Impucuko yamaMeya ibilokhu ingamangali ngentuthuko yayo ezindaweni ezithile zesayensi, imibhoshongo yayo ebabazekayo, ukubonwa kwayo okunembe ngokwedlulele kwezinkanyezi nokunye. Lapha sizokwazi ukuthi kungani kwaba yimpucuko yokuqala ukusebenzisa i-zero kanye ne Izinombolo zamaMayan ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100.
Izinombolo zamaMayan ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100
Uhlelo lwezinombolo olwalusetshenziswa amaMeya kwakuyisimiso sezikhundla esasisekelwe enombolweni yamashumi amabili (vigesimal) Lolu hlelo abanye abalubiza ngokuthi “ukubala okude” lwalusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekubaleni amakhalenda, ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwamaMeya ayesebenzisa i-non-positional additive system ifana kakhulu nesistimu yezinombolo eyayisetshenziswa abaseGibhithe lasendulo.
Ukubala kwe-Mayan kusebenzisa uhlelo olufana nesistimu ye-positional esekelwe enombolweni yamashumi ayisithupha (i-sexagesimal) eyayisetshenziswa amaSumer asendulo kanye nesimiso sendawo yasendulo esekelwe enombolweni yeshumi (idesimali) eyayisetshenziswa amaShayina ukubala etafuleni lokubala ( Abaco ) .
Uhlelo lwemigqa namaphuzu olwalusetshenziswa amaMayans ukubala kwawo futhi lwaluvele lusetshenziswa emasikweni asendulo aseMesoamerica kusukela cishe ngonyaka oyinkulungwane ngaphambi kukaKristu. Isistimu yedeshi namachashazi kanye nesistimu yenani lendawo cishe yathuthukiswa esikweni lase-Monte Albán futhi yasetshenziswa i-Olmec, phakathi kokunye.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amaMeya athatha lesi simiso ngesikhathi seLate Preclassic futhi afaka uphawu olumele uziro ohlanganisa igobolondo elingenalutho. Lokhu kuvezwa kukaziro kungaba ukubonakala kwakuqala okwaziwayo komqondo wokungabi nalutho okusobala emhlabeni, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi kwandulelwa uhlelo lwaseBabiloni.
Ukufana komklamo wezinombolo zamaMaya nezinombolo zasendulo zaseGibhithe, amaRoma kanye nezamaShayina zasendulo kungenxa yokuthi ekuqaleni izibalo azizange zenziwe ephepheni. Izinombolo zazibekwe endaweni eyisicaba ngezinduku ezikhethekile. AmaMayans nawo asebenzisa igobolondo elingenalutho futhi, mhlawumbe, amatshe noma imigodi yezithelo.
Ekuqaleni, u-zero wayesetshenziswa njenge-positional notation, okubonisa ukungabikho kwesibalo esithile se-calendrical, kamuva yathuthukiswa njengenombolo engasetshenziswa ekubalweni futhi yafakwa ezichasiselweni zeglyphic ezasetshenziswa iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. ukufika kwabaseSpain abaqeda ukusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamaMayan phakathi nenkathi Yakudala kwasetshenziswa izimpawu eziningana ukuze zibonise uziro, kusukela ku-Postclassic igobolondo (umnenke) lalisetshenziswa, elingenalutho liwumfanekiso walo, iyunithi imelelwa iphuzu, ngaleyo ndlela amaphuzu amabili, amaphuzu amathathu namachashazi amane. zimelela ezimbili, ezintathu nezine ngokulandelana, inombolo yesihlanu imelwe umugqa ovundlile. Ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela yalezi zimpawu, amaMayans amelela zonke izinombolo kuze kufike kunombolo yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
Inani eliqondile lenombolo linqunywa indawo eqondile ekukuyo, ikhuphuka ileveli inani eliyisisekelo leyunithi liphindaphindwe ngamashumi amabili. Ngakho, uphawu oluphansi kakhulu lungamelela amayunithi esisekelweni, uphawu olulandelayo olumelwe endaweni yesibili lumelela ukuphindaphindeka kweyunithi ngamashumi amabili, futhi uphawu olumelwe endaweni yesithathu luzobonisa ukuphindaphindeka ngamakhulu amane, njalonjalo.
