Imvelo ingesinye sezici ezibalulekile umuntu agxile kuzo ekuvikeleni ukongiwa kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, ukusungula imingcele, izinqubomgomo nezinkomba zemvelo ezikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu kumelela ukulinganiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza emhlabeni, ake sifunde okwengeziwe mayelana Nezinkomba Zezemvelo esihlokweni esilandelayo.
Izinkomba zemvelo
Umuntu uye wabonakala ngokuzuza inzuzo enkulu emithonjeni yemvelo eyakha indawo ezungezile, eveza ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokungalawuleki ezicini eziningi, okubangela imiphumela engathi sína njengokuwohloka kwenhlabathi, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile, ukwanda kokukhishwa kwegesi , ukungcoliswa kwamanzi agelezayo, phakathi abanye abaningi. Ngakho-ke, izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo yasungulwa ngezinqumo ezenziwa maqondana nemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela kudale izinkomba zemvelo.
Isikhombi simelela uhlobo lolwazi lwekhwalithi noma lomthamo olwakhiwe iqoqo lemininingwane esekelwe emibonweni, izibalo, izinombolo, amaqiniso kanye nezilinganiso; Ngazo, izinqubo kanye nokuhlola kungenziwa ukuze kuthathwe izinqumo ecaleni elithile. Bamele isici esibhekwayo ezindabeni ezihlukene zomhlaba ezifana nezomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye nezemvelo.
Izinkomba zezemvelo zihambisana nemingcele esetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ohlelweni lwezemvelo, kucatshangelwa izici zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji, zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho. Ngazo ungahlola yonke imininingwane yezemvelo yezwe noma umphakathi njengesimo sezulu, i-ecosystem, indawo ezungezile, phakathi kokunye; Babhekana neqoqo lezibalo ezikwazi ukukhombisa izimo lapho imvelo yomkhakha othile itholakala khona.
Ngezinkomba zezemvelo, isimo sendawo ezungezile, ukusimama kwayo yonke imithombo yemvelo kanye nokuhlobana enakho nemisebenzi yabantu kungadalulwa; Nakuba zisetshenziswa kabanzi, ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezinga lobunkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu zingahlukaniswa njengezinkomba zezemvelo ezinomthamo noma ezisezingeni eliphakeme, eyokuqala inesibopho sokunikeza ulwazi ngento ethile, kanti eyesibili igxile ekubhekweni kwamaqiniso.
Izici
Izinkomba zezemvelo zihlanganisa iqoqo lolwazi oluzosetshenziswa njengethuluzi, zisebenza ekuhlaziyeni izinqumo zezombusazwe ngaphakathi kwemvelo, zisetshenziswa ngisho nasezikhungweni nasezinkampanini ukuze zibe yizinkomba zentuthuko esimeme, ngaphezu kokubambisana nokunciphisa umthelela kwezemvelo. . Izici ezibalulekile izinkomba zemvelo okufanele zibe nazo yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Cabangela idatha emele ikhwalithi nokwethembeka.
- Yiba idatha elula ukuphatha futhi kulula ukuyiqonda.
- Isibikezelo senguquko engenzeka engalungile ngaphakathi kwemvelo.
- Izindleko kufanele zihambisane nokusebenza kahle.
- Izwela izinguquko ezahlukene.
- Ulwazi oluqondile olunganikezi olunye uhlobo lokuhumusha.
- Nikeza ukuqhathanisa okungenzeka kwamazwe ngamazwe.
- Ukumboza izici zomnotho nezenhlalo njengohlelo lolwazi oluhlobene.
Izinhlobo Zezinkomba Zemvelo
Izinkomba zezemvelo zingaba ngobuningi, ezimele ipharamitha ehlola imithelela, izinyathelo ezilinganayo futhi ihlole izinjongo zephrojekthi; futhi igqamisa izici zekhwalithi ezisuselwe emibonweni nemibono eyenziwe inhlolovo. Ngenxa yalezi zici kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinkomba zemvelo:
Thayipha I
Yilezo zinkomba ezinokuqapha unomphela, ezinikeza ulwazi lwakamuva nolwazi oluphelele.
Thayipha i-2
Ziyizinkomba ezidinga izibalo ngoba idatha yazo iyingxenye futhi ivela ekuqashweni okuhlala njalo, ngakho-ke, zidinga ulwazi olwengeziwe, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuchazwa kwemiphumela etholiwe.
Thayipha i-3
Lolu hlobo lwesikhombisi alunaso isisekelo sezibalo futhi alusekelwe kudatha etholakalayo noma, lubhekwa njengomqondo; kwezinye izimo zingabhekwa njengekhwalithi.
