Ngemuva kwalokho iminyaka eyisithupha ngaphandle kokuvumela ukukhushulwa esikhundleni, umxhwele Nohoch Mul izitebhisiIsakhiwo esise-Cobá Archaeological Zone (Quintana Roo, Mexico) siphinde savulelwa umphakathi. Ukuvalwa kwayo, ngenxa yesidingo sokuvikela isisekelo sangaphambi kweSpanishi nokuhlola ukuzinza kwayo, kumise okunye okuhlangenwe nakho okufunwa kakhulu yizivakashi kuleli dolobha lasendulo laseMayan.
Ngokuvulwa kabusha, abantu bangaphinda khuphuka ufike esiqongweni samamitha angu-42 ukuphakama, inkundla ephakeme kunazo zonke endaweni esenyakatho yeMayan. Kusukela phezulu, ukubukwa kwe-panoramic yehlathi kanye nenethiwekhi yasemadolobheni yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic kungajatshulelwa, nakuba manje ngaphansi kohlelo lokufinyelela olulawulwa kakhulu kanye nengqalasizinda eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukuguga esakhiweni sokuqala.
Isenzo esisemthethweni esibuyisela uNohoch Mul omkhulu esikhundleni sakhe sangaphambili.
Umcimbi wokuvulwa kabusha ubuholwa ngabakwa Unobhala Wezamasiko waseMexico, uClaudia Curiel de IcazaWayephelezelwa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kanye nezifundazwe, kuhlanganise nomqondisi-jikelele we-National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), uJoel Omar Vázquez Herrera, kanye nombusi waseQuintana Roo, uMara Lezama Espinosa. Abaholi be-Ejido abavela e-Cobá nabo babambe iqhaza, begqamisa indima yemiphakathi yendawo ekuphathweni kwesayithi.
Umcimbi osemthethweni wenzeke endaweni yokuvubukula uqobo, kuthelawayeka iCobá-Chanchén Primero, lapho kugcizelelwe khona ukuthi ukuvulwa kabusha kwezitebhisi kuyingxenye yomzamo obanzi ukongiwa kwamagugu kanye nezinkonzo ezithuthukisiwe zezivakashiNgemuva kweminyaka yezimfuno ezivela kubaqondisi, abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo kanye nemiphakathi eseduze, ukufinyelela okulawulwayo endaweni sekuphinde kube yingxenye yemizila yezivakashi.
Iziphathimandla zezamasiko zichaze ukuthi ukuvalwa, okunqunywe phakathi kuka-2018 no-2019, kwakuphendula ukuguga okunqwabelene ngenxa yokugeleza okukhulu kwezivakashi ezinyathelweni zakuqala. Kusukela lapho, sekuhlelwe ukungenelela okuzovumela ukufinyelela komphakathi ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside kwetshe lesikhumbuzo.
Ngesikhathi kugcotshwa uNobhala Wezamasiko ukugcizelele inani elingokomfanekiso yalesi sakhiwo, esibhekwa njengenye yezithombe ezinkulu zemivubukulo ye-Quintana Roo kanye nocezu olubalulekile lwesekethe exhumanisa i-Cobá nezinye izindawo ezidumile zamaMayan, njenge-Tulum, Muyil noma i-Chichén Itzá.
Izitebhisi ezintsha: ukhuni lwesifunda kanye nenqubo yokonga
I-staircase entsha ayiyona indawo elula yezinyathelo, kodwa a isakhiwo sokhuni samanje Idizayinelwe ukusekela ukugeleza kwezivakashi ngaphandle kokufaka engozini isisekelo sangaphambi kwe-Hispanic, ukufakwa kwayo kuvunywe yi-INAH Archaeology Council futhi ithobela izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe zokubuyiselwa kwezikhumbuzo zemivubukulo.
Okulandelayo kwakusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa kwayo zendawo, izinkuni ukumelana kakhulu, njenge-tzalam, i-mahogany, i-parota, ne-sapodilla. Lezi zinto, ezivamile esifundeni, zinikeza ukuqina ngokumelene nesimo sezulu esishisayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa okubonakalayo okuvumelanayo nendawo yehlathi elizungeze i-Nohoch Mul.
Ngokusho kwethimba lezobuchwepheshe le-Archaeological Zone Improvement Programme (Promeza), ubukhulu bezitebhisi ezintsha benzelwe ukwenza ukugeleza kwamanzi amaningi: amamitha amabili ububanzi engxenyeni eyinhloko kanye nemigwaqo emibili eseceleni eyimitha eyodwa ngayinye, esiza ukwehla nokwenyuka ngasikhathi sinye, kunciphise izixuku.