historia
Impucuko yamaMeya yayingenye yezimpucuko ezimbalwa emhlabeni ezakha uhlelo lwezinombolo ezizimele ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kwamaMeya kuphela amaSumerians, amaNdiya namaShayina akwazi ukwenza lokhu. Izazi zezinkanyezi zaseGreece zasendulo zasebenzisa isimiso sendawo saseBabiloni, noma saseSumerian, ngenxa yalokho sisalinganisa isikhathi nama-engeli ohlelweni lwe-sexagesimal. AbaseYurophu baba ngcweti ohlelweni lwe-decimal yaseNdiya kuphela ngeNkathi Ephakathi ngosizo lwama-Arabhu.
Impucuko yamaMaya yathuthuka ngendlela engenzi lutho eMesoamerica futhi yayiseGuatemala naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico lapho yafinyelela khona ubukhazikhazi bayo obukhulu. AmaMayans ayengamanye amasiko athuthuke kakhulu futhi aphawuleka kakhulu ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu. Ngenxa yokwandiswa kwezindawo zabo bakwazi ukwakha amadolobha amakhulu kuso sonke isifunda sabo njengeCalakmul, Tikal, Nakbé, Uxmal, Palenque, Uaxactún, Altún Ha, Chichén Itzá, El Mirador phakathi kwamanye abakha kuwo amatshe esikhumbuzo abalulekile, okuwuphawu oluhlaba umxhwele kakhulu. amaphiramidi abo amakhulu.
Le miphakathi yayibuswa ngokwezombangazwe, kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho njengamadolobha azimele, isisekelo somnotho wayo kube ezolimo nezohwebo. Phakathi kwemikhiqizo eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwabo kwakukhona i-jade, i-cocoa, ummbila, usawoti kanye ne-obsidian.
Uhlelo lokubhala olwalusetshenziswa amaMayans lwaluyingxenye ye-hieroglyphic ngoba lwalusebenzisa izibalo esikhundleni sezinhlamvu, okwenza inhlanganisela yezimpawu zefonetiki zamagama nama-ideograms. Ukuchazwa kwemibhalo yamaMayan kube nzima kakhulu njengoba ngokomyalo wabapristi baseSpain wonke amakhodidi ashiswa phakathi nokunqotshwa ngaphandle kwamathathu awo: i-codex yaseDresden, i-codex yaseParis kanye ne-codex yaseMadrid.
AmaMayans ayeyizazi zezinkanyezi ezinkulu futhi ayekubheka kwakunembe kakhulu. Baqondana futhi bazedlula kude ezinye izimpucuko zangaleso sikhathi ekucwaningweni kokuhamba kwenyanga namaplanethi futhi okumangaza kakhulu ukuthi ababekuqaphela bakwenza ngeso lenyama ngaphandle kokusebenzisa noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemishini.
Isilinganiso sobude bonyaka welanga osetshenziswa amaMaya nezinye izimpucuko zaseMesoamerica sasinembe kakhulu kunalezo ezazisetshenziswa eYurophu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ekhalendeni likaGregory elisetshenziswa impucuko yaseNtshonalanga njalo eminyakeni emine, iminyaka eyi-leap yengeza usuku, lo mehluko wawusuvele ucatshangelwe amaMayans ekucabangeni kwawo konyaka abawubala ngokuphindaphinda kweminyaka emine ehambisana nenyakatho, eningizimu, empumalanga nasenyakatho. entshonalanga.