Izibonelo Zezinkomba Zemvelo
Ngokuhlukanisa izinkomba zemvelo, kuvumela ukutholwa lapho idatha etholakalayo ikuphi nalapho kudingeka khona ukuthuthukiswa kokuqoqwa. Ngakho-ke, ezinye zezinkomba zemvelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zizogqanyiswa ngezansi:
I-Sustainable Economic Welfare Index (IBES)
Inkomba yenhlalakahle yezomnotho esimeme eyaziwa ngesifushaniso sayo esithi IBES, iyinkomba yezomnotho, ibhekisela ekuzinzeni kwenhlalakahle yabantu; Yithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukulandisa ngezindleko ezenziwa abathengi kanye neminikelo yasekhaya.
Le nkomba yasungulwa nguHerman Daly noJohn Cobb phakathi kuka-1989 no-1994, okuyinani lezinombolo elihlanganisa isisindo esithile kanye nokuguquguquka kwezomnotho, ezemvelo kanye nezenhlalakahle; okuguquguqukayo ukusetshenziswa okulungisiwe kanye ne-Gini coefficient (ebhekisela ekungalinganini kwezenhlalo nezomnotho). Ukugcizelela le nto yokugcina yokufinyelela inani eliphakathi kuka-0 no-1, uma ikuziro imelela ukuthi ukulingana kuphelele kuyilapho uma ilingana nokukodwa ibhekisela kukho ukungalingani.
Kubhekwa njengenye inkomba ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola intuthuko esimeme yendawo ethile, kuhlanganisa izici zezinga lemfundo, impilo yabantu, ukutholwa kwempahla, phakathi kokunye. Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kanye nezinye indices ukwazi izimo zenhlalo-mnotho yesizwe.
Inkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu (HDI)
I-Human Development Index ihambisana nenkomba enesibopho sokuhlaziya intuthuko yabantu esizweni kubhekwa impilo yaso, imfundo kanye neholo lezomnotho. Lolu hlobo lwenkomba lukala zonke izimpumelelo ezitholwe emikhakheni eyisisekelo eqinisekisa ubude bempilo ende nenempilo, kusukela eminyakeni yokufunda kwezingane kuya emfundweni yasenyuvesi kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-25 ubudala.
I-HDI idalwe uHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa KweNhlangano Yezizwe (UNDP), njengezibalo ezisebenzisa izinkomba ezijwayelekile zobukhulu obuthathu obubonisiwe (impilo, imfundo nomnotho), ngayinye izohlolwa ngokwezimpawu ezichazwe ngezansi :
- Impilo, ikalwa ngezimo zokuphila ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
- Imfundo, inomthwalo wemfanelo wokulinganisa ukufunda nokubhala kwabantu abadala ngokukuhlobanisa nemfundo eyisisekelo, eyesibili, ephakeme kanye neyamanyuvesi.
- Ukutholwa komnotho, kukalwa nge-gross domestic product per capita (PPP) ngamadola ase-US.
Inkomba ye-Environmental Sustainability (ISA)
Inkomba yokusimama kwemvelo yasungulwa ngo-2001 yi-World Economic Forum, i-Yale University kanye ne-Columbia University. Inesibopho sokwenza izilinganiso zesikhathi eside zenani elikhulu lezinto eziguquguqukayo (cishe ezingama-67 sezizonke), ezakhiwe ngendlela yokuhlelwa kwezigaba kubudlelwano bezenhlalo nezomnotho wezwe, okuhlanganisa izici ezimbalwa zemvelo ezithonya isibalo salo.
Phakathi kwezici zemvelo ezihloliwe, ezingu-22 zigqamile sezizonke, ezihlanganisa izihloko ezilandelayo: ukuncishiswa kwemfucuza, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ezolimo, ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisayo, izinga lamanzi, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ubuningi bezindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukwanda kwabantu, umbono wenkohlakalo, ukuvikelwa kwempahla yamazwe ngamazwe, phakathi kwabanye. Lolu hlobo lwenkomba luhlanganisa amandla omphakathi futhi lucabangela ukuphathwa kwemvelo, kodwa kufanele luhlobane nenye ipharamitha yezemvelo ukuze kube nokunemba okukhulu kwemiphumela.
Inkomba yokusebenza kwemvelo (EPI)
Ithathwa njengenkomba yezemvelo, imele isifinyezo se-EPI segama layo ku-English Environmental Performance Index. Kuyindlela enesibopho sokulinganisa ukusebenza kwezingxenye zezemvelo zezombusazwe zezwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Yasungulwa ngo-1999 nango-2005 yi-International Centre for Earth Sciences (Yale University) kanye ne-Information Network ye-International Centre for Earth Sciences (Columbia University). Okuhloswe ngakho ukumemezela umthelela wemithetho nezinqubomgomo ngendawo ezungezile.
