I-Los Izinqaba zaseJapan ze-feudal Japan Zingaphezu nje kwezindonga nemibhoshongo ebukeka kahle ezithombeni. Ngemuva kwawo wonke amatshe nawo wonke uphahla kukhona amakhulu eminyaka ezimpi, izivumelwano, ukukhashelwa, namandla ama-samurai. Lezi zinqaba zazizombili indlunkulu yezempi, indawo yokuhlala ehloniphekile kanye nesikhungo sezombangazwefuthi kwaphawula ukuzalwa kwamadolobha amaningi anamuhla aseJapane.
Ukuhamba kuzo namuhla, umuntu unomuzwa wokuhamba eqoqweni elikhulu lefilimu lomlando, kodwa empeleni uyanyathela. isigaba sangempela lapho izimpi, imifelandawonye nezinguquko zenkathi kwanqunywa khonaKusukela ezinqabeni ezisezintabeni cishe ezingafinyeleleki kuya ezinqabeni ezinhle zasemathafeni ezizungezwe imisele yamanzi, ngayinye ilandisa ingxenye yendaba yezwe nezakhamuzi zalo ezidumile. ama-samurai y daimyo owayebabusa.
Umsuka nomlando wezinqaba zaseJapane
Kudala ngaphambi kokuba isibhakabhaka esimangalisayo se-Himeji noma i-Osaka sibekhona eJapane izakhiwo zokuzivikela ezithobekile kakhuluNgesikhathi se-Yayoi ne-Kofun (cishe 300 BC - 710 AD) amadolobhana akhiwa avikelwe amapulangwe okhuni nemisele yobumbaAyengezona izinqaba ngomqondo oqinile, kodwa ayengokhokho abaqondile bezinqaba ezinkulu ezalandela.
Ngokwakhiwa kwesifunda saseYamato ngesikhathi seNara neHeian (ikhulu lesi-8-12), ipolitiki yaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kwavela isidingo vikela imingcele kanye nezindlela zamasuKwabe sekwakhiwa izinqaba ezihleliwe, ezihlale zisekelwe okhunini nomhlaba, ukuze zibhekane nezitha ezifana ne emishi ukusuka enyakatho noma okungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlasela okuvela eKorea, nakuba sasisekude nezinqaba zamatshe esizihlanganisa neJapane yase-feudal yakudala.
Ukugxuma okukhulu kwafika ne Isikhathi sikaKamakura (1185-1333)Lapho isigaba samaSamurai siba umgogodla wangempela wamandla, owokuqala YamashiroIzinqaba zasezintabeni, eziklanyelwe ukuvikela ngokuyinhloko, zazigxiliswe ngokoqobo emagqumeni naseziqongweni. izinqaba eziqinile, eziklanyelwe ukumelana nokuvinjezelwa ngaphezu kokubukisa.
Ngesikhathi se-Muromachi (1333-1568), futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezinxushunxushu isikhathi sengokuIJapane yagcwala izinqaba. Inkosi ngayinye (daimyoBabedinga izinqaba ababezolawula kuzo imigwaqo, amasimu elayisi namadolobha. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kube yiqiniso umsebenzi wokusungula ezempiLapho izinqaba zaba ngcono, kwaba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe izindlela zokuvimbezela, okwaphoqa ukuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kwezakhiwo zokuzivikela.
Esigabeni sokugcina sezimpi zombango, isikhathi se-Azuchi-Momoyama (1568-1600), izinqaba zashintsha umqondo: ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa indima yazo yezempi, zaba. izimpawu eziyiqiniso zodumo nenkulumo-zeU-Oda Nobunaga wakha i-Azuchi Castle, ebhekwa njengesibonelo sezinqaba eziningi zakamuva, futhi uToyotomi Hideyoshi wenza okufanayo ngeFushimi-Momoyama Castle. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, isithombe senqaba enkulu enombhoshongo omkhulu omangalisayo saqoshwa unomphela enkumbulweni ehlangene yaseJapan.
Ngokunqoba kukaTokugawa Ieyasu eSekigahara (1600). Isikhathi se-Edo (1600-1868)isikhathi eside sokuthula kwangaphakathi. Izinqaba eziningi zayeka ukuba yizindawo zempi futhi zaba ngokuyinhloko izihloko zokuphatha kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezinkantoloI-shogunate yaphasisa umthetho odumile ngo-1615 ikkoku ichijō reiokukhawulelwe enqabeni eyodwa esifundazweni ngasinye, okuphoqa ukudilizwa kwezinqaba eziningi ukuze kugwenywe ukugxiliswa kwamandla okuyingozi.