KumaMayya, unyaka wawungenalo usuku olumisiwe lokuqala, kodwa wawuqala ekuseni, emini, kuhwalala naphakathi kwamabili unyaka ngamunye; ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa okuhambisanayo kosuku olulodwa kanye nokuphindaphinda ngakunye kwezine kwenziwa.
inombolo yendawo
Inhloso yohlelo lwezinombolo oludalwe amaMayans kwakuwukukala isikhathi hhayi ukwenza imisebenzi yezibalo, yingakho zihlobene nezinsuku, izinyanga neminyaka nangendlela yokuhlela ikhalenda. Ukumela izinombolo ukusuka kweyokuqala kuye kwengamashumi amabili, ngaphezu kukaziro, amaMeya asebenzisa izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene:
Uhlelo olwalumelela izinombolo ngamachashazi namadashi; i-cephalomorphic numeral system, idijithi ngayinye ukusuka kweyodwa ukuya kweyishumi nesishiyagalolunye imelelwa i-glyph ngesimo sekhanda kanye nesistimu yezinombolo ze-zoomorphic, esebenzisa izimo zezilwane ezahlukene ukumela amadijithi.
Izimpawu eziyisisekelo zokumelwa kwamadijithi ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamaMayan zintathu: iphuzu elinenani elilodwa, umugqa, obizwa nangokuthi izazi njengebha, enenani lesihlanu kanye negobolondo elingenalutho. umnenke noma imbewu enenani likaziro.
Amanani ahlanganiswa amashumi amabili namashumi amabili ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamaMayan, ukuze kunoma yiliphi izinga amadijithi angabekwa ukusuka kuqanda ukuya kweyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuze kufinyelele amaphuzu angamashumi amabili kuyadingeka ezingeni elilandelayo. Izinga lokuqala lisetshenziselwe ukubhala amayunithi, elilandelayo lisetshenziselwa ukubhala amashumi amabili (amaqembu angamashumi amabili), izinga elilandelayo, elesithathu lisetshenziselwa amaqembu angamashumi amabili namashumi amabili kanti izinga lesine lisetshenziselwa amaqembu amashumi amabili namashumi amabili aphindwe amashumi amabili.
Lolu hlelo lwezinombolo lunezinhlanu njengesisekelo esengeziwe naphezu kokuba uhlelo lwe-vigesimal. Eyodwa imelelwa ichashazi, amabili, amathathu nane ngamachashazi amabili, amachashazi amathathu namachashazi amane ngokulandelana, inombolo yesihlanu imelwe ibha futhi amachashazi engezwe avundlile phezu kwebha ukuze amele ayisithupha, ayisikhombisa ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalolunye. . Ukumela inombolo yeshumi, kusetshenziswa imigoqo emibili, eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye ivundlile.
Ukwakha inombolo yeshumi nanhlanu, kusetshenziswa imigoqo emithathu futhi iqhubeke kanje kuze kufike inombolo yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye, imigoqo emithathu namachashazi amane phezulu, okuyinani eliphakeme elingamelwa ezingeni ngalinye njengoba liwuhlelo lwe-vigesimal.
Imithetho yezinombolo zamaMayan
Iphuzu aliphindaphindwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezine. Inombolo yesihlanu, emele ibha, ayiphindaphindiwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu, uma ufuna ukumela inombolo engamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lisetshenziswa. Ukubhala inombolo elingana noma enkulu kunamashumi amabili, kusetshenziswa izimpawu ezifanayo, ukushintsha inani kuye ngendawo kanye nezinga lapho bekhona.
Ekubaleni kwe-Mayan, izinombolo zibhalwa kuqala ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu futhi zikhuphuke ngokulandelana njengoba inani likhula. Amayunithi abhalwe ngokulandelana okuphansi, ziro kuye kweyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngohlelo olulandelayo, iphuzu ngalinye libiza amayunithi angamashumi amabili futhi ibha ngayinye inenani lamayunithi ayikhulu.