Yakhiwe kanye ne-Environmental Sustainability Index (ISA) yiwo womabili amanyuvesi.Endabeni ye-ISA, umthelela wokusimama kwemvelo yezenhlalo nezomnotho wezwe uzovezwa, yingakho ithathwa njengepharamitha yokuqoqwa kwedatha, kuyilapho i-EPI igxile kumphumela wenkomba yokuqala, okuvumela ukubuka ukuqhathanisa kwezombusazwe kanye nomthelela wesayensi. Maphakathi no-2018, i-Environmental Performance Index (EPI) yenza izinguquko eziguquguqukayo nezisindo, okuhlanganisa izingxenye zempilo yemvelo kanye namandla ezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kokuhlobana kwayo phakathi kwezinkomba.
I-Global Green Economy Index (GGEI)
Yaziwa ngesifinyezo sayo ngesiNgisi i-Global Green Economy (GGEI), yasungulwa ngo-2010 lapho ishicilelwa inkampani yezemvelo i-Dual Citizen LLC. Iqukethe ifemu yezokubonisana yaseMelika eshicilele idokhumenti edale izinguquko ezinkulu ekutshalweni kwezimali kwamazwe acishe abe ngu-80, agxile ekuqondiseni umnotho womhlaba ezinqubweni ezisimeme nezingasizungezile.
Ngakho-ke, i-GGEI ikhuthaza umnotho womhlaba wonke wezemvelo emnothweni oluhlaza, okusekelwe ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kwezinqumo zezombusazwe, okungasheshisa izinguquko ezinqubweni zokusebenza ezihambisana nemvelo. Konke lokhu kuhlola imingcele emine esemqoka: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ubuholi bezepolitiki, ukutshalwa kwezimali ngempumelelo kanye nemvelo.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ngokuthuthukisa umnotho oluhlaza kungaba yisixazululo esiyinhloko senkinga yezemvelo nezomnotho iplanethi yomhlaba edlula kuyo, ngakho-ke inkomba isebenzisa izinqubo ezisezingeni eliphakeme nezomthamo emazweni anenqubekelaphambili enkulu yezemvelo, njengeJapan, Netherlands, Canada , New Zealand, Italy, South Korea, China, Thailand, Switzerland, Norway, Germany, Taiwan, France, Finland, Mexico, Albania, Chile, Colombia, phakathi kwabanye.
I-Ecological Footprint (EF)
Eyaziwa ngokuthi inkomba yomthelela emvelweni, yazalwa ngenxa yesicelo somuntu semithombo yemvelo endaweni ezungezile yeplanethi engumhlaba, konke ngenjongo yokwanelisa izidingo zomuntu kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komphakathi. Ngakho-ke, le nkomba ihlobene nekhono lomhlaba lokuvuselela zonke lezo zinsiza ezitholwe ngumuntu, okugqamisa ukuthi kunemithombo engavuselelwa ngokushesha (izitshalo, amadlelo, phakathi kokunye) kodwa kunezinye ezithatha iminyaka eminingi. -abakhulayo (amahlathi, amafutha, amaminerali, phakathi kwabanye); kucatshangelwa izimo zebhayoloji, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zalolu hlobo lwenkomba.
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlola i-Ecological Footprint iwukwazi umthelela ovezwa izenzo zomuntu emhlabeni, kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi zibe nomthelela endleleni yabo yokuphila nentuthuko yomphakathi kodwa zibangele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwezimiso zemvelo, okubangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukulima ngokweqile, ukungazali kwenhlabathi, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukukhishwa kwamagesi angcolisayo emkhathini, phakathi kokunye. Ngakho-ke, kuphakama isidingo sokuqhathanisa imikhuba yabantu eyenziwa ngonyaka ngamunye kanye nezwe ngalinye, ngale ndlela ukusetshenziswa kwensiza kuzolawulwa.
Njengamanje, isilinganiso sokuphila kwemvelo sicishe sibe amahektha angu-2,2 emhlabeni wonke ngokusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho izibalo zethiyori ziwukuthi kufanele kube amahektha angu-1,8; ukuqaphela ukuthi umthamo weqiwe futhi ukuvuselelwa okwanele kweplanethi akuvunyelwe. Nakuba uma kwenziwa ucwaningo ngamazwe isilinganiso siphezulu kakhulu, emazweni athuthukile njenge-United States singamahektha angu-8,2, eJapane amahektha amahlanu; kodwa amazwe angathuthukile njengeColombia afinyelela kumahektha ayi-5.