Ushintsho olukhulu olulandelayo lwafika ne Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Meiji kwe-1868Uhulumeni omusha, ozimisele ukwenza izwe libe lesimanje futhi ushiye ngemuva izimpawu zobufeudalism, wayala ukuba kubhidlizwe izinqaba eziningi, kuyilapho ezinye zathengiswa, zashiywa, noma zaphinde zasetshenziswa. Ekhulwini lama-20, lezi zathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe. Amabhomu eMpi Yezwe II, eyacekela phansi izinqaba eziwuphawu njengaleyo eseHiroshima.
Ngemva kwempi, ukuqwashisa okusha ngamagugu kwavela futhi kwaqala imikhankaso yokubuyisela kanye nokwakha kabushaEkuqaleni, le ndlela yayiwukubuyisela imibhoshongo emikhulu enokhonkolo oqinisiwe, ukunakekela ingaphandle kodwa kwadela ukwethembeka kwengaphakathi, njengoba kubonakala endabeni ye isigodlo osakaMuva nje, inqubekelaphambili isiyenziwe ekwakhiweni kabusha komlando okuthembekile, okusekelwe ezinhlelweni zakudala nezindlela zendabuko zokubaza, njengaku Ozu Castle (Shikoku).
Izinhlobo zezinqaba ngokuya ngendawo yazo
Esinye sezici ezithakasela kakhulu isihambi ukubona ukuthi amaJapane ayazi kanjani ukwenza okuningi nge-topographyIndawo yayisho yonke into: kusukela ekumeni kwezindonga kuya ekuphileni kwansuku zonke enqabeni. Ngobubanzi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zezinhlobo zakudala.
I-Los Yamashironoma izinqaba zasentabeniBema phezu kweziqongo namagquma. Kwakuyizindawo ezicishe zingakwazi ukuhlasela, zivikelwe imiqansa nezindlela ezimazombezombe ezaziqeda amandla isitha. I-drawback yayicacile: ukuhlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa kanye nezinhlamvu Ukwakha inqaba endaweni ephakeme kangaka kwakuwumsebenzi onzima. I-Bitchū Matsuyama Castle, enye yezinqaba eziyishumi nambili zokuqala, iyisibonelo esimangalisayo futhi iziqhayisa ngokuba phakathi kwezinqaba eziphakeme kakhulu ezweni.
Phakathi nendawo kukhona hirayamajiroizinqaba emagqumeni ngaphezu kwamathafaZazakhelwe ezindaweni eziphakeme ezincane ezilawula indawo ezungezile, ehlanganisa inzuzo ethile yokuzivikela enobudlelwane obunethezekile nemvelo. Bavumela lawula imizila yokuhweba kanye nezindawo zezolimo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenza ukuphathwa kwendawo endaweni eyodwa. I-Himeji Castle noma i-Hikone Castle iyifanekisa kahle le modeli.
Kwakukhona futhi i-hirajiroizinqaba ezingenaluthoLezi zinqaba, ezijwayeleke kakhulu zenkathi ye-Edo, zibonisa uguquko lusuka ekuvinjezelweni okungapheli luye ekuphatheni izindawo kanye nokubeka indawo yokusebenzela endaweni eyodwa. Yakhelwe endaweni eyisicaba, izivikelo zabo zazisekelwe... izindandatho zemisele, izindonga eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokuhlelwa okuhlakaniphile kwamagceke namasangoI-Nijō Castle e-Kyoto iyisibonelo esihle salolu hlobo.
Ngaphakathi kwezinqaba zasemathafeni sithola isigatshana esikhethekile kakhulu: the mizujironoma izinqaba zamanziZazakhiwe zisebenzisa ulwandle noma imifula emikhulu njengengxenye esebenzayo yesistimu yokuzivikela futhi, ngenhlanhla, njengomzila wokungena. Asebenza ngokwengxenye njenge itheku elinezivikelo eziqinile nenqabaKunezibonelo ezintathu kuphela ezicacile: Takamatsu, Nakatsu, futhi Imabari.
Indlela inqaba yaseJapane ehlelwe ngayo: amagceke nokuzivikela
Ukuze uqonde ngempela inqaba yaseJapane, kuyasiza ukuyicabanga njengo-anyanisi, nge izindandatho zokuzivikela ezigxilile noma eziboshwe ngamaketangoUmklamo jikelele, i nawabariYasungula indawo yamagceke, izindonga, imisele yemisele kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu. Ngamunye iphutha kusakhiwo Kungase kusho ubuthakathaka obubulalayo uma kwenzeka uvinjezelwa.