Isibonelo, ukubhala amashumi amathathu nambili, kuqala ngezinga eliphansi kunawo wonke, imigoqo emibili ibhaliwe futhi ngaphezu kwayo amaphuzu amabili (ayishumi nambili), ezingeni elilandelayo kubhalwe iphuzu elilodwa (kuleli zinga iphuzu libiza amashumi amabili). Amashumi amabili engeziwe kweshumi nambili ezingeni lokuqala ngamashumi amathathu nambili.
Esinye isibonelo, ukubhala ikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nesithupha, bhala isithupha ngokulandelana kokuqala, ibha (esihlanu) kanye nenkathi ngaphezu kwayo; inombolo yesishiyagalombili ibhalwe ngohlelo lwesibili, ibha kanye namaphuzu amathathu ngaphezu kwayo, kodwa ngokuba ngohlelo lwesibili ibha ibiza amayunithi ayikhulu futhi iphuzu ngalinye libiza amayunithi angamashumi amabili (ikhulu kanye namashumi ayisithupha) kanye nesithupha sokuqala. i-oda yikhulu namashumi ayisithupha nesithupha)
I-oda lesithathu lesistimu yezinombolo zama-Mayan inokungahambi kahle, inani lamayunithi liyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ufuna ukumela izinsuku noma uma kungenxa yanoma yisiphi esinye isizathu. Kokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwekhalenda, iphuzu ngalinye lilingana namayunithi angamakhulu amane (amashumi amabili aphindwe kamashumi amabili nokukodwa), kodwa uma ngelezinjongo ezihlobene nekhalenda, iyunithi ilingana namakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha (ishumi nesishiyagalombili liphindwe kamashumi amabili nokukodwa) .
Lo mehluko ungenxa yokuthi iminyaka yamaMeya ihlukaniswe yaba yizinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha, okuyizinsuku ezisondele kakhulu ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu. KumaMayans, izinga ngalinye lihlobene nekhalenda, izinga lokuqala lihlobene nezinsuku (ama-kines), izinga lesibili lihlobene nezinyanga (uinals) kanti izinga lesithathu lihlobene neminyaka (amaculo). Ukubhala amanani amakhulu kakhulu, uhlelo lwezinombolo zeMayan lunamazinga amane.
I-Mayan Zero
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu nesithupha ngaphambi kukaKristu amaMayans enkathi ye-Preclassic athuthukile futhi ajwayela ukusetshenziswa nomqondo kaziro. Isistimu yenombolo yokuma idinga ukusetshenziswa kukaziro ukuze ibonise amadijithi angenalutho, njengoba kulolu hlobo lwesistimu uphawu ngalunye lunenani elihluka kuye ngokuma kwalo.
Ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamaMeya, uphawu oluvame ukumelelwa njengoziro igobolondo elingenalutho (imbewu yekhofi, umnenke) kodwa futhi lingamelwa ngesiphambano saseMalta, isandla esibekwe ngaphansi kwe-spiral noma ubuso obumbozwe ngesandla.
Ukumelwa kwezinombolo zamaMayan ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100
Ukubhala izinombolo zamaMeya kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-100, kuyadingeka ukucacisa ngemithetho yokubhala izinombolo zamaMaya, eziyinhloko: iphuzu aliphindaphindiwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezine. Inombolo yesihlanu, emele ibha, ayiphindaphindiwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezintathu, uma ufuna ukumela inombolo engamashumi amabili noma ngaphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lisetshenziswa. Ukubhala inombolo elingana noma enkulu kunamashumi amabili, kusetshenziswa izimpawu ezifanayo, ukushintsha inani kuye ngendawo kanye nezinga lapho bekhona.
Ukuqala ukubhalwa kwezinombolo zamaMaya ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-100, eyodwa imelelwa ngephuzu, ezimbili, ezintathu nezine ezinamaphoyinti amabili, amaphuzu amathathu namaphuzu amane ngokulandelana, inombolo yesihlanu imelwe nge-bar futhi bahamba bengeza amachashazi ngokuvundlile. kubha ukumela isithupha, isikhombisa, isishiyagalombili, nesishiyagalolunye.