I-Living Planet Index (LPI)
Ihambisana nenkomba enesibopho sokukala inala yezilwane zasendle ezitholakala emhlabeni weplanethi, igxile ekuqapheni ukwehlukahlukana kwezilwane ezinjengezinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezihlala emanzini, izilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlanzi. Yasungulwa yinhlangano yeWorld Wildlife Found International (WWF) ngo-1970.
Ngale nkomba, kube nokwenzeka ukuhlonza ukwehla okunamandla kwezinhlobo zezilwane kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kuya ku-2010, okucishe kube ngama-52%, kubhekwa ukuncipha kokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane kulezo zifunda ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nasezindaweni ezishisayo, kuwumphumela oqondile wokuncipha izindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo. Lolu hlobo lwenkomba lusitshela ukuthi kufanele sisungule izindlela zokuvikela izilwane ezindaweni ezihlukene zemvelo.
I-Carbon footprint
I-carbon footprint iyinkomba ekhombisa inani lamagesi abamba ukushisa akhishelwa emkhathini ngomuntu ngamunye, inhlangano, idolobha kanye nezimboni; lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi kudala umphumela oqondile nongaqondile emhlabeni. Kuphinde kwaziwe ngokuthi wuphawu lonyawo lomuntu oludala umthelela emhlabeni, lwazalwa ngenhloso yokulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okusuka ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi kukhiqize amagesi afana ne-carbon dioxide kanye ne-methane elimaza umhlaba. ungqimba lwe-ozone.
Ngokusebenzisa i-carbon footprint, i-inventory ye-greenhouse effect ekhishwayo ingalinganiswa, ngokusekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zobubanzi:
- Ububanzi 1 - Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Ebamba Ukushisa Okuqondile
Ububanzi bokuqala bugxile ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa okuqondile, ngokujwayelekile lezo ezixhumene nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqala futhi asetshenziselwe ukusatshalaliswa. Isibonelo, lezo ezivela ezithandweni, ama-boilers, ukukhishwa okubalekela kusuka ku-air conditioning, ukukhishwa kwe-methane okuvela emigodini, phakathi kokunye, kuyagqama. Ziyizakhiwo ezilawulwa amabhizinisi azikhiphayo.
- Ububanzi 2 - Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Ebamba Ukushisa Engaqondile
Lokhu ukukhishwa okungaqondile kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, okubangelwa ukusetshenziswa okungaqondile kwamandla ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwamandla kagesi lapho uxhuma izinto zikagesi ezifana nama-microwave, amafriji, amakhompyutha, imishini yokuwasha, phakathi kokunye; Kuhlanganisa lokho kudla okuvela emakhaya, emahhovisi, ezitolo ngisho nasezinkampanini.
- Ububanzi 3 (Okunye Ukukhishwa Okungaqondile)
Kuhlanganisa ukukhishwa okuvela emandleni ahlobene nezinqubo zokukhiqiza, isibonelo saleli cala ukukhishwa nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezitholakala ezinhlanganweni, ukuthuthwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuhamba komsebenzi ngezindlela zokuthutha zangaphandle, phakathi kwabanye; ihambelana nalabo abangabesithathu futhi abasebenzisa izinsiza zezinye imidiya.
Izinyawo zamanzi
Imele inkomba yezemvelo enesibopho sokulinganisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi, echaza umthamo ophelele wamanzi ahlanzekile asetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza izinsizakalo ezisetshenziswa abantu nsuku zonke. Ngokucabangela ukuthi ihlola amanzi asetshenzisiwe, ahwamukile noma angcoliswe isikhathi esithile ngumuntu ngamunye, imiphakathi, izinkampani, izwe, phakathi kwabanye.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXjBehYvRIQ
Le nkomba ifuna ukwazi umthelela wemithombo yamanzi ekukhiqizweni kwempahla, okuhlanganisa izibalo ezikala isidingo sokusebenzisa nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuya kumthengi wokugcina. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinyathelo zamanzi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwethula umsuka wamanzi, ezigqanyiswe ngezansi:
- I-Green Water Footprint
Kubhekiselwa kulawo manzi aphuma emvuleni, agcinwe emhlabathini futhi aqongelela phezulu nezingqimba ezingaphansi komhlaba, ahambisana nalawo manzi atholakala ezitshalweni ukuze zithuthuke ngokuqhubekayo.
- I-Blue Water Footprint
Ihambisana namanzi aphuma emithonjeni yemvelo noma yokwenziwa, ephathelene nalezo ngqalasizinda ezisetshenziswa umuntu, ihlobene nokusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi ahlanzekile.
- I-Gray Water Footprint
Amanzi angcolile ngemva kokuphathwa, ngokuvamile kuyanconywa ukuthi ahlanjululwe noma angabi namandla ukuze ahlangabezane nawo wonke amapharamitha agqanyisiwe kumithethonqubo yezwe ngalinye.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: