-20, manje ezivamile kuzo zombili izindawo zomphakathi nezindawo zokuhlala ezizimele.
Izinto zesimanje kanye nokuqeda
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zanamuhla kuye kwacindezela imingcele yokudala ekwakhiweni kwezitebhisi. Ingilazi epholile, insimbi engagqwali, nokhonkolo okhonkolo kuvumela izakhiwo ezibonakala zingahambisani namandla adonsela phansi, njengezitebhisi ezintantayo lapho isinyathelo ngasinye sigxilwe odongeni kuphela, sisusa noma yisiphi isakhiwo esibonakalayo.
Futhi, Isiphetho esingaphezulu nokukhetha kokukhanyayo komthelela wento, uhlamvu olubonakalayo kanye nombono wendawo. Izinkuni ezilahliwe zakha izindawo ezifudumele nezinhle, kuyilapho insimbi ependiwe iguqula izitebhisi zibe yizicucu ezinobunikazi bobuciko. I-Titanium nezinye izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zivula amathuba amasha wamandla nesitayela.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokusebenza: izitebhisi zezikhala ezincane nokufinyeleleka
Izixazululo zamanje zifuna ukuthuthukisa isikhala ngaphandle kokudela ubuhle noma ukufinyeleleka. Izitebhisi ezigoqekayo, ezihlehliswayo, nezintantayo zikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise wonke amakhona, kuyilapho zithuthukisa ukukhanya kwemvelo nomuzwa wobubanzi.
Emkhakheni wokufinyelela, ukufakwa kwezitebhisi ezenziwe ngomshini futhi idizayini enabo bonke abasebenzisi engqondweni ibonisa ukuzibophezela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu neziphephile. Umkhuba uhlanganisa ukusebenza nobuhle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba ngokunethezeka kumazinga ahlukene.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni zomphakathi, ama-escalators nama-ramp abalulekile, Ukuhlanganisa ngokuvumelana ezindaweni zokuthenga, iziteshi, nezakhiwo ezinethrafikhi ephezulu, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhamba kwabantu nokuthuthukisa ulwazi lomsebenzisi.
Izitebhisi zangaphandle nezimpawu ezinkulu zasemadolobheni
Izitebhisi zangaphandle nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile endaweni yasemadolobheni kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Izitebhisi ezizihambelayo zangaphandle e-Center Georges Pompidou e-Paris, isibonelo, isithonjana esihlanganisa ukusebenza nobuhle, sisebenza njengengxenye ehlukile yesikhala kanye nophawu lokuqamba okusha.
Izitebhisi ezinkulu eziyisikhumbuzo, njengalezo zamathempeli, iminyuziyamu nemisebenzi yobuciko efana ne Vessel ENew York, bakhombisa ukuthi kanjani izitebhisi zingaba isici sokuba khona, ukuhlangana nokuzindla ezindaweni ezivulekile. Ukuklama kwayo akuxazululi kuphela imisebenzi ewusizo, kodwa futhi yengeza inani elibonakalayo nelingokomfanekiso emadolobheni.