Izindawo zokuzivikela zahlelwa phakathi ukuruwa o maruOkusho ukuthi, amagceke noma izindandatho zokuzivikela. Phakathi nendawo bekukhona honmaru, inkaba eqinile yenqaba, lapho umbhoshongo omkhulu wawumi khona (tenshu) futhi ngokuvamile isigodlo senkosi yenkosi. Kwalandela i ni-no-maru (umbuthano wesibili) kanye ne san-no-maru (umbuthano wesithathu), owengeze izendlalelo zokuzivikela kanye nesikhala sabancikile abasizayo nezindawo zokuhlala ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
Ezindaweni ezicebile, izinqaba zinganwebeka nakakhulu kunezindawo ezingaphandle ezibizwa sotoguruwa, lapho iningi labo kwakungabathengisi nezingcweti zezandla. Lezi zindawo, nakuba zazibukeka njengezindawo ezivamile, zaziyingxenye ye isu lokuzivikela lomhlaba wonkenjengoba noma iliphi ibutho lesitha kwakuyodingeka liwele noma liwazungeze, lizichaye ekuhlaselweni okuvela ezindongeni.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokuvikela zaseJapane kwakuyi- imisele, noma horiZingenziwa ngamanzi (mizubori) noma omile (karaborifuthi lizungezwe izindandatho eziningana zezindonga. Ngezinye izikhathi imifula noma imisele yayisetshenziswa njengemisele yemvelo, eyayiqinisa uhlamvu lwesu lwe-enclave. Ububanzi bomsele kwaqinisekiswa ngokucophelela ukuthi budlula kude uhla olusebenzayo lwemicibisholo nama-arquebusesukwenza ukuhlasela okuhlukahlukene kube nzima ngangokunokwenzeka.
I-Las izindonga zamatshe, ishigakiLezi ezinye izimpawu ezicacile. Ngokungafani naseYurophu, eJapane kwakuyinto evamile ukwakha izindonga zamabhulokhi aqoshwe ngokucophelela futhi afakwe kahle. ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udakaLokhu kwanikeza izinga elithile lokunwebeka, eliwusizo kakhulu ezweni elivame ukuzamazama, futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani izindonga eziningi zisamile. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, kwathuthukiswa izitayela ezahlukene zokwenziwa ngamatshe, njenge ranzumi (ngokusobala kunesiphithiphithi, esinamabhulokhi anosayizi abahlukahlukene) noma i nunozumi (ngokuhleleka okwengeziwe, cishe nemigqa evamile).
Mayelana nokuqoshwa kwamatshe, izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zingahlukaniswa: nozurazumi, enamatshe angasakhiwe kahle nezindonga ezintekenteke; uchikomihagi, lapho amakhona kanye nezindawo ezingaphezulu zinqunywe khona ukuze zivumelane kangcono, ukugcwalisa izikhala ngezicucu ezincane; futhi kirikomihagiUmsebenzi wangempela wobunjiniyela, lapho ibhulokhi ngalinye liqoshwe ngokunemba kwemilimitha ukuze lingene kundida ephelele futhi ukumelana kokubili ukukhuphuka nokuzamazama komhlabaAbanye ochwepheshe, njenge-Tōdō Takatora, baphinde bethula amasu okuqinisa amakhona, njenge- sangizumiukushintshanisa amatshe amade namafushane ukuze kwakheke ama-vertices cishe angabhubhi.
Kulezi zisekelo zamatshe enwetshiwe izindonga ezimhlophe ze-plaster, noma dobeLezi zakhiwo zazibiyelwe amagceke, izindonga ezinemiqhele nemisele enemisele. Ingaphakathi labo lalifihle izakhiwo zokhuni eziyinkimbinkimbi embozwe izingqimba zomhlaba, ubumba, nokhonkolo, eziklanyelwe ukumelana nama-projectiles, umlilo futhi, kamuva, imithelela yezinhlamvuLezi zindonga zivame ukugqitshwa ngamathayili futhi zibhobozwe izimbobo eziningi. okufanayo, ukugoqwa okuhlukahlukene lapho abavikeli babengadubula khona becashile.