Ukumela inombolo yeshumi, kusetshenziswa imigoqo emibili, eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye ivundlile. Ukwakha inombolo yeshumi nanhlanu, kusetshenziswa imigoqo emithathu futhi iqhubeke kanje kuze kufike inombolo yeshumi nesishiyagalolunye, imigoqo emithathu namachashazi amane phezulu, okuyinani eliphakeme elingamelwa ezingeni ngalinye njengoba liwuhlelo lwe-vigesimal.
Ukumelela inombolo engamashumi amabili, uphawu olumelela u-zero lubekwe ezingeni eliphansi, abanye abalichaza njengegobolondo elingenalutho, umnenke noma imbewu. Ezingeni lesibili, iphuzu libekwe ukuthi kuleli zinga lilingana namashumi amabili. Ukubhala inombolo engamashumi amabili nanye ekubaleni kweMayan, ezingeni lokuqala, izinga eliphansi, ichashazi libekwe lapho kuleli zinga linenani elilodwa futhi kwelinye izinga elinye ichashazi, okungafani nelangaphambilini kuleli zinga. , lilingana nokuza, amashumi amabili kanye nokukodwa kulinganisa amashumi amabili nanye.
Inombolo yamashumi amabili nanhlanu imelwe ngokubeka ibha evundlile ezingeni eliphansi, elimelela inani lesihlanu, iphuzu libekwe ezingeni eliphakeme ngokushesha, leli phuzu lilingana namashumi amabili, kanye nesihlanu wezinga eliphansi, amashumi amabili. -ezinhlanu.
Inombolo yamashumi amathathu imelwe amabha amabili avundlile ezingeni eliphansi kanye nechashazi ezingeni eliphezulu. Ukumela inombolo yamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, imigoqo emithathu evundlile ibekwe ezingeni eliphansi, elingahlanganisa kufika eshumini nanhlanu, futhi iphuzu elilodwa ezingeni eliphezulu lizophumela emashumini amathathu nanhlanu.
Inombolo yamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye ibhalwe ngokubeka imigoqo emithathu evundlile namaphuzu amane ngaphezu kwayo ezingeni eliphansi, elingahlanganisa kufika eshumini nesishiyagalolunye, ezingeni elingaphezu kwephuzu elilodwa elibekwe, inani elingamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye. Njengoba umthetho uthi, imigoqo emithathu kuphela ingaqoqwa, ngakho-ke ukubhala amashumi amane ubeka i-zero ezingeni lokuqala futhi ama-putos amabili abekwe ezingeni eliphezulu, elibiza amashumi amabili ngalinye, okungukuthi, amashumi amane.
Futhi njalo, imigoqo, amachashazi kanye namagobolondo kwengezwa ukuze kwakhiwe izibalo ezihlukene, kuze kube yilapho ekwazi ukumela izinombolo zamaMaya kusukela ku-1 kuya ku-100. Inombolo yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye imelwe ngokubeka imigoqo emithathu evundlile enamachashazi amane phezulu, lokhu ilingana neshumi nesishiyagalolunye phezulu Amaphuzu amane abekwe, anenani lamashumi amabili lilinye, lawa amashumi ayisishiyagalombili kanye neshumi nesishiyagalolunye wezinga eliphansi angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye.
Njengoba imithetho ithi, awukwazi ukuqongelela imigoqo engaphezu kwezintathu, ngakho-ke, ukumela ikhulu, inkambu engenalutho emele i-zero ibekwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu futhi ibha enezingqimba ibekwe ezingeni eliphezulu, leli zinga limelela ikhulu. (amashumi amabili nanhlanu) . Yile ndlela izinombolo zamaMaya ezisuka ku-1 kuye ku-100 zimelelwa ngayo.