Imisebenzi ethile yayihlanganisa izenzo ukuze Ukuqiniswa kokuvimbela, ukukala amagxathu kanye nokubhoboza okuncane Ukuze kubekwe amahange, ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza isakhiwo sokuqala setshe lesikhumbuzo. Inhloso ukudlulisa isisindo nokunyakaza kwezivakashi esakhiweni sokhuni, ukulondoloza izinyathelo zangempela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngenxa yalokhu kungenelela, ukukhuphuka sekuphinde kube yingxenye yesipiliyoni sesivakashi, kodwa manje kungakapheli a uhlelo lokusebenzisa olunomthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe, lapho ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nokuvikelwa kwamagugu kuwumgogodla wokuphatha indawo.
Iphrojekthi exhunywe ne-Promeza kanye neSitimela saseMaya
Ukuvulwa kabusha kweNohoch Mul kuyingxenye ye Uhlelo Lokuthuthukisa Indawo Yemivubukulo (Promeza)Lolu wuhlelo lukahulumeni oludlulisa izinsiza kumasayithi amagugu ahlukahlukene axhunywe kuphrojekthi ye-Maya Train. E-Quintana Roo, lolu hlelo lusekela ingqikithi yezindawo zemivubukulo eziyi-11, ngendlela ehlanganisa ucwaningo, ukongiwa kwemvelo, ingqalasizinda, kanye nokufinyelela kwamasiko.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, i-Cobá staircase isibe esinye sezibonelo ezibonakalayo zendlela imizamo eyenziwa ngayo ukuvumelanisa ukwanda kwezivakashi nokuvikelwa kwezinsalela zemivubukulo. Ukungenelela eNohoch Mul, kanye neminye imisebenzi ehambisanayo, Imele utshalomali olulinganiselwa ezigidini ezinhlanu zamapeso., ehlinzekwa uMnyango Wezamasiko kanye ne-INAH.
I-Promeza ayigcini nje ngokuqinisa izakhiwo futhi ithuthukise imizila, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza a umbono ophelele wamaguguIzifundo zemivubukulo, umsebenzi wokongiwa kwemvelo, ukuguqulwa kwezinsiza zezokuvakasha, namasu okukhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza kwemiphakathi ezungeze iziza kuyakhuthazwa.
Odabeni lwaseCobá, ukuvulwa kabusha kwezitebhisi kuphinde kwaxhunyaniswa nemisebenzi yokufinyelela nokufundisa ngamagugu, ukuze labo abavakashela indawo bakwazi. ukuqonda kangcono ukuhlobana yaleli dolobha lasendulo ngaphakathi kwenethiwekhi yezindawo zokuhlala zaseMayan eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan.
Iyunithi Yesevisi Entsha yokusiza izivakashi kangcono
Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi osesisekelweni, a Iyunithi Yesevisi elungiswe ngokuphelele emnyango wendawo yokuvubukula. Lesi sikhala sinamadokodo amathikithi, izindawo zokugcina ulwazi, izindlu zangasese, nezindawo zesevisi yomphakathi, ngenhloso yokuhlela kangcono ukufinyelela nokunikeza ulwazi olunethezekile.
Iziphathimandla zigcizelele ukuthi le ngqalasizinda entsha iyingxenye yamaphrojekthi afanayo axhaswe nge-Promeza. Empeleni, imele a ukuqinisa amandla ka-Cobá okwamukela izinkulungwane zezivakashi abafika minyaka yonke, abaningi babo bakhangwa ngokunembile ithuba lokukhuphuka iNohoch Mul.
Ukuba izinsiza ezicacile nezigxile kakhuluLokhu kusiza ukuphathwa kokugeleza, ukuqondiswa kwamaqembu, nokusabalalisa izindinganiso zokulondoloza, okuyisihluthulelo endaweni lapho ukuxhumana okuqondile nezakhiwo zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic kuhlala kungenye yezinto ezikhangayo eziyinhloko.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwenkonzo yamakhasimende nakho kuhunyushwa njengohlobo lwe ukukhuthaza ezokuvakasha kwamasiko esifundeni, ukuzama ukulinganisa ukufika kwezivakashi ngokuqaphela okukhulu ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuhamba phezu kwetshe lesikhumbuzo elinomlando ongaphezu kwenkulungwane yeminyaka.
Kulo mongo, i-INAH iyaqhubeka imigudu yolwazi kanye nokubonisanaukuze bobabili abaqhubi bezokuvakasha kanye nezivakashi ngazinye bakwazi ukucacisa noma yikuphi ukungabaza mayelana namashejuli, izimo zokufinyelela noma imisebenzi ekhethekile ehlelwe esizeni.
Umsebenzi womphakathi: indima yamalungu e-ejido esifundeni
Esinye sezici ezigcizelelwe kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuvulwa kabusha kube yi- ukubamba iqhaza kwamalungu e-ejido nemiphakathi yendawo ekwakhiweni nasekwakhiweni kwezitebhisi ezintsha. Ikakhulukazi, kuyavunywa igalelo lezakhamizi zaseNoh Bec, ngolwazi lwazo olunzulu lokusebenza ngamapulangwe avela esifundeni.
Le ndlela ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenelela kwezamagugu akuthathwa njengamaphrojekthi angajwayelekile, kodwa njenge izinqubo ezabiwe nalabo abahlala endaweniUkuba khona kweziphathimandla ze-ejido emcimbini bekuyindlela yokugqamisa lokhu kubambisana nokuqinisa izikhala zezingxoxo phakathi komphakathi nezikhungo.
Abamele abavela ku-Cobá bagcizelele kulokhu inani elingokomoya namasiko likaNohoch Mulsimema izivakashi ukuthi zibuke lesi sakhiwo hhayi nje njengombono wezivakashi, kodwa futhi njengesixhumanisi semvelaphi yempucuko yamaMeya. Ukuvulwa kabusha, ngalowo mqondo, kuhunyushwa njengesenzo sokuqhubeka nenkumbulo yendawo.
Emindenini eminingi endaweni, ukubuyiselwa kokufinyelela endaweni engaphansi nakho kusho ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wendawoIphiramidi isalokhu ingenye yezindawo ezidonsa kakhulu zokuqasha umhlahlandlela, ezokuthutha kanye nezinsiza zokulala.
Inhlanganisela phakathi kwe- ulwazi lwendabukoUkubamba iqhaza komphakathi kanye nokuqondisa okukhethekile kobuchwepheshe kubeka izisekelo zemodeli lapho ukongiwa kwamagugu nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo kungahambisana, inqobo nje uma imikhawulo yemithwalo iyahlonishwa futhi nokuqapha njalo isimo setshe lesikhumbuzo kugcinwa njalo.
I-Cobá, idolobha elibalulekile emlandweni wempucuko yamaMeya
Ngaphandle komthelela wezokuvakasha wokuvulwa kabusha, iziphathimandla ze-INAH zithathe leli thuba ukukhumbuza wonke umuntu ukubaluleka komlando we-Cobá emhlabeni wamaMaya. Ngesikhathi salo sobukhazikhazi obukhulu, phakathi kuka-200 no-600 AD, leli dolobha lathatha cishe amakhilomitha-skwele angama-70 futhi lahlala abantu abangaba ngu-50.000.
Ukuhambisana kwayo kwakungenxa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ku- inethiwekhi eminyene yemigwaqo nezindlela zohwebo Lezi zixhumanisi zaziyixhumanisa nezinye izikhungo ezibalulekile kule nhlonhlo nasendaweni yamaMaya, kuhlanganise neChichen Itza, i-Ichkabal, iTikal, nezindawo ezihlukahlukene ezisogwini lwaseCaribbean. Lokhu kuxhumana kusize ukushintshana okukhulu kwezimpahla, imibono, nezitayela zezakhiwo.
Umsebenzi wemivubukulo ohlelekile, i-INAH ewugcinile kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1970, uye wavumela ukulandelana kwezikhathi okunembe kakhudlwana kwedolobha. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lophenyo lwakamuva oluhlobene nephrojekthi ye-Promeza, umsuka wayo ungase utholakale ngokunemba okukhulu. Idethi yesisekelo: May 12, 569 AD, ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ze-epigraphic zemibhalo eqoshiwe yaseMayan.
INohoch Mul, igama layo elingahunyushwa ngokuthi “indunduma enkulu” eYucatec Maya, iqondwa njenge ukubonakaliswa kwalelo gunya lezombangazwe nenkolo okuyinto uCobá agxile kuyo ekuphakameni kwayo. Ukukhuphukela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu kunikeza incazelo ehlukile namuhla, ehlanganisa okuhlangenwe nakho okubabazekayo nokuqwashisa ngokuma kwelinye lamapulatifomu amakhulu esikhumbuzo endaweni yaseMayan.
Lapho zivula kabusha ukufinyelela, izikhungo zaseMexico ziyakugcizelela lokho Ukuvakashela indawo kufanele kwenziwe ngenhlonipho.Ukugwema izenzo ezingalimaza itshe, ukulandela izindlela ezimakiwe nokuhlonipha imiyalelo yabasebenzi kuyizici eziyisisekelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi leli gugu lihlala limile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
Inhlanganisela yezitebhisi zesimanje, uhlelo lokongiwa kwemvelo lwesikhathi eside, nokubamba iqhaza okukhulu komphakathi kuvumela i-Nohoch Mul ukuthi iphinde ithathe indima yayo njengophawu lwe-Cobá. ukugcina isipiliyoni sokukhuphuka umbhoshongo, kepha nge ukubukeka okuqaphela kakhudlwana ikakhulukazi yonke into edinga ukuvikelwa eduze kwayo.