Amasango neminyango: izicupho zesitha
Uma umuntu kufanele akhethe amaphuzu abalulekile ekuvikeleni inqaba yaseJapane, ngokungangabazeki babeyoba iminyango, kumbe monPhakathi kwegceke nelinye kwakunamasango okhuni aqinile aqiniswe ngensimbi, asekelwe izinsika ezinkulu. Ngalinye lala masango laliklanyelwe ukuba yehlisa ijubane, siteshi, futhi uveze isitha emlilweni oqothulayo ovela ezindongeni.
Uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu yi- yaguramon, isango elithweswe umbhoshongo omncane (yagura) ebisebenza kanyekanye njengendawo yokudubula neyokubuka. Lawa kwakungeyezinga lokuqala, izindawo zokufinyelela ezibonakala kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezazisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezibalulekile eduze nomjikelezo noma njengesango elingaphakathi elizivikela kabili.
I-Las yakuimon Ayenophahla olulodwa olukhulu olwalumboza zombili izinsika zangaphambili nezingemuva. Nakuba zibukeka kahle, ngokombono wezempi zazinzima: ama-eaves ayebanzi kangangokuthi wanciphisa insimu yombono Ayesetshenziswa yilabo ababevikela isango futhi ayengaba ngisho nendawo yokufihla amabutho ahlaselayo. Yingakho kancane kancane ashintshwa amamodeli asebenzayo.
I-Las i-koraimon Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabonakala. Esikhundleni sophahla olulodwa, olukhulu, ayenophahla olukhulu phezu kwezinsika zangaphambili nemipheme esemaceleni emincane emincane yezisekelo ezingemuva. Lo mklamo uthuthukise ukubonakala nokulawulwa kwendawo ezungezile, yingakho kwaba yiyona inketho oyintandokazi yeminyango yangaphandle yamandla amaningi.
Isiqongo sobuciko bokuzivikela kwakuyisistimu ye masugata-monIsakhiwo esimise okuka-L esihlanganisa amasango amabili kuma-engeli angakwesokudla kanye negceke elingaphakathi eliyisikwele noma elingunxande. Kuphoqeleke ukuba umhlaseli akwazi ukugqekeza isango lokuqala yima ujike Ukuze babhekane nokuhlasela kwesibili, babeminyaniswe endaweni encane futhi bezungezwe amachweba ezibhamu nama-turrets. Lolu hlelo luphendule umnyango waba ugibe lwangempela.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo eziyinhloko, kwakukhona izinhlobonhlobo ezilula, ezifana ne inamoni (ngaphandle kwezinsika ezengeziwe eziqinisayo), okungavamile i-tonashimon ngaphandle kwamasango, noma imikhosi kabukimonNgokuyisisekelo, i-lintel ngaphandle kophahla noma yimuphi umsebenzi wangempela wokuzivikela. Mayelana nokuhlobisa, bayacwebezela... ikaramoni, iminyango ehlotshiswe ngokucebile enophahla olugobile oluvamile karahafu, njengokungena okudumile kwe-Nijō Castle e-Kyoto.
Umbhoshongo oyinhloko noma i-tenshu: amandla aphezulu
Isici esibonakala kakhulu kunoma iyiphi inqaba yaseJapane yi gcina, tenshu o tenshukakuIbonakala kulo lonke idolobha, yasebenza njengophawu lwenkosi yenkosi kanye nesikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokuthi ubani owayebusa lapho. Nakuba ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi inhliziyo yezempi yedolobha, empeleni yayo Indima yokuzivikela ngokuqinile yayincane. kunaleyo yezindonga, imisele namasango.
Imibhoshongo yokuqala yalolu hlobo ihlehlela emuva engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16, ne-Azuchi njengesibonelo esiwuphawu. Ngokwezakhiwo, kwakuyi-a izakhiwo zokhuni ezibekwe ezindongeni zamatshe eziphakeme, kusukela ezitezi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu (noma ngaphezulu, uma sibala amazinga angaphakathi afihliwe) ambozwe ngokhonkolo omhlophe futhi athweswe umqhele wokulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi kophahla olugqagqene.
Ingaphakathi le tenshu Okwangempela kuyamangaza izivakashi eziningi zesimanje: kude namamuvi, ziyizikhala engenalutho, esebenzayo futhi egcwele izitebhisi zokhuni eziphakemeUkukhuphuka nobhaka noma nezingane kungaba yinto ethokozisayo, kepha umvuzo uvamise ukufika esitezi esiphezulu, nemibono enikeza ukubukwa kwe-panoramic kwenqaba kanye nedolobha elikhule ezinyaweni zalo.
Mayelana ne-aesthetics, uphahla lwalolu hlobo luningi. irimoyaenama-gables nama-eaves amaningi, amafasitela e-dormer chidori-hafu neziphetho zokuhlobisa. Izibalo ze shachihokoizidalwa zasenganekwaneni ezinomzimba wenhlanzi nekhanda lengwe, okwakuthiwa ikhono lokubiza imvula, libaguqule babe iziphandla ngokumelene nomlilo ezakhiweni ngokuyisisekelo ezenziwe ngokhuni.
Akuzona zonke izinqaba ezazinayo noma zagcina umbhoshongo wazo omkhulu. Izinqaba ezibalulekile njengeSendai azikaze zibe nayo. tenshu isikhumbuzo, nezinye, njengeKanazawa, i-Nijō noma i-Edo Castle ngokwayo (manje eyi-Imperial Palace yaseTokyo), yalahleka ngenxa yomlilo noma ukuzamazama komhlaba kanye Abakaze bawakhe kabusha, njengoba ingasabhekwa njengebalulekile ngokombono ongokoqobo.
Izinhlobonhlobo ze-Tenshu nokulungiselelwa kombhoshongo
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, imibhoshongo emikhulu yashintsha yaba imindeni emibili emikhulu ehlelekile. borogataEzindadlana zazimi ezisekelweni ezingajwayelekile ezifulelwe ngophahla olunezinguzunga zamatshe irimoyaUmzimba omncane ongaphezulu wawubekwe phezulu kulowo mqulu, okunikeza umbono wokuthi wawungeziwe. umbhoshongo wokubuka phezu kwesakhiwo sangaphambiliniIzibonelo zalesi sitayela zingabonakala ezinqabeni ezifana ne-Aya noma i-Inuyama.
I-Las isotogata Bamele ifomu elijwayelekile kakhulu futhi "lesimanje". Zazakhiwe cishe ezisekelweni eziyisikwele, futhi izinga ngalinye laliphinda uhlelo lwangaphambili, lincishiswe kancane. Umphumela uba imibhoshongo ye iphrofayili enyathelwe, ivumelana kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyakha, ngaphandle kophahla olukhulu lolo hlobo irimoya okuphakathi, nakuba kunenqwaba yamagalasi amancane okuhlobisa. I-Himeji noma i-Matsumoto yizibonelo ezidumile zalolu hlobo.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuthi umbhoshongo oyinhloko uhlobana kanjani nazo zonke ezinye izakhiwo, sithola ukucushwa okuningana. Ezinqabeni zesitayela dokuritsushiki, lo tenshu Ima yodwa, ayihlanganiswa neminye imibhoshongo. I-Hirosaki Castle, kanye nezinqaba ezifana ne-Gifu noma i-Maruoka, ibonisa ngokucacile lokhu kuzimela kwevolumu.
Kumodeli fukugoshikiUmbhoshongo omkhulu uxhuma ngqo ku-a yagura encane, evame ukusebenza njengendawo yokungena ephezulu. Lokhu kudala amaqoqo ahlangene kodwa abukeka aguqukayo kakhulu, njengoba kubonakala ku-Hikone, Matsue, noma i-Odawara.
Ngokwengxenye yabo, izinqaba renketsushiki xhuma i tenshu neminye imibhoshongo ngendlela watari yaguraamagalari amboziwe wezinga elilodwa avumela gudluza amabutho ukuze amboze phakathi kwamaphuzu ahlukene okuzivikela. I-Nagoya noma i-Kokura yizibonelo ezinhle. Futhi ekugcineni okuyinkimbinkimbi sinakho ukucupha renritsushikilapho umbhoshongo oyinhloko uhlanganiswe nendandatho yemibhoshongo nemipheme ehlanganisa indawo honmaru, njengaku-Himeji noma e-Matsuyama, ukudala umongo oqiniswe ngesihluku.
Ezinye izinqaba zihlanganisa eziningana zalezi zixazululo esakhiweni esisodwa. I-Matsumoto, isibonelo, ifinyelela umphumela oyingxubevange ngoxhumo oluqondile kanye nemigudu emboziwe emibhoshongweni eyisizayo, ebonisa izinga lezi zixazululo ezingasetshenziswa ngalo. Abaklami be-Feudal badlale ngamathuba wendawo.
I-Yagura, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla kanye nemibhoshongo yokubuka
Ngaphezu kombhoshongo omkhulu oyinhloko, izinqaba eziningi zazinochungechunge lwe yaguraimibhoshongo emincane enezitezi eziningi esebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa njengendawo yokugcina izimpahla, izindawo zokubuka, namabhethri okudubula. Igama langempela libhekisela emsebenzini wabo "njengendlu yokugcina imicibisholo," kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baphinde bafaka isibhamu, ukudla, nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinsiza zamasu.
Emakhoneni ezindonga kwavela i sumiyaguraImibhoshongo ye-engeli enomkhakha okhethekile wokubona, ekwazi ukuwela imililo eduze nezingxenye ezimbili zodonga futhi ngaleyo ndlela ivikele izindawo ezisengozini kakhulu ze-perimeter.
Esokuqala yagura Zazilula kakhulu, zohlobo seiroyaguraNgokuyisisekelo, i-scaffolding ephakeme yemishayo. Kamuva, kwasetshenziswa izitayela ezifanayo. borogata y isotogata ukuthi ku tenshu, nakuba isitayela semibhoshongo borogata Agcinwe ngamanani amancane kakhulu.
Okuningi yagura ezilondolozwe namuhla zisuka Amazinga amabiliNakuba kukhona futhi imibhoshongo enezitezi ezintathu, okuthiwa gosankai yaguraokuyinto kwezinye izinqaba empumalanga yeJapane yasebenza de facto njengombhoshongo oyinhloko. Eqinisweni, okuthiwa "imibhoshongo" ye-Hirosaki noma i-Marugame ngokobuchwepheshe yagura izitezi ezintathu.
Akumelwe sikhohlwe i-hirayaguraImibhoshongo enesitezi esisodwa, iphansi kakhulu ukuthi ingasebenza njengemibhoshongo emikhulu kodwa iwusizo kakhulu njengamamojula okuzivikela ekugcineni kwezindonga noma njengezingcezu zokuxhuma. Ezihlobene eduze yilezi tamon yaguraIzinguqulo ezinde ezinwebeka ezindongeni, ezinikeza imigqa ebanzi yomlilo phezu kwemisele nezintuba. Lezi zingahlanganiswa ne- watari yaguraokuyizindlela zokuhamba ezimboziwe ezixhumanisa izakhiwo, kodwa ku- tamon yagura Ukusebenza kokuzivikela kuthatha kuqala kunomgijimi olula.
Izigodlo, uphahla kanye nomhlobiso
Esinye sezimanga ezinkulu ezivakashini eziningi ukuthola ukuthi u-daimyo wayengahlali embhoshongweni omkhulukodwa ezigodlweni ezinkulu zendaba eyodwa noma ezimbalwa ezibizwa ingilaziLezi zakhiwo, ezinethezekile kakhulu futhi zihlotshiswe ngokunethezeka, amagumbi okwamukela abantu, izindawo zokuhlala ezizimele, namahhovisi okuphatha.
Ngokusekelwe endaweni ezikuyo, lezi zigodlo zingahlukaniswa zibe honmaru goten (egcekeni eliphakathi nendawo, eduze kombhoshongo), ni-no-maru goten (eringini yesibili) noma otoshi wathola (izigodlo ezincane ezindaweni ezingaphandle). I honmaru goten Inqaba yaseNagoya, eyakhiwe kabusha kusetshenziswa amasu endabuko, iyindlela emangalisayo yokuthola umbono wayo indlela i-feudal elite eyayiphila futhi ibusa ngayoOkunye okubaluleke kakhulu yiSigodlo saseKawagoe, okuwukuphela komthombo osele wenqaba yayo yangaphambili.
Uma sikhuluma ngezigodlo ngaphakathi kwezinqaba zaseJapane, kubalulekile ukusho I-Nijo Castle, e-KyotoIsigodlo sakhe ninomaruEyokuqala, idume ngezitezi zayo "ze-nightingale", amapulangwe aklabalasa ngenhloso ukuze abonise ukuthi kukhona abangeneli, kanye nemidwebo yayo yasezindongeni. Isigodlo sika honmaru, ethuthela lapho esuka e-Imperial Palace, uqedela isethi efingqa, njengabanye abambalwa, i impilo yenkantolo ekupheleni kwenkathi ye-feudal.
Ngokwezakhiwo, izinqaba zaseJapane nazo zivelele ngenxa yazo uphahla lohlobo irimoyaLezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa uphahla olucijile namagebhula ezinhlangothini ezimbili eziphambene. Lolu hlelo, oluzuzwe njengefa e-China, lunikeze ukuzinza okukhulu kwesakhiwo ngokumelene nezakhi futhi lwavumela ukungena komoya okusebenzayo kwangaphakathi. Amathayela ahlotshisiwe agcwele ophahleni. i-onigawara (ngokuvamile ngezisusa zamademoni zokuxosha ububi) kanye shibi, ukuthinta kokugcina ukuthi ezinqabeni eziningi kuthatha isimo se shachihoko.
Lezi zidalwa ezixubile, izinhlanzi eziyingxenye, i-tiger, zaba izithonjana ezibonakalayo zangempelaNgaphandle komsebenzi wabo we-apotropaic (ukuvikela emlilweni), baveza isimo senqaba: lapho bebakhudlwana futhi bechaza kabanzi, inkulu ingcebo nezifiso zenkosi eyayala ukuba zibekwe, njengoba kubonakala kudumo. shachihoko zegolide Nagoya Castle.
Izinqaba ongazibona e-Japan: ezangempela, ezakhiwe kabusha namanxiwa
Njengamanje kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona okungaphezudlwana kwalokho izinqaba eziyikhulu ezivulekele izivakashiNakuba izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zakhiwa ngesikhathi seSengoku, ziyishumi nambili kuphela ezigcina umbhoshongo wazo omkhulu wokhuni; okunye ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezikhathi ezahlukene noma amanxiwa nje anezinsalela zezindonga nemibhoshongo.
Okubizwa ngokuthi "12 izinqaba zangempela" Angamagugu aphelele kunoma ubani ofuna ulwazi lwangempela ngangokunokwenzeka: izitebhisi eziphakeme, amaphansi okhuni, imishayo yamakhulu eminyaka, kanye nemibono ama-samurai ayeyazi eminyakeni engu-400 edlule. Phakathi kwabo, okulandelayo kuyagqama: Himeji (i-"White Heron", cishe emangalisa kakhulu futhi egcinwe kangcono kakhulu), Matsumoto ("I-Crow's Castle", enezindonga zayo ezimnyama kanye nemibono ye-Alps yaseJapane), I-Hirosaki (edume ngolwandle lwezimbali ze-cherry eziluzungezile entwasahlobo), I-Hikone, inuyama, Matsuyama, UMarugame o Uwajima, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngale kwalezi eziyishumi nambili, izinqaba eziningi sezikhona yakhiwe kabusha ngokhonkolo kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20. Nakuba ngokombono we-purist angase alahlekelwe ukukhanga kwawo, ngokuvamile ahlala endlini iminyuziyamu efundisa kakhulu mayelana nomlando wendawo kanye nezimpi ze-feudal, ngezikhali, izinkemba, amamodeli, nezisetshenziswa ezisebenzisanayo. I-Osaka Castle iyisibonelo esiyinhloko: isakhiwo sesimanje esinekheshi, kodwa ingaphandle elithembekile nepaki elimangalisayo lapho ungajabulela khona ukuqhakaza kweplamu namacherry.
Ezinye izimo, ezifana Kumamoto, Hiroshima, I-Odawara, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Okayama, Kokura o ShimabaraBahlanganisa izingxenye zangempela (izindonga, imibhoshongo yesibili, ama-moats) nge imibhoshongo emikhulu yakhiwe kabusha okuvumela umuntu ukuthi athole umbono onembe ngokwanele ngobukhazikhazi bayo bangaphambili. I-Shuri Castle, e-Okinawa, iyisahluko esihlukile ngenxa yethonya layo elicacile elivela eMbusweni wasendulo waseRyukyu kanye nomlando wayo odabukisayo wokucekelwa phansi nokwakhiwa kabusha.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umkhuba obheke ukwakhiwa kabusha komlando okuqinileNgokulandela amasu amadala nezindlela zendabuko zokubaza, njengoba kwenziwa e-Ōzu Castle noma ekubuyiselweni kwemibhoshongo ehlukahlukene nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla e-Kanazawa Castle kanye naseKakegawa Castle, le miklamo igwema ukhonkolo obala futhi ilwela ukunakekela okukhulu ekuthembekeni okusemthethweni.
Kukhona nesahluko esijabulisa kakhulu esinikezelwe ku- amanxiwa ezinqaba, noma josekiEzimweni eziningi, kusele izindonga kuphela, imisele yamanzi nezinye izakhiwo. yaguraKodwa le ndawo isiguqulwe yaba ipaki yomphakathi. Yilokhu okwenzekile ngamanxiwa ka Azuchi, Takeda ("inqaba esibhakabhakeni" edumile, ebonakala intanta ngaphezu kolwandle lwamafu), Naegi, Fukuoka, Hagi, ipaki ye-Aoba Castle endala e-Sendai noma, enhliziyweni ye-Tokyo, izinsalela ze Edo Castle kuhlanganiswe nezingadi zeSigodlo Sasebukhosini samanje.
Izinqaba, amadolobha kanye nempilo yansuku zonke
Cishe zonke izinqaba ezinkulu ze-feudal zabangela a jōkamachiidolobha lenqaba, eyakhulela eduze nemisele nezindonga zayo. I-samurai esezingeni eliphezulu yayihlala eduze ne- honmarukuyilapho labo bezinga eliphansi bebekwe kude. Noma kude kakhulu kwakukhona izindawo zabathengisi nezingcweti, futhi emaphethelweni kwakulele... amathempeli, izindawo ezingcwele kanye nezifunda zokungcebeleka.
Ahlelwa kanjena amadolobha esiwajwayele kangaka namuhla. I-Tokyo (Edo), Kanazawa, Nagoya o KumamotoInqaba yenza njenge isikhungo sezombangazwe, ezomnotho kanye nezingokomfanekiso yendawo ezungezile: kusukela lapho kwakulawulwa izintela, imisebenzi ye-hydraulic yalawulwa, impi yamenyezelwa noma izivumelwano zokuthula zavalwa.
Izinqaba ezingenalutho nezisezintabeni zenze lula ukugeleza kwezimpahla kalula, ngenxa yemifula okungahamba kuyo, amachweba aseduze, noma imigwaqo emihle. Ngenxa yalokhu, amakhosi amaningi agcina uhlelo olumbaxambili lwezinqaba: izinqaba zasezintabeni njengesiphephelo ngokwedlulele ngezikhathi zempi, nezinqaba ezingenalutho njengesihlalo esivamile sikahulumeni nezohwebo ezikhathini ezipholile.
Ukuqoqwa kwezinqaba nezokuvakasha e-Japan
Namuhla, ukuvakashela izinqaba isibe a umsebenzi wokuzilibazisa othandwa kakhulu phakathi kwamaJapaneKuwumdlalo kazwelonke. Kukhona lonke uhlelo lohlu olusemthethweni olufana "nezinqaba ezingu-100 ezihamba phambili" noma "izinqaba ezintsha ezingu-100," ezikhuthaza abahambi ukuthi bafake uphawu lwezinqaba kumephu futhi bathole amakhona amancane ezwe.
Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuthola lo mdlalo wokuzilibazisa qoqa izitembu zenqabaEzinqabeni eziningi, uzothola isitembu senjoloba esikhethekile ongasisebenzisa ebhukwini lokubhalela elikhethekile. Kunezincwadi eziklanyelwe ukuqoqa izitembu ezivela ezinqabeni ezingu-24, 100, noma ezingu-200 ezivelele, futhi abathanda abaningi benza ukuvakasha okuphindaphindiwe ukuze nje bathole isitembu abasishodayo.
Enye indlela yokuqoqa yileyo ye gojoincalligraphy castle, ukufana okuqondile ne goshuin eziqoqwe emathempelini nasezindaweni ezingcwele. Kwezinye izinqaba, ngemali encane, i-calligrapher izolandela encwadini yakho yokubhalela (gojōin-chō) igama lenqaba kanye ne-motif ethile ehambisanayo, ukudala a inkumbulo eyingqayizivele futhi siqu kakhulu wokuvakasha.
Kubantu bakwamanye amazwe, izinqaba eziningi nazo ziyizindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokubuka impilo yansuku zonke yasendaweni: imindeni ihamba ngezinyawo, abafundi ohambweni, imibhangqwana ejabulela ukuzijabulisa. hanami ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-cherry noma ze koyo ekwindla. Futhi ngenxa ye-Japan Rail Pass kanye nenethiwekhi ebanzi yezitimela, kulula ukuyixhuma. izinqaba eziningana endleleni efanayoukuhlanganisa umlando, indawo kanye ne-gastronomy yendawo.
Izinqaba zaseJapane zingaphezu kwezithombe ezinhle ezinhle: zihlanganisa amakhulu eminyaka ezimpi zombango, ukuthuthukiswa kobuhle, nokuqina ngokumelene nesikhathi, futhi ukuhlola izindonga zazo, amagceke, namahholo kungenye yezindlela eziqine kakhulu zokubhekana neJapane. xhuma nesikhathi esedlule ezweni lokuphuma kwelanga.
